RuCo催化剂CO加氢形成含氧物的中间体：甲酰基

进行了在SiO_2担载的Ru-Co双金属原子簇催化剂上合成气(CO+H_2)反应和模型化合物吸附的红外、质谱研究. 结果表明, 在原子簇制备的Ru-Co/SiO_2催化剂上, 在453 K下合成气(CO+H_2)反应在红外谱图产生了1584 cm~(-1)谱带, 它与CO加氢反应中含氧化台物的生成速率成线性关系. 因此提出了此谱峰对应着在CO加氢反应中生成古氧化合物的一个十分重要的中间体. 以CO+D_2、~(13)CO+H_2和~(13)CO+D_2代替CO+H_2, 在Ru-Co/SiO_2催化剂中, 1584 cm~(-1)谱带分别位移至1575、1542和1539 cm~(-1)处. 还观察到, 1584 cm~(-1)物种与H_2反应, 产物给出了CH_4和CH_3OH; 如果1584 cm~(-1)物种和D_2反应则生成CHD_3和CHD_2OD. 这些结果提出了1584 cm~(-1)谱带归属于表面甲酰基的羰基振动, 这同Ru-Co/SiO_2催化剂吸附甲醛的结果基本一致.     

CATALYTIC PERFORMANCE OF MIXED-BIMETALLIC RUTHENIUM CARBONYL CLUSTERDERIVED CATALYSTS IN CO HYDROGENATION

The bimetallic catalysts prepared from SiO_2-supported Ru-Co,Ru-Fe and Ru-Mo carbonyl clusters exhibited high yields and selectivitiestowards oxygenates such as C_1-C_5 from CO+H_2,in contrast to the catalystsprepared from homometallic and bimetallic Ru,Ru-Ni,Ru-Rh,Ru-Mn,and Ru-Cr carbonyl clusters.The FTIR investigation revealed that the 1584 cm~(-1)species plays an important role in the formation of oxygenates in COhydrogenation,which is possibly assigned to surface formyl species.     

Activity and Selectivity in CO Hydrogenation with Silica-supported Ru-Co Bimetallic Cluster-derived Catalysts

The catalytic performance of bimetallic Ru-Co catalysts prepared from a series of H3Ru3Co(CO)12. RuCo2(CO)11 and HRuCo3(CO)12 in CO hydrogenation was investigated, and it was found that the Ru-Co bimetallic carbonyl cluster-derived catalysts showed a high activity for products, particularly higher oxygenates, compared with the catalysts prepared from impregnation or co-impregnation of monometallic clusters such as [HRu3(CO)11] and Co4(CO)12. The selectivity for oxygenates in CO hydrogenation highly increased with the molar ratio of Co/Ru in the Ru-Co bimetallic cluster to CO/H2 in feed gas. Raising reaction temperature led to an intensive increase of CO conversion and a considerable decrease of selectivity for oxygenates. In situ FT-IR studies revealed that the band at 1584 cm-1 on Ru-Co bimetallic cluster-derived catalysts at 453 K under syngas (CO/H2 = 0. 5) has a good linear relationship to rates of oxygenate formation, which is likely associated with an intermediate to produce oxygenates in CO hydro     

由HRuCo_3(CO)_(12)制备的催化剂上CO加氢反应中含氧产物分布与表面酰基的关系

由HRuCo_3(CO)_(12)制备的催化剂在CO加氢反应中,若在初始阶段或温度较低的条件下,含氧产物大部分是甲醇;若增加反应时间或提高反应温度,C_2含氧化合物则是主要产物。原位红外光谱揭示了甲酰基和乙酰基分别是形成甲醇和C_2含氧化合物的中间体,而且乙酰基来自甲酰基与甲基的相互工作用。     

担载Ru-Co原子簇催化剂在乙烯甲酰化中的催化行为

众所周知，催化活性和选择性与活性组分的粒度，结构有很大的关系，而通过金属有机原子簇化合物载于无机载体上可以获得金属高分散度和金属组分组分均匀的催化剂，在一系列反应中显示了较高的活性和选择性［１－３］，在前面的研究中，肖丰收等报导了担载的Ｒｕ－Ｃｏ双金属原子簇催化剂在ＣＯ＋Ｈ２反应中对含氧化合物的形成显示了很高的活性和选择性［４－５］，在本文中利用红外光谱等技术研究了在ＳｉＯ２担载的Ｒｕ－Ｃｏ双金属     

担载Ru-Co原子簇催化剂在乙烯甲酰化中的催化行为

众所周知，催化活性和选择性与活性组分的粒度、结构有很大的关系，而通过金属有机原子簇化合物载于无机载体上可以获得金属高分散度和金属组分组成均匀的催化剂，在一系列反应中显示了较高的活性和选择性[1-3]．在前面的研究中，肖丰收等报导了担载的Ru－CO双金属原子簇催化剂在CO＋H2反应中对含氧化合物的形成显示了很高的活性和选择性[4-5]．在本文中，作者利用红外光谱等技术研究了在SiO2担载的Ru－Co双金属原子簇催化剂上乙烯甲酸化反应，并对含氧化合物的形成机理进行了讨论．1实验部分在催化剂的制备过程中所有的操作都是在高纯…     

Solution combustion synthesis of Co oxide-based catalysts for phenol degradation in aqueous solution

Solution combustion using urea as a fuel was employed to synthesise Co oxide and Al(2)O(3)-, SiO(2)- and TiO(2)-supported Co oxide catalysts. The catalysts were characterised using several techniques such as N(2) adsorption/desorption, XRD, FTIR, UV-vis diffuse reflectance and SEM-EDX, and their catalytic activity was evaluated in phenol degradation in aqueous solution with sulphate radicals. Solution combustion is a simple and effective method in preparation of supported Co catalysts. Co(3)O(4) was the major Co crystal phase in the samples prepared via the combustion synthesis. Bulk Co(3)O(4) particles were not effective in reaction, but supported Co oxides showed higher activity than unsupported Co oxide. The supports influenced Co dispersion and catalytic activity. Co/TiO(2) exhibited the highest activity, but it deactivated much faster than other two supported catalysts. Co/SiO(2) showed a comparable activity to Co/Al(2)O(3) and the best stability among the three Al(2)O(3)-, SiO(2)- and TiO(2)-supported Co catalysts.     

X-ray absorption spectroscopy of Mn/Co/TiO2 Fischer-Tropsch catalysts: relationships between preparation method, molecular structure, and catalyst performance

The effects of the addition of manganese to a series of TiO(2)-supported cobalt Fischer-Tropsch (FT) catalysts prepared by different methods were studied by a combination of X-ray diffraction (XRD), temperature-programmed reduction (TPR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and in situ X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy at the Co and Mn K-edges. After calcination, the catalysts were generally composed of large Co(3)O(4) clusters in the range 15-35 nm and a MnO(2)-type phase, which existed either dispersed on the TiO(2) surface or covering the Co(3)O(4) particles. Manganese was also found to coexist with the Co(3)O(4) in the form of Co(3-x)Mn(x)O(4) solutions, as revealed by XRD and XAFS. Characterization of the catalysts after H(2) reduction at 350 degrees C by XAFS and TEM showed mostly the formation of very small Co(0) particles (around 2-6 nm), indicating that the cobalt phase tends to redisperse during the reduction process from Co(3)O(4) to Co(0). The presence of manganese was found to hamper the cobalt reducibility, with this effect being more severe when Co(3-x)Mn(x)O(4) solutions were initially present in the catalyst precursors. Moreover, the presence of manganese generally led to the formation of larger cobalt agglomerates ( approximately 8-15 nm) upon reduction, probably as a consequence of the decrease in cobalt reducibility. The XAFS results revealed that all reduced catalysts contained manganese entirely in a Mn(2+) state, and two well-distinguished compounds could be identified: (1) a highly dispersed Ti(2)MnO(4)-type phase located at the TiO(2) surface and (2) a less dispersed MnO phase being in the proximity of the cobalt particles. Furthermore, the MnO was also found to exist partially mixed with a CoO phase in the form of rock-salt Mn(1-x)Co(x)O-type solid solutions. The existence of the later solutions was further confirmed by scanning transmission electron microscopy with electron energy loss spectroscopy (STEM-EELS) for a Mn-rich sample. Finally, the cobalt active site composition in the catalysts after reduction at 300 and 350 degrees C was linked to the catalytic performances obtained under reaction conditions of 220 degrees C, 1 bar, and H(2)/CO = 2. The catalysts with larger Co(0) particles ( approximately >5 nm) and lower Co reduction extents displayed a higher intrinsic hydrogenation activity and a longer catalyst lifetime. Interestingly, the MnO and Mn(1-x)Co(x)O species effectively promoted these larger Co(0) particles by increasing the C(5+) selectivity and decreasing the CH(4) production, while they did not significantly influence the selectivity of the catalysts containing very small Co(0) particles.     

负载Ru催化剂金属表面活性结构的研究

运用原位FT-IR光谱和TPSR-MS等技术研究了负载Ru催化剂的金属表面状态. 结果表明催化剂中存在二类静态活性中心: (1)体现金属Ru本征特性的S_1中心, (2)金属与载体相互作用而产生的S_2中心. 在吸附CO及其加氢反应过程中, S_1中心上处于边、角、棱位置等配位不饱和的金属Ru原子或原子簇经CO剥蚀而产生的动态S_3活性中心. CO在S_1中心上以Ru~0—CO线式态吸附的, 其IR谱带位于1980～2060 cm~(-1)之间. Ru~0—CO在H_2流中进行程序升温加氢反应的TPSR-MS图上出现450 K左右的低温甲烷峰. 焙烧温度升高, 则在TPSR-MS谱图上出现两个甲烷峰, 600±50 K的高温甲烷峰归属为S_2中心上以Ru~(δ+)-CO线式态吸附CO加氢所致. IR谱图中的2075±50 cm~(-1)峰代表Ru~(δ+)-CO. IR谱中2135±5和2075±5 cm~(-1)这对峰的出现反映了S_3中心的形成.     

经PPh3修饰的Rh/SiO2催化剂的吸附-脱附性能

 应用程序升温技术研究了氢甲酰化反应物CO,H2和C2H4在经PPh3修饰的Rh/SiO2(PPh3-Rh/SiO2)催化剂上的吸附-脱附行为. CO-TPD结果显示, Rh/SiO2催化剂在348, 398和525 K处有3个脱附峰, PPh3-Rh/SiO2催化剂仅在368 K处出现脱附峰,表明催化剂的吸附性能发生了明显变化. 采用原位红外光谱研究了PPh3-Rh/SiO2催化剂上CO的吸附态. 结果表明, 2040 cm-1处吸收峰归属于PPh3修饰的Rh粒子上线式吸附的CO. 这种吸附态既不同于Rh/SiO2多相催化剂表面Rh粒子上的CO吸附态,也不同于相应均相催化剂中的羰基配位态. TPD和FT-IR结果表明,在低压下PPh3-Rh/SiO2催化剂对氢甲酰化反应已具有相当的催化性能.     

Chiral and achiral phosphine derivatives of alkylidyne tricobalt carbonyl clusters as catalyst precursors for (asymmetric) inter- and intramolecular Pauson-Khand reactions

Phosphine derivatives of alkylidyne tricobalt carbonyl clusters have been tested as catalysts/catalyst precursors in intermolecular and (asymmetric) intramolecular Pauson-Khand reactions. A number of new phosphine derivatives of the tricobalt alkylidyne clusters [Co3(micro3-CR)(CO)9] (R = H, CO2Et) were prepared and characterised. The clusters [Co3(micro3-CR)(CO)9-x(PR'3)x] (PR'3 = achiral or chiral monodentate phosphine, x = 1-3) and [Co3(micro3-CR)(CO)7)(P-P)] (P-P = chiral diphosphine; 1,1'- and 1,2-structural isomers) were assayed as catalysts for intermolecular and (asymmetric) intramolecular Pauson-Khand reactions. The phosphine-substituted tricobalt clusters proved to be viable catalysts/catalyst precursors that gave moderate to very good product yields (up to approximately 90%), but the enantiomeric excesses were too low for the clusters to be of practical use in the asymmetric reactions.     

铜纳米粒子负载于钴纳米片的双金属催化剂催化CO选择性加氢

使用赖氨酸作为表面活性剂模板, 合成了Cu纳米粒子负载于Co纳米片的双金属催化剂Cu/Co. 与常规的Cu-Co双金属纳米颗粒催化剂相比, Cu/Co催化剂对CO选择性加氢反应表现出特殊的结构效应, 提高了CO转化率和高级醇选择性, 降低了甲烷选择性. Cu/Co催化剂中, Cu(111)面与Co(100)面相互作用的功能化界面有利于深入研究金属-金属的相互作用. 这种双金属催化剂可以将模型催化剂和现实催化应用联系起来, 将有助于获得对合成气转化制高级醇反应机理的本质认识.     

Influence of the pore structure of MCM-41 and SBA-15 silica fibers on atomic layer chemical vapor deposition of cobalt carbonyl

Mesoporous high surface area MCM-41 and SBA-15 type silica materials with fibrous morphology were synthesized and used as support materials for the ALCVD (atomic layer chemical vapor deposition) preparation of Co/MCM-41 and Co/SBA-15 catalysts. Co/MCM-41 and Co/SBA-15 catalysts were prepared by deposition of Co2(CO)8 from the gas phase onto the surfaces of preheated support materials in a fluidized bed reactor. For both silica materials, two different kinds of preparation methods, direct deposition and a pulse deposition method, were used. Pure silica supports as well as supported cobalt catalysts were characterized by various spectroscopic (IR) and analytical (X-ray diffraction, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, elemental analysis) methods. MCM-41 and SBA-15 fibers showed considerable ability to adsorb Co2(CO)8 from the gas phase. For MCM-41 and SBA-15 silicas, cobalt loadings of 13.7 and 12.1 wt % were obtained using the direct deposition method. The cobalt loadings increased to 23.0 and 20.7 wt % for MCM-41 and SBA-15 silicas, respectively, when the pulse deposition method was used. The reduction behavior of silica-supported cobalt catalysts was found to depend on the catalyst preparation method and on the mesoporous structure of the support material. Almost identical reduction properties of SBA-15-supported catalysts prepared by different deposition methods are explained by the structural properties of the mesoporous support and, in particular, by the chemical structure of the inner surfaces and walls of the mesopores. Pulse O2/H2 chemisorption experiments showed catalytically promising redox properties and surface stability of the prepared MCM-41- and SBA-15-supported cobalt catalysts.     

Fabrication and characterization of bimetallic Pt-Au nanowires supported on FSM-16 and their catalytic activities toward water-gas shift reaction

A facile, previously unexplored, method to synthesize bimetallic Pt-Au nanowires (20nm diameter×120-170nm long) on mesoporous FSM-16 (2.7nm) was fabricated by co-impregnation of H(2)PtCl(6) with HAuCl(4) followed by evacuation at 300K and finally exposure to the CO/H(2)O gas mixture (60:5Torr) at 323K for 1.0h. On the other hand, spherical monometallic nanoparticles of pure Pt (7.0nm diameter) and Au (7-26nm diameter) were synthesized as well, by impregnation, at the same reaction conditions. The catalysts were characterized by in situ FTIR spectroscopy, UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, TEM, TPR and TPCOR. The catalytic activities toward the water-gas shift reaction (WGSR) were also examined under atmospheric pressure and at the margin of 323-373K. The optical absorption spectra showed a remarkable shift and broadening of Pt-Au surface Plasmon resonance band at 515nm apart from those of individual analogue emphasizing bimetallic formation. Results from in situ FTIR spectroscopy indicated that incorporation of Au assisted and stabilized the formation of carbonyl clusters of Pt-Au-CO (2084cm(-1)) and Pt-CO (1888cm(-1)) inside the host FSM-16. The Pt-Au carbonyl clusters built up at the moment of vanishing the linear carbonyl band of the charged Au (Au(+)-CO, 2186cm(-1)) along with a concomitant increase in the reduced gold (Au(0)-CO, 2124cm(-1)) species. TPR profiles showed that the H(2) consumed was higher for Pt/FSM-16 than for Pt-Au/FSM-16 verifying the facile reduction of Pt moieties after addition of Au. The CO adsorption peak maximum, in TPCOR, for Pt/FSM-16 occurred at higher temperature than that of Pt-Au/FSM-16, which exhibited higher amounts of CO(2) produced. The relative decrease in CO bindings on bimetallic surface was responsible for increasing the CO oxidation activity mainly through an association mechanism. Accordingly, the activity of Pt-Au/FSM-16 towards WGS showed a marked increase (8-23 times) compared with those of monometallics emphasizing the dependence of this reaction on the electronic defects of the nanowires. A straightforward reduction mechanism was deduced for Pt-Au alloy formation in view of the results obtained.     

合成气制乙醇Rh-Nb2O5/SiO2催化剂中的SMPI和助催剂作用本质的研究

使用负载型催化剂由合成气制乙醇是一碳化学研究的一个重要发展。本实验室前已报道用化学反应法检验出Rh-Nb_2O_5/SiO_2表面上除了铑位外同时还存在氧化铌位。本文为兰部分工作所组成: (1)进一步用氢还原过的Nb_2O_5/SiO_2催化乙炔聚合成聚乙炔的化学方法推断Rh-Nb_2O_5/SiO_2上可能存在着Nb—H键。(2)用FTIR法检测上述催化剂的红外光谱吸收带, 1740(w) cm~(-1)为V_(Rh-H), 1560 cm~(-1)(broad, m)、1269 cm~(-1)(s)为与Nb—H有关的吸收, 后者可能属于桥式Rh—H—Nb的吸收。(3)XPS检测出合成气处理的Rh-Nb_2O_5/SiO_2表面上存在Rh~0、Rh~Ⅰ、Nb~Ⅴ、Nb~Ⅳ和两种不同的沉积碳。根据这些结果, 提出活性中心可能为A(参见正文图3)简写为B(见图3), CO转化的主要途径是而后C—O还原断裂生成=CH_2***, 再与CO偶联为CH_2=C=O, 最后还原为乙醇或乙醛。根据实验结果对本体系催化剂中SMPI和助催剂作用的实质作了讨论。     

Metal-Support Interaction and Catalysis of the Catalysts Prepared Using Microemulsion

We have developed a new preparation method (ME method) of supported metal catalysts by using microemulsion. The metal particles in the catalyst prepared by this method were interacted strongly with support and were considered to be positively charged, and the SiO₂-supported Rh and Fe catalysts prepared by this method exhibited a unique activity and a good selectivity to oxygenates in the hydrogenation of CO. The Al₂O₃-supported Ni catalyst also exhibited an excellent activity and a strong resistance to carbon deposition in the methane-steam reforming. In this review, these interesting catalytic behaviors of the catalysts prepared by ME method were elucidated from the view-point of the electronic state of metals.     

Cu-Co bi-metal catalyst prepared by perovskite CuO/LaCoO3 used for higher alcohol synthesis from syngas

Cu-Co bi-metal catalysts derived from CuO/LaCoO3 perovskite structure were prepared by one-step citrate complexing method, and the structure evolution reaction from CuO/LaCoO3 to Cu-Co2C/La202CO3 under 1-12 pretreatment was investigated by techniques of XRD, TPR and TEM. The results suggest that a much higher dispersion of copper significantly enhanced the reduction of cobalt, and a stronger interaction between copper and cobalt ions in LaCoO3 particles led to the formation of bi-metallic Cu-Co particles in the reduced catalysts and the enrichment of Co on the surface of bimetallic particles. The prepared catalysts were highly active and selective for the alcohol synthesis from syngas due to the presence of copper-modified C02C species.     

Cr-free Co-Cu/SBA-15 catalysts for hydrogenation of biomass-derivedα-,β-unsaturated aldehyde to alcohol

Cr-free bi-metallic SBA-15-supported Co–Cu catalysts were examined in the conversion of bio-mass-derived α-, β-unsaturated aldehyde (furfural) to value-added chemical furfuryl alcohol (FOL). Co–Cu/SBA-15 catalysts with a fixed Cu loading of 10 wt% and varying Co loadings (2.5, 5, and 10 wt%) were prepared by the impregnation method. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray dif-fraction, N2 sorption, H2 temperature-programmed reduction, scanning electron microscopy, ener-gy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, CO chemi-sorption, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The influence of different reaction parameters such as temperature, pressure, catalyst dosage, and furfural concentration on the cata-lyst performance was evaluated. Relative to catalysts supported on amorphous silica, the current SBA-15-supported Co–Cu catalysts displayed higher performance, attaining a furfural conversion of 99% and furfuryl alcohol selectivity of 80%. The catalytic reactions were conducted in a 100-mL autoclave at 170 °C and 2 MPa H2 pressure for 4 h.     

1-辛烯在Co/CNTs催化剂上的氢甲酰化研究： 钌的促进作用

采用等体积浸渍法制备了碳纳米管负载的钴及钴-钌双金属催化剂，并以1-辛烯的氢甲酰化反应为探针，研究了所制催化剂的催化性能；用TEM、XRD、TPR、TG技术对催化剂的形貌、物相结构、还原行为和热稳定性进行了研究。结果表明，金属钌能够促进金属钴在碳纳米管上的均匀担载，并有助于金属钴的还原，降低了催化剂的还原温度。1-辛烯的氢甲酰化反应结果表明，少量钌的加入，可明显提高反应的转化率和C9-醛的选择性；在双金属催化剂中，金属催化剂的粒径更小，分布更均匀，钌的加入对钴金属催化剂有促进作用。     

用脉冲D2反应研究CeO2在Co-CeO2/SiO2费托合成催化剂中的促进作用机理

 采用脉冲D2反应研究了CeO2在Co-CeO2/SiO2费托合成催化剂中的作用机理. 通过比较在Co-CeO2/SiO2和Co/SiO2催化剂上的脉冲D2反应实验结果发现, CeO2可以提高载体表面 Si-OH 的H-D同位素交换活性和 Si-OH 中H参与CO加氢反应的活性; CeO2不仅增加了催化剂表面活性碳物种的总量,而且活性碳物种以链增长单体-CH2-为主,因而有利于增加费托合成反应速率和链增长几率; CeO2的加入明显提高了催化剂表面碳原子的加氢反应速率,从而减少了碳沉积.