Characterization of the Grain-Level Mechanical Behavior of Eglin Sand by Nanoindentation

Characterization was made on the structure and grain-level mechanical behavior of Eglin sand (Quikrete #1961 sand quarried in Pensacola, FL). The as-received assorted sand was sorted to six grain sizes: 0.60 mm, 0.50 mm, 0.42 mm, 0.30 mm, 0.212 mm, and 0.15 mm. The sand chemical constituents and crystalline structures were determined using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The Young’s modulus and hardness were determined using nanoindentation with a Berkovich tip, and the fracture toughness was measured using a cube-corner tip. The median Young’s modulus, hardness and fracture toughness were determined as 90.4 GPa, 12.8 GPa and 2.32 MPa?m^0.5, respectively. The mechanical properties were analyzed statistically and the parameters of the Weibull distribution were determined. The grains show highly ductile behavior under nanoindentation due to confinement by high pressure induced by Berkovich tip. An inverse problem solving approach using finite element method (FEM) with the consideration of the Ramberg-Osgood model was used to determine the stress–strain relationship for individual sand grains.     

烧结Fe3Al金属间化合物基摩擦材料的摩擦磨损性能研究

采用热压烧结方法制备了不同成分的Fe3Al金属间化合物基摩擦材料,考察了其物相、力学性能、抗氧化性及干摩擦磨损性能.结果表明,Fe3Al金属间化合物基摩擦材料密度低、强度高、抗氧化性好、摩擦系数稳定、高温耐磨性好;其在不同摩擦阶段的磨损机制存在差异,主要磨损机制包括磨粒磨损、塑性变形、裂纹萌生与扩展、微区脆性剥落及氧化磨损等.     

含WC陶瓷相电弧喷涂层耐磨粒磨损性能的研究

采用电弧喷涂含WC-CoNi金属陶瓷粉末的粉芯丝材,在低碳钢基体上制备铁基复合涂层,采用MLS-225型湿砂橡胶轮磨损试验机评价铁基复合涂层的耐磨粒磨损性能,利用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和X射线衍射仪对涂层的显微组织结构、磨损表面及其相组成进行分析.结果表明:含WC陶瓷相涂层的耐磨粒磨损性能较好,相对Q235钢提高约9倍;当粉芯中WC质量分数低于25%时,随着WC含量增加,涂层的硬度和耐磨性增加;当粉芯中WC质量分数超过25%后,涂层的耐磨性有所下降;电弧喷涂含WC陶瓷相涂层的磨损机制主要为硬质相的脆性剥离和轻微的塑性切削,在磨粒磨损条件下硬度较低的金属基体先磨损,硬度较高的WC和Fe3B硬质相起到阻止石英砂磨损的作用,从而降低了涂层的磨损.     

高钒高速钢冲击磨损性能与机理的研究

以高铬铸铁Cr26为对比材料,利用可模拟破碎机耐磨件实际服役工况(主轴转速2 840 r/min)的WM-1型冲击磨损试验机,以初始直径约25 mm的鹅卵石颗粒为磨料研究了高钒高速钢V9的冲击磨损性能及其磨损机理.结果表明:高钒高速钢V9的耐磨性为高铬铸铁Cr26的3倍以上;在颗粒的高速冲击下,高铬铸铁的磨损机理主要为划伤和碳化物碎裂导致剥落;高钒高速钢的磨损机理主要为在鹅卵石颗粒冲击下,基体受到显微切削而导致碳化物脱落,使基体受到颗粒的蚕食作用而不断反复进行的磨损过程.     

新型TBM刀圈材料微观组织及耐磨性能研究

TBM刀圈材料是一种对强韧性、耐磨性要求很高的合金钢材料. 目前常用的H13、DC53型TBM刀圈材料综合性能有待提高. 通过优化合金元素配比,制备出一种强韧型综合性能较好的新型TBM刀圈材料DB1,利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对DB1、H13和DC53的微观组织及断口形貌进行了观察分析,研究了不同载荷和不同硬度岩石条件下DB1与H13、DC53的磨损性能的差异,并对其磨损表面形貌进行扫描电子显微镜观察分析. 结果表明:一次碳化物的平均尺寸和含量对TBM刀圈材料的硬度、韧性及耐磨性有重要影响;适量的一次碳化物有助于提高材料的硬度及耐磨性;过多的一次碳化物会导致材料韧性急剧下降. 岩石抗压强度与刀圈具有匹配性,新型TBM刀圈材料DB1钢用于中等抗压强度的岩石时具有较好的耐磨性.      

高碳高钢系高速钢的耐磨性研究

制备了不同成分的新型高碳高钢系高速钢,并与高铬铸铁对比考察了其耐磨性和磨损机理。结果表明：高碳高钡系高速钢的耐磨性明显优于高铬铸铁;其组织中的碳化物形态对耐磨性具有显著影响,其中具有细小及弥散分布的颗粒状ＭＣ型碳化物组织的试样的耐磨性最佳;其磨损机理为犁削和应力作用下碳化物的脆性碎裂及脱落。     

MPIIID制备TiAlN涂层的高温抗氧化及摩擦性能

采用多源等离子体注入与沉积（MPIIID）装置制备了不同Al含量的TiAlN涂层,利用X射线能谱仪(EDX)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、纳米探针和摩擦试验对涂层的组成以及高温抗氧化和摩擦性能进行分析。结果表明：Al元素的加入明显提高了涂层的高温抗氧化能力,生成的Al2O3能有效地抑制氧的扩散;当Al的质量百分数为6.18%时,涂层硬度最高,约为38GPa,涂层具有良好的摩擦磨损特性。     

耐磨TiNi形状记忆合金设计准则的有限元研究

采用有限元方法模拟微突体在TiNi形状记忆合金表面的压入过程，研究了伪弹性应变、伪弹性模量和相变启动应力等参数对TiNi合金抗磨性能的影响，并初步确立了TiNi形状记忆合金耐磨材料设计准则．结果表明：伪弹性应变对TiNi形状记忆合金摩擦学性能的影响最显著；就TiNi形状记忆合金耐磨材料的设计而言，应当强调提高伪弹性应变、降低伪弹性模量、增加相变启动应力；同时满足上述3方面要求的TiNi形状记忆合金的耐磨特性最优．     

Mechanical Properties of Transparent Polycrystalline Alumina Ceramics Processed Using an Environmentally Benign Thermal Gel Casting Process

Technological advancements in ceramic powder synthesis, shaping and sintering have made it possible to tailor the microstructural, mechanical and optical property relationships in the case of advanced transparent ceramic materials. Transparent polycrystalline alumina (TPCA) is the hardest known transparent ceramic and one of the emerging candidate materials for transparent armour applications. The prerequisites for obtaining transparency with the high hardness, is to achieve the sintered average grain sizes <1 μm in combination with density close to the theoretical value. This paper outlines the processing of TPCA by an environmentally benign methyl cellulose based thermal gel casting (MCTG) process, which is employed for the first time in shaping of the TPCA. The green specimens shaped through this technique were pressureless sintered (PLS) to >96 % density at an optimum temperature of 1350 °C. The post sintering by Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) at an optimum temperature of 1350 °C and a pressure of 195 MPa resulted in >99.5 % of the theoretical density and a grain size of 0.7 μm. For the sake of comparison, conventional polycrystalline alumina samples (non-transparent) were also processed by sintering at 1550 °C under PLS condition with nearly the same densities (designated as PCA). The TPCA thus developed exhibit a combination of high hardness of 21 GPa, flexural strength of 550 MPa and excellent fracture resistance properties as compared to conventional PCA samples.     

Mechanical Properties of Hard W-C Coating on Steel Substrate Deduced from Nanoindentation and Finite Element Modeling

Mechanical properties of a hard and stiff W-C coating on steel substrate have been investigated using nanoindentation combined with finite element modeling (FEM) and extended FEM (XFEM). The significant pile-up observed around the indents in steel substrate caused an overestimation of hardness and indentation modulus. A simple geometrical model, considering the additional contact surfaces due to pile-up, has been proposed to reduce this overestimation. The presence of W-C coating suppressed the pile-up in the steel substrate and a transition to sink-in behavior occurred. The FEM simulations adequately reproduced the surface topography of the indents in the substrate and coating/substrate systems as well. The maximum principal stresses of the indented W-C/steel coated system were tensile; they were always located in the coating and evolved in 3 stages. Cohesive cracking occurred during loading in the sink-in zone (stage III) when the ultimate tensile strength (σ _max ) of the coating was reached. The obtained hardness (H _c ), indentation modulus (E _c ), yield stress (Y) and strength (σ _max ) of the W-C coating were H _c ? =?20 GPa, E _c ? =?250 GPa, Y?=?9.0 GPa and σ _max ? =?9.35 GPa, respectively. XFEM resulted in fracture energy of the W-C coating of G?=?38.1 J?·?m^-2 and fracture toughness of K _IC ? =?3.5 MPa?·?m^0.5.     

稀土金属Y对真空熔结Ni基涂层显微组织和耐磨性的影响

研究了稀土金属Y对真空熔结Ni基合金涂层显微组织及化学组成、硬度和耐磨性的影响.结果表明:稀土金属Y可以改善真空熔结Ni基合金涂层的显微组织,阻碍针状相的析出,细化球状相,减轻碳钢母材中Fe对Ni基合金涂层的"稀释"作用,降低Ni60涂层中Fe的含量,提高Ni、Cr元素的含量;与此同时,稀土金属Y可明显提高Ni60涂层的硬度和耐磨性,降低摩擦系数,使Ni60涂层由微观犁沟和微观断裂剥落磨损形式转变为单一的微观犁沟磨损.     

纸基摩擦材料绿色制备工艺与摩擦磨损性能研究

以炭纤维作为增强纤维,开发出了一种原材料可回收、无石棉污染和工业垃圾的纸基摩擦材料绿色制备工艺,用所开发的新工艺制备了含50%回收原材料的纸基摩擦材料,用QM1000-Ⅱ型摩擦材料性能试验机考察了其摩擦磨损性能.结果表明:新工艺的原材料利用率为80%～95%;用新工艺制备的含50%回收原材料的纸基摩擦材料的动摩擦系数为0.129,且摩擦系数稳定;静摩擦系数、静/动摩擦系数比和磨损率分别为0.149,1.16和6.47×10-8 cm3/J;其摩擦磨损性能同不含回收原材料的同类纸基摩擦材料相比无显著差异,是一种比较理想的新型纸基摩擦材料.     

石墨添加量对Fe-Ti-V-C熔覆层组织及耐磨性的影响

通过激光熔覆在低碳钢表面获得Fe-Ti-V-C铁基熔覆层,利用X射线衍射(XRD)、光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)、显微硬度计和磨粒磨损试验机,分析比较了熔覆粉末中不同的石墨添加量对Fe-Ti-V-C熔覆层物相组成、硬度和耐磨性的影响.结果表明:熔覆层中碳化物为均匀分布的TiVC2和VC.TiVC2呈多角块状或枫叶状,VC呈小块状或细长条状,且碳化物数量随石墨加入量的增加而增加.熔覆粉末中石墨添加量过多时,熔覆层中出现残余奥氏体.一定范围内,熔覆层的硬度与耐磨性随石墨加入量的增加呈现先显著提高后降低的趋势.进行多层熔覆时存在回火软化现象,且熔覆层硬度越高回火软化现象越明显.     

镁合金表面磁控溅射CNx/SiC/Ti多层膜的摩擦磨损性能

采用室温磁控溅射技术在镁合金(AZ91D)表面制备了CNx/SiC/Ti(氮化碳/碳化硅/钛)多层膜(SiC、Ti为中间层),研究了CNx薄膜的纳米压痕行为和摩擦磨损性能.结果表明:CNx薄膜具有低的纳米硬度(6.67GPa)、低的弹性模量(54.68GPa)和高的硬度与弹性模量比值(0.122);在以氮化硅球为对摩副的室温干摩擦条件下摩擦系数约为0.162,磨损率在10-6mm3/(m.N)级,薄膜经长时间(3.5h)磨损后未出现裂纹和剥落.分析表明,摩擦化学和硬度与弹性模量比值对摩擦系数和磨损率有重要影响.     

Internal Deformation Measurement and Force Chain Characterization of Mason Sand under Confined Compression using Incremental Digital Volume Correlation

The mechanical behavior of granular materials such as sand is not well understood due to its complex solid/fluid-like behavior. In this paper, Mason sand was investigated to determine the grain-level Young’s modulus and hardness by nanoindentation, and the mesoscale behavior through X-ray tomography of a sample in compression. Mason sand specimen was confined in a polycarbonate tube and compressed in the axial direction at ten axial compressive strains up to -21.8 % while its microstructures were observed. The mesoscale deformations were determined by incremental digital volume correlation of reconstructed volumetric images. A procedure for characterization of internal force chains is developed. The minor principal strains and their principal directions were obtained and used to determine the formation and evolution of force chains.     

In Situ Observation of Material Failure in Cast Aluminum Alloy During Monotonic Loading Observed by a High-Speed Camera

In situ observation of the failure characteristics of a cast aluminum alloy has been conducted using a testing system with a high-speed camera. The failure process of the cast Al alloy was captured clearly with an high image resolution (1,024?×?1,024 pixels) at a high frame rate (20,000/s), where the specimen surface for observation was dyed dark using a black oil-based ink. A dark curtain was set behind the test specimen as background. Strong lighting of about 10 klx was used, which was applied to the dark specimen surface for clarification of material failure. The aim of this approach was to detect the failure characteristics or failure objects with bright zone. Using this system, both debris particles flying from the fracture sample and dislocation-like movements were detected. These were observable as tiny bright dots. The flying debris particles of about 35 μm in diameter consisted mainly of Si- and Fe-based eutectic structures. The flying speed of the debris particles was about 1,800 mm/s and their flight distance from the specimen was about 100 mm. The velocity of the dislocation-like movements was found to be less than 1,000 mm/s, and this motion was seen repeatedly before and after sample failure occurred.     

Abrasive wear resistance of surface coatings on an excavating tip against a rock mass

To study the possibility of increasing the wear life of ripper tips, several laboratory and field tests were executed to clarify the wear characteristics of the parent metal of the tip, and of sprayed or welded metal surface coatings.In general, the amount of wear of a metal specimen in the dry state is higher than when the tip is submerged in water. The relation between amount of wear of a metal specimen and contact pressure is expressed as an exponential function. For the parent metal and some surface coatings, the amount of wear increases rapidly with contact pressure due to a state of red heat and partial melting under high contact pressure. Among surface coatings, the welded metal of carbide composites shows the greatest wear resistance due to its highest initial hardness, to its resistance to softening by tempering, and to the high hardness and melting temperature of carbide composite grains containing vanadium, niobium, and tungsten. Also, a tip coated with welded metal maintains excellent ripping capability as the pointed end of the tip holds a sharp shape while it wears.     

Improvement of tribological properties of co-acting elements by oil pockets creation on sliding surfaces

Sliding experiments were carried out using a block-on-ring friction machine. The tribosystem consists of the stationary block (counter-specimen) pressed at the required load P against the ring (specimen) rotating at the defined speed. The sliding was unidirectional. The block was a part of a bearing sleeve hardened EN-GJS 400-15 cast iron with a hardness value of 50 HRC. The ring samples, 35 mm in diameter, were made from hardened 42CrMo4 steel of hardness 32 HRC. Some variants of specimen surfaces were created by burnishing technique. Two kinds of experiments were done. Seizure tests were conducted at increasing pressure for sliding speeds in the range: 0.27–0.55 m/s. Wear resistance test was carried out under artificially increased dustiness conditions, too. It was found that surface texturing improved seizure resistance for the smallest sliding speed (0.27 m/s) comparing to untextured ground samples. The wear of steel rings with spherical dimples was smaller than of those having dimples of long drop shape for the pit-area ratio range of 7.5–20%.     

快速热点火熔奥梯铝炸药燃烧转爆轰实验研究

以熔铸型含铝混合炸药熔奥梯铝为对象,研究铸装含铝混合炸药快速热点火后的燃烧转爆轰特性。建立了快速热点火燃烧转爆轰实验平台,由实验装置(加热装置、约束钢管、炸药)、压力测试系统、光纤测速系统组成;加热装置加热15 mm厚45钢钢板,峰值温度大于1 100℃,温升速率为85～95℃/s。开展了快速热点火带壳熔奥梯铝炸药燃烧转爆轰实验,由加热装置加热约束钢管内熔奥梯铝炸药,炸药化学反应阵面压力和传播速度分别由压电性高压压力传感器和光纤探针测定;实测阵面压力约1 GPa,传播速度最大约2 600 m/s。由光纤数据获得炸药化学反应阵面传播轨迹,通过特征线方法获得冲击形成点,半定量给出冲击形成距离大于850 mm;并比较了管体破片质量实测值与炸药完全爆轰时破片平均质量计算值,实测值远小于计算值。综合实测化学反应阵面传播速度和压力、冲击形成距离分析、破片质量比较,可确定熔奥梯铝炸药没有发生完全爆轰,其化学反应状态为爆燃。另外,采用Adams和Pack模型、CJ燃烧模型,都能够半定量的预估冲击形成距离和燃烧波后压力,为实验设计提供依据,但CJ燃烧模型的计算结果更接近于实测值。     

Strain Measurements of Silicon Dioxide Microspecimens by Digital Imaging Processing

Silicon dioxide thin film is a common component in electronic devices and in MEMS, but its mechanical properties have rarely been studied. Techniques have been adapted and developed to conduct tensile tests on 1.0 μm thick silicon dioxide specimens that are 100, 150, and 200 μm wide and either 1 or 2 mm long. One end of the specimen remains fastened to the substrate, and the other is glued to a silicon carbide fiber attached to a 30 g load cell mounted on a piezoelectric translation stage. Strain is measured by digital imaging of two gold lines applied to the gage section of the transparent specimen. Twenty-five tests yield a Young’s modulus of 60.1 ± 3.4 GPa and a fracture strength of 364 ± 57 MPa.