Molecularly-Imprinted Materials for Potentiometric Transduction: Application to the Antibiotic Enrofloxacin

Enrofloxacin (ENR) is an antimicrobial used both in humans and in food producing species. Its control is required in farmed species and their surroundings in order to reduce the prevalence of antibiotic resistant bacteria. Thus, a new biomimetic sensor enrofloxacin is presented. An artificial host was imprinted in specific polymers. These were dispersed in 2-nitrophenyloctyl ether and entrapped in a poly(vinyl chloride) matrix. The potentiometric sensors exhibited a near-Nernstian response. Slopes expressing mV/Δlog([ENR]/M) varied within 48–63. The detection limits ranged from 0.28 to 1.01 µg mL^?1. Sensors were independent from the pH of test solutions within 4–7. Good selectivity was observed toward potassium, calcium, barium, magnesium, glycine, ascorbic acid, creatinine, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and tetracycline. In flowing media, the biomimetic sensors presented good reproducibility (RSD of ± 0.7%), fast response, good sensitivity (47 mV/Δlog([ENR]/M), wide linear range (1.0 × 10^?5–1.0 × 10^?3 M), low detection limit (0.9 µg mL^?1), and a stable baseline for a 5 × 10^?2 M acetate buffer (pH 4.7) carrier. The sensors were used to analyze fish samples. The method offered the advantages of simplicity, accuracy, and automation feasibility. The sensing membrane may contribute to the development of small devices allowing in vivo measurements of enrofloxacin or parent-drugs.     

Development and Validation of an LC Method for Simultaneous Determination of Ascorbic Acid and Three Phenolic Acids in Sustained Release Tablets at Single Wavelength

A simple, rapid and sensitive column liquid chromatographic method was developed and validated to measure simultaneously the amount of ascorbic acid and phenolic acids at single wavelength (240 nm) in order to assess drug release profiles and drug-excipients compatibility studies for a new sustained release tablet formulation and its subsequent stability studies. A combined isocratic and linear gradient reversed-phase LC method was carried out at 240 nm. Quantification was achieved with reference to the external standards. The linearity for concentrations between 0.042 and 0.150 mg mL^?1 for ascorbic acid, 0.084–0.250 mg mL^?1 for chlorogenic acid, 0.053–0.360 mg mL^?1 for caffeic acid, and 0.016–0.250 mg mL^?1 for ferulic acid (r > 0.99 for all analytes) were established. The recovery of the active ingredients from the samples was at the range of 92.3–102.9%. Intra- and inter-day precisions were less than 2.5%. The limits of detection and quantification were 8 and 24 μg mL^?1 for ascorbic acid, 18 and 54 μg mL^?1 for chlorogenic acid, 37 and 112 μg mL^?1 for caffeic acid, and 11 and 34 μg mL^?1 for ferulic acid. The determination of the four active ingredients was not interfered by the excipients of the products. Samples were stable in the release mediums (37 °C) at least for 12 h.     

Simultaneous voltammetric determination of uric acid and ascorbic acid using carbon paste/cobalt Schiff base composite electrode

Differential pulse and cyclic voltammetry were applied for the oxidation of mixture of uric acid and ascorbic acid at the surface of carbon paste/cobalt Schiff base composite electrode. The electrooxidation of these compounds at bare electrode is sluggish, and there is no suitable peak separation between them. However, using cobalt methyl salophen as modifier, two well-defined anodic waves with a considerable enhancement in the peak current and a remarkable peak potential separation near 315 mV are obtained. It can improve the kinetics of electron transfer for both compounds remarkably. All these improvements are created because of the electrocatalytic property of cobalt Schiff base complex. The effect of some parameters such as pH and scan rates were studied. All the anodic peak currents for the oxidation of ascorbic acid and uric acid shifted toward more negative potential with an increase in pH, revealing that protons have taken part in their electrode reaction processes. The best peak separation with appropriate current was obtained for pH 4.0. A linear range of 5.0?×?10^?4 to 1.0?×?10^?8 and 1.0?×?10^?3 to 1.0?×?10^?8 M with detection limit of 8.0?×?10^?9 and 8.0?×?10^?9 M was obtained for ascorbic acid and uric acid using differential pulse voltammetry at the surface of modified electrode, respectively. Analytical utility of the modified electrode has been examined successfully using human urine samples and vitamin C commercial tablets.     

Palladium metal electrode and its analytical application to precipitation and acid–base analysis in aqueous and non-aqueous media

Electrochemical characterization of palladium electrode has been reported. The investigated electrode showed a linear dynamic response for p-toluensulfonic acid and iodide ions in the concentrations range between 5?×?10^?1 and 1?×?10^?5 mol L^?1 with a Nernstian slope of 55 mV for p-toluensulfonic acid and 63 mV per decade for iodide ions in water, as well as 53 mV for p-toluensulfonic acid and 51 mV per decade for iodide ions in dioxane. The response time of the electrodes was less than 10 s in the used solvents. Some potential analytical applications of the sensors have been pointed. Palladium electrode for the potentiometric titrations of acids (citric, barbituric, and p-toluensulfonic acid), bases (N,N’-diphenylguanidine, tributylamine, and 2,2'–bipyridine), halides, and some real samples in aqueous and non-aqueous solutions were studied. Тetrabutylammonium hydroxide, perchloric acid, and silver nitrate proved to be very suitable titrating agents for these titrations. The standard deviation of the determination of the investigated compounds was less than 0.9 % from those obtained with a glass electrode, i.e., silver electrode.     

Highly sensitive and selective solid-contact calcium sensor based on Schiff base of benzil with 3-aminosalycilic acid covalently attached to polyacrylic acid amide for health care

Solid-state potentiometric calcium sensors based on newly synthesized Schiff’s base of 3-aminosalycilic acid with benzil [2-hydroxy-3-(2-oxo-1,2-diphenylethylidene)amino) benzoic acid] ionophore I and with isatin [2-hydroxy-3-(2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene amino)benzoic acid] ionophore II ionophores and their covalently attached to polyacrylamide ionophores III and IV, respectively, were developed. The all-solid-state sensors were constructed by the application of a thin film of polymeric membrane cocktail onto gold electrodes that were pre-coated with the conducting polymer poly (3,4-ethylenedioxy-thiophen) as an ion and electron transducer. More than 40 sensors with membranes containing plasticized PVC or poly(butyl methacrylate-co-dodecyl methacrylate as a plasticizer-free membrane matrix were investigated. The constructed sensors contained various amounts of the different ionophores with and without anionic lipophilic additive. The sensor containing 10% of ionophore III and 3% tetra (p-chlorophenyl) borate in acrylate copolymer exhibited a stable potentiometric response over a wide pH range of 4–9. It possessed a linear concentration range of 6 10^?10 to 1 10^?2 mol L^?1 with a Nernstian slope of 28.5 mV/decade and a limit of detection (LOD) of 2 10^?10 mol L^?1. It exhibited a good selectivity for calcium to other cations. The selectivity coefficients towards different mono-, di- and trivalent cations were determined with the fixed interference method (FIM) and separate solution method (SSM). The sensor’s life time is more than 3 months, without significant deterioration in the slope. The proposed sensors were utilized for the determination of calcium concentration in serum. The results were compared with those obtained from routine clinical laboratory electrolyte analyser. The results reveal that the all-solid-state calcium sensor is promising for the point of care testing.     

Synthesis and characterization of activated carbon–ethylenediamine–cobalt(II) tetracarboxyphthalocyanine conjugate for catalytic oxidation of ascorbic acid

We report on the synthesis and characterization of activated carbon–ethylenediamine–cobalt(II) tetracarboxyphthalocyanine conjugate (AC–CONHCH₂CH₂NH₂–CoPc) and its electrocatalytic behavior for oxidation of ascorbic acid. Ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopies, and cyclic and square-wave voltammetry were used to characterize the electrode modifiers and modified glassy carbon electrode. The limit of detection was found to be 0.26 µm using 3δ notation. The linear dynamic range was from 1.5 × 10^?4 to 1 × 10^?2 M with electrode sensitivity of 0.01 A mol^?1 L cm^?2. A Tafel slope of 200.8 mV decade^?1 was found. The concentration of ascorbic acid in the tablet was 0.034 M. Oxalic acid showed no interference in ascorbic acid determination.     

Fabrication of Potentiometric Sensors for the Selective Determination of Ketoconazole

Abstract

The fabrication and analytical applications of two types of potentiometric sensors for the determination of ketoconazole (KET) are described. The sensors are based on the use of KET-molybdophosphoric acid (MPA) ion pair as electroactive material. The fabricated sensors include both polymer membrane and carbon paste electrodes. Both sensors showed a linear, stable and near Nernstian slope of 57.8 mV/decade and 55.2 mV/decade for PVC membrane and carbon paste sensors respectively over a relatively wide range of KET concentration (1 × 10^?2 ? 5 × 10^?5and 1 × 10^?2 ? 1 × 10^?6). The sensors showed a fast response time of < 30 sec and < 45 sec. A useful pH range of 3–6 was obtained for both types of sensors. A detection limit of 2.96 × 10^?5M was obtained for PVC membrane sensor and 6.91 × 10^?6 M was obtained for carbon paste sensor. The proposed sensors proved to have a good selectivity for KET with respect to a large number of ions. The proposed sensors were successfully applied for the determination of KET in pharmaceutical formulations. The results obtained are in good agreement with the values obtained by the standard method.     

Highly selective sensing of dopamine using carbon nanotube ink doped with anionic surfactant modified disposable paper electrode

An unconventional, flexible, disposable paper-based selective sensing platform for dopamine in the presence of ascorbic acid, suitable for wearable electronics, has been described for the first time in this work. The carbon nanotube ink-modified paper (CNIMP) in the presence of an anionic surfactant was able to discriminate effectively between dopamine and ascorbic acid thereby alleviating the difficulties associated with the sensing of dopamine in the presence of high concentration of ascorbic acid which undergoes oxidation at similar potential. The CNIMP electrode provided a large surface area in addition to its flexibility and disposability which was 25 times higher compared to a glassy carbon electrode of the same geometric area. The conductivity of the CNIMP electrodes as measured by four probe conductivity measurements was reasonably high of the order of 1.7 × 10^?2 S cm^?1 facilitating its usefulness for the development of flexible sensors. The microscopic features of the electrodes showed the dense coverage and even distribution of carbon nanotubes on the surface with the surfactant molecules uniformly encapsulated on the surface.     

Analysis and Characterization of Microwave Irradiation–Induced Graft Copolymerization of Methyl Methacrylate onto Delignified Grewia Optiva Fiber

Grafting of methyl methacrylate (MMA) onto delignified Grewia optiva fiber using ascorbic acid/H₂O₂ as an initiator was carried out under microwave irradiation. The effects of varying the microwave power, exposure time, and concentration of initiator and monomer of graft polymerization were studied to obtain maximum grafting percentage (26.54%). The experimental results showed that the optimal conditions for grafting were: exposure time, 10min; microwave power, 110 W; ascorbic acid concentration, 3.74mol/L × 10^?2; H₂O₂ concentration, 0.97mol/L × 10^?1; monomer concentration, 1.87mol/L × 10^?1. The graft copolymers were characterized by Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).     

A Chemiluminescence Reaction Between Hydroxyl Radical and Rhodamine 6G and its Applications

Abstract

A novel chemiluminescence (CL) reaction between hydroxyl radical and ascorbic acid is described in this paper. Hydroxyl radical generated on line by the reaction between Fe³⁺ solution and H₂O₂ solution in HCl medium could oxidize rhodamine 6G to produce weak chemiluminescence. It was found that ascorbic acid could enhance the chemiluminescence and the excited rhodamine 6G was the emitter of the chemiluminescence reaction. The possible mechanism of the CL system was also discussed. Ascorbic acid can be determined in the range of 2.0×10^?6?8.0×10^?4 mg/ml with a detection limit of 1×10^?6 mg/ml (3σ). A complete analysis could be done in 1 minute with the relative standard deviation of 3.1% for 5.0×10^?5 mg/ml (n=11). In order to study the chemiluminescence reaction further, the application to the determination of ascorbic acid in food using the chemiluminescence reaction combined with flow injection is investigated.     

Novel potentiometric sensors for pyrilamine maleate

The fabrication and electrochemical response characteristics of four novel potentiometric sensors for determination of pyrilamine maleate (PyraH) were described. The sensors include polymeric membrane electrodes (PME₁, PME₂) and carbon paste electrodes (CPE₁, CPE₂). The fabricated sensors were based on the ion-pair of pyrilamine with sodium tetraphenylborate (NaTPB) and ammonium reineckate (NH₄RN) using dibutyl phthalate (DBP) as plasticizing solvent. The sensors showed linear, stable and near-Nernstian slopes of 56.4 ± 0.4, 54.2 ± 0.2, 58.8 ± 0.3 and 57.9 ± 0.4 mV decade^?1 at 25 ± 0.1 °C and detection limits of 2.0 × 10^?5, 1.8 × 10^?5, 1.0 × 10^?5 and 9.5 × 10^?6 mol L^?1 for PME₁, PME₂, CPE₁ and CPE₂ sensors, respectively. The response time was less than 10 and 8 s for polymeric membrane and carbon paste sensors. The proposed sensors displayed good selectivity for pyrilamine with respect to a number of common inorganic and organic species. The thermal temperature coefficients of the investigated sensors were 0.9508, 0.7012, 0.9450 and 0.6497 mV °C^?1. Modified carbon paste sensors showed lower detection limits, higher thermal stability and faster response time than those of polymeric membrane sensors. The proposed sensors displayed useful analytical characteristics for determination of pyrilamine in pharmaceutical preparation and biological fluids (Human urine and plasma).     

Optimization of Sample Preparation of Carrot-Fruit Juice for Determination of Antimony,Arsenic, and Selenium by Hydride Generation-Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry

Sample preparation procedures for the determination of As, Sb, and Se in carrot-fruit juice by hydride generation inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (HG-ICP OES) were examined. The applicability of a partial decomposition using aqua regia and simple dilution with a 2% (v/v) HNO₃ solution were tested and compared to a traditional treatment based on the wet digestion with a HNO₃/H₂O₂ mixture. The pre-reduction and hydride generation reaction conditions were evaluated. Under the optimal conditions, the hydrides were produced in the reaction of an acidified sample with NaBH₄ after pre-reduction with ascorbic acid [0.5% (m/v)] and KI [0.5% (m/v)] in 3 mol L^?1 HCl for total As and Sb, and boiling with HCl (6 mol L^?1) for total Se. The best results were obtained for the aqua regia procedure, resulting in limits of detection (LODs) between 1.2–2.4 ng g^?1 in the samples and recoveries from 90.9% to 109.1%. The method was successfully applied (without matrix effects) for the determination of As in dense mousse and pulp juice samples and for Sb in pulp juices. Standard solutions, processed in the same way as samples, were used for the calibration. Undecomposed matrix constituents strongly influenced Se; hence this element was determined using the method of standard addition. Concentrations of studied elements in analyzed products were at the trace level, that is, 6–32 ng g^?1, 4–10 ng g^?1, and 4–13 ng g^?1 for Se, As, and Sb, respectively.     

Highly selective determination of ascorbic acid,epinephrine, and uric acid by differential pulse voltammetry using poly(Adizol Black B)-modified glassy carbon electrode

A polymerized film of Adizol Black B (ABB) on the surface of glassy carbon (GC) electrode was prepared for the simultaneous determination of ascorbic acid (AA), epinephrine (EP), and uric acid (UA). This new electrode presented an excellent electrocatalytic activity towards the oxidation of AA, EP, and UA by differential pulse voltammetry method. The oxidation peaks of the three compounds were well defined and had the enhanced peak currents. The separation of the oxidation peak potentials for AA–EP and EP–UA were about 180 and 130 mV, respectively. The calibration curves obtained for AA, EP, and UA were in the ranges of 2.0–1,970.0, 0.1–64.0, and 0.1–1,700.0 μmol L^–1, respectively. The detection limits (S/N?=?3) were 0.01, 0.007, and 0.02 μmol L^–1 for AA, EP, and UA, respectively. The diffusion coefficient and the catalytic rate constant for the oxidation reaction of EP at poly(ABB) film-coated GC electrode were calculated as 1.54(±0.10)?×?10^?4 cm² s^?1 and 4.5?×?10³ mol^?1 L s^?1, respectively. The present method was applied to the determination of EP in pharmaceutical, AA in commercially available vitamin C tablet, and UA in urine samples.     

Ascorbic Acid/Hydrogen Peroxide–Initiated Graft Copolymerization of MMA onto Bombyx mori Silk Fibroin

Graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) onto Bombyx mori silk fibroin was investigated using ascorbic acid and hydrogen peroxide as redox system. The effect of different reaction parameters such as reaction time, temperature, and initiator and monomer concentrations on graft yield were determined. The optimum grafting conditions were found to be temperature = 65°C, time = 120 min, monomer concentration = 2.82 × 10^?1 mol/L, ascorbic acid concentration = 2.83 × 10^?2 mol/L, and H₂O₂ concentration = 1.58 × 10^?1 mol/L. The structural properties of the fibers were studied with the help of FT-IR, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction, and TGA techniques.     

An LC Method for the Determination of Bupropion and Its Main Metabolite, Hydroxybupropion in Human Plasma

A new LC method has been developed and validated for the direct determination of bupropion and its main metabolite, hydroxybupropion in human plasma. Plasma samples were analyzed after a simple, one step protein precipitation with trichloroacetic acid using a C₈ column and mobile phase, consisting of methanol/acetonitrile/phosphate buffer (10 mM, pH 3.0) (40:10:50, v/v/v) and 20 mM 1-heptane sulfonic acid sodium salt with carbamazepine as the internal standard. UV detection was performed at 214 and 254 nm. The method was validated over the concentration range of 60–2,400 and 150–4,700 ng mL^?1 for bupropion and hydroxybupropion, respectively. The intra- and inter-day assay variability was less than 15% for the two analytes. Limit of detection values were 24.8 and 63.4 ng mL^?1 for bupropion and hydroxybupropion, respectively. The method developed was applied to quantification of bupropion and hydroxybupropion in human plasma.     

Determination of Ascorbic Acid in the Presence of Uric Acid and Folic Acid by a Nanostructured Electrochemical Sensor Based on a TiO2 Nanoparticle Carbon Paste Electrode

A carbon paste electrode (CPE), modified with novel hydroquinone/TiO₂ nanoparticles, was designed and used for simultaneous determination of ascorbic acid (AA), uric acid (UA) and folic acid (FA). The magnitude of the peak current for modified TiO₂-nanoparticle CPE (MTNCPE) increased sharply in the presence of ascorbic acid and was proportional to its concentration. A dynamic range of 1.0–1400.0 μM, with the detection limit of 6.4 × 10^?7 M for AA, was obtained using the DPV technique (pH = 7.0). The prepared electrode was successfully applied for the determination of AA, UA, and FA in real samples.     

Simultaneous determination of dopamine, uric acid and ascorbic acid with LaFeO3 nanoparticles modified electrode

LaFeO₃ nanoparticles of approximately 22 nm in size were synthesized and characterized by XRD and TEM. A novel glassy carbon electrode modified with LaFeO₃ nanoparticles was constructed and characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The modified electrode exhibited strong promoting effect and high stability toward the electrochemical oxidation of dopamine (DA), which gave reversible redox peaks with a formal potential of 0.145 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) in pH 7.0 phosphate buffer solution. The anodic peak current (measured by constant potential amperometry) increased linearly with the concentration of dopamine in the range from 1.5?×?10^?7 to 8.0?×?10^?4 M. The detection limit was 3.0?×?10^?8 M. The relative standard deviation of eight successive scans was 3.47% for 1.0?×?10^?6 M DA. The interference by ascorbic acid was eliminated efficiently. The method was used to determine DA in dopamine hydrochloride injections and showed excellent sensitivity and recovery.     

Direct potentiometric titration of thiosulfate,thiourea, and ascorbic acid with lodate using an iodide ion-selective electrode

A potentiometric method has been developed for the semi-automatic direct titration of thiourea, thiosulfate, and ascorbic acid with potassium iodate in strongly acidic solutions using an iodide ion-selective electrode to monitor the reaction and locate the endpoint. The method is simple, fast, precise, and accurate. Amounts ranging from 0.15–1.5 mg of thiourea (3.9 × 10^?4–3.9 × 10^?3, M), 0.3–3.0 mg of thiosulfate (5.4 × 10^?4–5.4 × 10^?3, M), and 0.5–5.0 mg of ascorbic acid (5.7 × 10^?4–5.7 × 10^?3, M) have been determined with an average error of about 1%. The method has been applied to the determination of ascorbic acid in tablets. Results checked closely with those obtained with a standard titrimetric method.     

Laccase-Nafion Based Biosensor for the Determination of Polyphenolic Secondary Metabolites

A laccase-based biosensor was developed by specific enzyme adsorption on screen-printed working electrodes of DROPSENS cells, and stabilized with Nafion 0.1% membrane. The electrode was characterized with respect to response time, sensitivity, linear range, detection limit, pH dependence, interferences, and long-term stability. The tested substrates were catechol, rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, and gallic acid. The optimized biosensor proved the following characteristic performances: the apparent Michaelis Menten calculated considering rosmarinic acid substrate 8.3 × 10^?6 mol L^?1 (r = 0.995, n = 6); the dynamic range of biosensor response for rosmarinic acid 7 × 10^?7 ? 1.5 × 10^?6 mol L^?1; the detection limit for rosmarinic acid 1.19 × 10^?7 mol L^?1 (RSD = 1.08%, n = 3). It was noticed that the biosensor reaches systematically 90% to 94.3% from the response obtained by LC-DAD-ESI-MS for real samples.     

Determination of Lipoic Acid in Biological Samples with Acetonitrile–Salt Stacking Method in CE

An acetonitrile–salt stacking method was established for the assay of lipoic acid (LA) in biological samples. Samples were deproteinized with acetonitrile at a final concentration of 60 % (v/v) and then injected hydrodynamically at 3.45 × 10³ Pa for 180.0 s. The optimum background electrolyte was found to be 90.0 mmol L^?1 pH 9.1 borate buffer. LA could be detected within 35 min at +7.0 kV with satisfactory repeatability (relative standard deviations, RSDs, of migration times and peak areas were both below 10 % for intraday and interday; n = 6/9) and a relatively low limit of detection of ca. 0.5 μmol L^?1.