Environmental Implications of Heavy Metals in Soil from Huainan,China

Soil metal contamination is of great concern due to these elements’ bioavailability, toxicity, and persistence. A total of forty soil samples were collected from mining, industrial, agricultural, and residential areas. Inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP–MS) was employed to determine the concentrations of the heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn). Geoaccumulation indices and health risk assessment models were employed to evaluate the potential ecological and health implications. The concentrations of As, Cr, and Zn in the industrial zone were higher than the values from the other areas, whereas the concentrations of Cd, Cu, and Pb were highest in the residential area. The distribution of metals may be attributed to different anthropogenic sources. The soils in the industrial area were moderately contaminated by As. The noncarcinogenic risk due to metals was determined to be negligible in these areas, while a high carcinogenic risk was obtained in the industrial area. The priority controls should be As, Cd, and Cr in the industrial area. However, the ecological, environmental, and health implications in the mining and residential areas should also be monitored. This study provides a comprehensive investigation of soil metals in industrial, mining, residential, and agricultural areas in China that may be employed for future environmental management and regularization.     

西南山地煤矿区耕地土壤-农作物重金属富集及健康风险评价

为了解西南某典型山地煤矿区周边农田土壤、农作物重金属的富集情况及对当地人群健康的影响程度,采集矿区周边农田土壤样品和对应的农作物样品,测定重金属Cr、Mn、Zn、As、Pb的含量。运用Nemero指数法、潜在风险指数法对土壤重金属的污染程度进行评价;采用靶标危害系数法(THQ)评价农作物重金属对人体的健康风险。结果显示,Cr、Mn、Zn、As、Pb分别是背景值的1.81、1.90、2.89、1.30、0.86倍,处于轻度污染级别,轻微危害程度。农作物重金属Cr、Pb和As含量的超标情况较严重,Zn的含量超标相对较小。各农作物富集的重金属对人体的健康风险大小为：高粱>玉米>白菜>葱>辣椒。农作物重金属对儿童健康的危害均达到了慢性中毒;对成人健康的影响,高粱处于慢性中毒,其它农作物重金属处于产生较大影响的危害程度。农作物重金属与土壤重金属的相关性分析表明,农作物重金属的含量与土壤重金属全量并无线性关系;各重金属在农作物中的转移能力不同;Pb,As在农作物中的转移能力较大,而Cr相对较小。鉴于矿区重金属的富集情况,应尽快采取修复治理措施,为保证当地人群健康,建议当地居民不再食用和种植富集重金属严重的高粱、玉米农作物。     

山西省马铃薯主产区土壤重金属含量状况评价与膳食暴露评估

【目的】探明山西马铃薯种植区域土壤重金属污染状况,并对马铃薯进行重金属摄入健康风险评价。【方法】选取山西省境内马铃薯优势产业基地县(区)作为调查研究对象,用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪分析了马铃薯产地土壤及产品中铅、镉、砷、铬、镍、铜、锌等七种重金属元素含量状况,并采用单因子指数法、内梅罗综合指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对土壤中重金属进行生态风险评价,采用目标危险系数法对马铃薯进行重金属摄入健康风险评价。【结果】山西省马铃薯主产区土壤中7种重金属单项污染指数均小于1,综合污染指数小于0.5,潜在生态危害为轻微,土壤环境质量总体属于非污染水平,成人和儿童因食用马铃薯而摄入重金属的健康风险指数均小于1。【结论】山西省马铃薯主产区土壤中重金属污染程度较低,而马铃薯中重金属的残留对人体健康存在隐患,建议制定预防性手段,加强对马铃薯及其他蔬菜等土壤中重金属的跟踪与监测,确保农产品产地环境质量,从而确保农产品质量安全。     

Characterization of Pollution Indices in Soil Surrounding a Power Plant by Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

The distribution of pollution indices of copper, iron, lead, and nickel in the soil around a gas fired power plant were determined by laser induced breakdown spectroscopy. A Q-switched Nd:YAG laser operating at 90 mJ and 1064 nm was employed to convert the soil into a plasma that was characterized by optical emission spectroscopy. High concentrations of copper, iron, lead, and nickel were measured near the power station. The enrichment factors for lead, copper, nickel, and iron were 0.38–0.64, 0.2–0.65, 0.49–0.73, and 1.02–1.46 with means of 0.48, 0.37, 0.60, and 1.16. Geo-accumulation was observed to be in class 0 (unpolluted) for all metals except for iron, which was in class 0–1. The ecological risk factor was in the low potential range for all metal concentrations. From the center to the outskirts of power station and from surface to deep soil, the soil quality varied from low polluted to unpolluted for heavy metals due to power plant emission, fuel storage, and station remnants.     

Environmental assessment of heavy metal and natural radioactivity in soil around a coal-fired power plant in China

Concentrations of heavy metals and natural radionuclides in soil around a major coal-fired power plant of Xi’an, China were determined by using XRF and gamma ray spectrometry, respectively. The measured results of heavy metals show that the mean concentrations of Cu, Pb, Zn, Co and Cr in the studied soil samples are higher than their corresponding background values in Shaanxi soil, while the mean concentrations of Mn, Ni and V are close to the corresponding background values. The calculated results of pollution load index of heavy metals indicate that the studied soils presented heavy metal contamination. The concentrations of ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K in the studied soil samples range from 27.6 to 48.8, 44.4 to 61.4 and 640.2 to 992.2 Bq kg^?1 with an average of 36.1, 51.1 and 733.9 Bq kg^?1, respectively, which are slightly higher than the average of Shaanxi soil. The air absorbed dose rate and the annual effective dose equivalent received by the local residents due to the natural radionuclides in soil are slightly higher than the mean values of Shaanxi. Coal combustion for energy production has affected the natural radioactivity level and heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Co and Cr) concentrations of soil around the coal-fired power plant.     

云南东川区域重金属环境暴露健康风险评价

以云南省昆明市东川主要河流及附近土壤、植物为研究对象,对其进行采样分析,并根据美国环境保护署(U.S.EPA)推荐健康风险评价方法对东川流域多种环境因素进行了重金属的健康风险评价。结果表明,水环境中致癌物质造成的风险最大,风险值在2.35×10^(-4)~8.27×10^(-4),达到U.S.EPA推荐的最大值10^(-4),植物根部的健康风险值为0.40×10^(-1)~7.00×10^(-1),茎叶部分的风险值为2.42×10^(-2)~15.24×10^(-2),根部存在的重金属对人体的健康风险约为茎叶部分的5倍;土壤中非致癌物质的健康风险影响较大,总健康风险值区间为0.64×10^(-1)~3.83×10^(-1)。评价结果可为该区域地表水、土壤和植物资源的污染治理、保护开发提供依据。     

Groundwater Quality at the Huaibei Coalfield,China

The environmental and health impacts of trace elements are of great concern because of their toxicity, persistence, and bioavailability. Twenty-six groundwater samples were collected from the coal mining areas to evaluate water quality and potential environmental impact caused by mining activities. The physical/chemical properties and trace element concentrations (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn) were determined. The physical/chemical parameters and the concentrations of trace elements varied among the shallow and confined groundwater, which may indicate the absence of hydraulic interactions between the aquifers. The concentrations of trace elements in the mining areas are higher than at background monitoring sites, which suggests that the mining activities may lead to environmental and health impacts. Based on a health risk assessment, the low hazard quotients and cancer risk values in confined groundwater samples indicate that the chronic and cancer adverse effects due to trace elements are negligible. This study provides a comprehensive assessment of groundwater trace element impacts from coal mining in China and is useful for environmental management.     

Levels, risk assessment and sources of PM10 fraction heavy metals in four types dust from a coal-based city

The concentrations of V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Hg and Pb in PM₁₀ fraction of four types of dust in a coal-based city, Fushun were detected by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy. Results showed that most of the average concentrations for 11 metals in dust were higher than Chinese soil background values, especially for Cu, Zn, Hg, Cd and Pb with higher pollution index values. The re-suspended dust from residential and school building surfaces showed middle and high level of pollution by geoaccumulation index assessment which should raise attention as their potential health risk to local residenter and students. Six hotspots were found from spatial distribution analysis, locating at the northeast corner, central area close to mines, southwest area adjacent to an expressway, northeast area close to power plants, the city center and the industrial district reflecting the influence of agricultural activities, mining activities, vehicle emission, coal combustion and industrial activities. Correlation and principal component analysis showed accordant results indicating that vehicle emission, industrial activities, coal combustion and crustal materials were the main sources for heavy metals in PM₁₀ fraction of fugitive dust in Fushun.     

冶炼厂烟囱降尘农田土壤重金属含量及潜在生态风险评价

摘要：为了研究冶炼厂下风向烟囱降尘对农田土壤重金属污染影响程度,以济源市某一冶炼厂工业烟囱下风向降尘覆盖农田土壤为研究对象,依次对距离该厂烟囱大约为750m-3000m的7个农田研究区（P1-P7）土壤中重金属（Hg、As、Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr、）含量进行污染状况分析,采用了单项潜在生态风险指数法和综合潜在生态风险指数法对冶炼厂下风向烟囱降尘土壤中重金属的潜在生态风险进行评价。结果表明：在3 km2研究区域范围内,距离冶炼厂越近土壤重金属含量越高,Pb、Cd为重度污染,超过了《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准》（GB15618-2018）农用地土壤污染风险管制值的1.2倍,距离冶炼厂烟囱下风向P1区土壤中重金属As、Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn超过土壤环境质量农用地土壤风险筛选值,Cd 在浓度值均超过农用土壤污染风险管制值1.8倍,As元素平均浓度值超农用土壤污染风险管制值1.7倍,Pb、Cu和Zn污染较严重,Cd、Hg对综合指数（RI）贡献值较大分别为68.63和22.4。单项潜在生态风险指数评价结果显示Cd存在极严重的潜在生态风险,Pb、Cu存在较严重潜在生态风险,冶炼厂下风向土壤中综合潜在生态风险指数评价显示,冶炼厂下风向降尘土壤重金属具有较强的生态风险。     

缅甸进口姜黄无机元素分析研究

目的：通过测定缅甸进口姜黄中26种无机元素,并对进口姜黄中重金属含量进行风险评价,为缅甸进口姜黄的质量控制奠定基础。方法：采用微波消解ICP-MS法对24批来自缅甸地区的姜黄进行26种无机元素的测定,通过靶标危害系数（THQ）和总危害指数（HI）对Pb、Cd、Cu 3种元素进行非致癌风险评价,用终生致癌风险（R）对As进行致癌风险评价。结果：结果表明,缅甸进口姜黄中含有24种无机元素,其中K、Na、Mg、Ca 4种营养元素含量占比24种无机元素的92.39%。缅甸姜黄中均未检出Sn、Hg 2种金属元素,Pb、Cd、As、Cu 、Hg5种重金属元素含量均符合2020版中国药典限定值。经过缅甸姜黄中Cu、Pb、Cd 3种重金属元素健康风险评价,THQ和HI均小于1,表明人体通过缅甸姜黄摄入的Cu、Pb、Cd不会对人体造成非致癌伤害。经过对姜黄中As的致癌健康风险评价,致癌风险R为7.72 x10-6,低于世界卫生组织建议的致癌风险值（1.00 x 10-5）,通过缅甸姜黄摄入的总As不存在致癌风险。结论：总体而言,缅甸进口姜黄重金属元素保持在较好水平。     

重金属有效态与土壤环境质量标准制订

制订合适的土壤环境质量标准是评价土壤健康质量及食品安全的核心问题,而土壤重金属有效态对制定土壤环境质量标准具有重要意义。土壤重金属有效态主要指植物有效态,它与重金属形态关系密切。影响土壤重金属有效态的因素很多,主要包括:土壤pH值、氧化还原电位、CEC、有机质含量、粒径组成(黏粒含量)、铁铝锰氧化物含量、植物种类、土壤微生物、土壤温度的高低、重金属来源等。化学试剂浸提法是测量重金属生物有效性的常用方法,所用化学试剂主要有三类:弱(稀)酸、络合剂和中性盐,中性盐由于对土壤pH值影响小而受到重视。我国现行土壤质量标准采用土壤重金属总量和pH两个因素为依据,但是不少学者认为,该标准仅适用于重金属有效态较高的土壤,而不能反映重金属有效态含量较低土壤的实际状况。     

Heavy Metal Contamination and Accumulation in Soil and Plant Species from the Xinqiao Copper Deposit,Anhui Province,China

The distribution and accumulation of heavy metals in soil and various plants were investigated in Xinqiao, the location of one of the largest copper deposits in China. The concentrations of cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc were determined by inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP–MS), and the results suggest that the soil was contaminated by mining activities. Plants grown around the study area accumulated these metals at various concentrations. The concentrations of metals in the plants indicated that the accumulation levels were not consistent with the relative concentrations in the corresponding soils. Almost all plants primarily accumulated heavy metals in above-ground tissues, especially Commelina communis. High biological transfer coefficients for Buddleja davidii, Rumex acetosa, Debregeasia edulis, Commelina communis, and Rosacfolius smith for some metals indicate accumulation in stems and leaves and identify these plants as hyperaccumulators.     

非传统稳定同位素在土壤重金属源解析方面的应用

随着工业发展,土壤中累积的重金属对人类产生健康威胁。在全面评估土壤重金属污染的情况下,通过非传统稳定同位素测量可以对其来源进行有效解析。鉴于这一新兴领域的快速发展,对非传统稳定同位素在土壤重金属源解析中的作用进行了阐述。在此基础上,提出了现有的问题和展望,为土壤重金属污染源解析理论、技术的研究与应用提供借鉴,推进土壤重金属污染防控的建立与完善。     

城市工业区土壤重金属元素影响评价

选择成都某热电厂,利用X荧光分析法对其表层土、深层土四种重金属元素进行了定量分析,并与成都郊区北湖周边土壤和2004年同点采集土壤对比。研究表明,热电厂表层土存在重金属污染,且某些重金属含量有逐年增加的趋势;另外,土壤中Pb、Zn含量明显受工业活动影响,高于郊区土壤。     

土壤重金属污染评价指标的研究进展

土壤重金属污染评价指标主要有：土壤重金属总含量，有效含量，土壤酶活性以及植物中毒临界含量等。由于受重金属污染的土壤中往往伴有多种重金属元素以及元素之间的交互作用，使得临界值的确定更为复杂，目前评价土壤重金属复合污染的方法主要是综合指数法。     

Remediation of metalliferous soils through the heavy metal resistant plant growth promoting bacteria: Paradigms and prospects

Various industrial, agricultural and military operations have released huge amounts of toxic heavy metals into the environment with deleterious effects on soils, water and air. Under metal stress, soil microorganisms including plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) have developed many strategies to evade the toxicity generated by the various heavy metals. Such metal resistant PGPB, when used as bioinoculant or biofertilizers, significantly improved the growth of plants in heavy metal contaminated/stressed soils. Application of bacteria possessing metal detoxifying traits along with plant-beneficial properties is a cost effective and environmental friendly metal bioremediation approach. This review highlights the different mechanisms of metal resistance and plant growth promotion of metal resistant PGPB as well as the recent development in exploitation of these bacteria in bioremediation of heavy metals in different agroecosystems.     

Determination of heavy metals in soil, mushroom and plant samples by atomic absorption spectrometry

The concentrations of heavy metals in the soil, mushroom and plant samples collected from Tokat, Turkey have been determined by flame and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry after dry ashing, wet ashing and microwave digestion. The study of sample preparation procedures showed that the microwave digestion method was the best. Good accuracy was assured by the analysis of standard reference materials. The relative standard deviations for all measured metal concentrations were lower than 10%. In all cases, quantitative analytical recoveries ranging from 95 to 103% were obtained. Metal accumulation factors were calculated for mushroom and plant samples. High ratio of plants to soil cadmium, zinc and copper concentrations indicate that these elements are accumulated by mushrooms. Results obtained are in agreement with data reported in the literature.     

Transfer of Metals from Soil to Crops in an Area near a Coal Gangue Pile in the Guqiao Coal Mine,China

A field survey was conducted to investigate the metal contamination in coal gangue, soils, and crops (rice and soybeans), and to evaluate the possible health risks to the local population through food chain transfer near a coal gangue pile in the Guqiao Coal Mine, China. Contamination levels of zinc, lead, cadmium, and copper in coal gangue, soils, and crops were measured, and bio-accumulation factors from soil to crops were determined; the health risks were calculated accordingly. Results showed that both coal gangue and soil contained high levels of cadmium (0.15 mg kg^?1and 0.20 mg kg^?1) exceeding the background value of the soil. The lead soil concentration was low (9.99 mg kg^?1), but lead in rice (0.38 mg kg^?1) exceeded the maximal permissible limit of 0.2 mg kg^?1. For some tissues of crops studied, there was a significant correlation between the bio-accumulation factor values and the corresponding soil metal concentrations that were best described by a power equation. Oral intake of zinc, cadmium, and copper through crops posed no health risk to local residents, although hazard indices for rice (0.87–2.88) and soybeans (0.06–0.09) suggested that ingestion of rice grains was unsafe for human health. Therefore, rice was inappropriate to be planted in the soil surrounding this coal mine.     

Characterization of Metals in Surface Sediments from Xiaoyang River,Jiangsu, China

Some metal species and fractions have high affinity to anthropogenic activities, making it feasible to characterize the spatiotemporal characteristics of human-induced degradation of ecosystems. The accumulation of Fe, Mg, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, and Pb, their fractions, physiochemical parameters, and nutrients was evaluated in the surface sediments at 11 sites on the Xiaoyang River in urban and suburban locations in Jiangsu, China for the assessment of pollution. The sediment quality was evaluated based on sediment quality guidelines, enrichment factors, geoaccumulation index, potential ecological risk index, and risk assessment code. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis were used to identify the sources of the metals. The total concentrations of metals, enrichment factors, and geoaccumulation indices demonstrated that all sites were significantly polluted with Zn and significantly to moderately polluted by Cu, Pb, and Ni. Moreover, higher metal enrichment was present downstream through downtown Sheyang due to extensive human activities. However, the potential ecological risk indices and risk assessment codes revealed high bioavailability and toxicity of Pb in this region. These results indicated that the metal fraction showed higher susceptibility. The accuracy of the ecological risk assessment was evaluated in the river, indicating a heavy anthropogenic impact.     

某冶炼厂周边土壤重金属污染评价分析及源解析研究

有色金属矿产资源采选冶活动造成的土壤重金属污染已成为严重的环境问题。采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法和光谱法测定某冶炼厂周边不同区域内土壤中重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、As、Ni、Cr、Cd、Hg元素含量,采用Kriging空间插值方法对重金属空间分布特征进行分析,采用内梅罗指数法对其污染状况进行评价,采用多元统计分析对重金属元素的污染源进行分析。结果表明,研究区土壤采样点80%处于污染状态,且以重度污染为主,污染比较严重的区域受风向影响在冶炼厂的西部和南部方向,污染严重的重金属元素为Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn和As,土壤中各重金属元素的污染源除来自于冶炼厂外,Zn-Cd-PbCu-As、Ni-Cr、Hg分别还受到机动车辆排放、自然因素、燃煤及农药使用的影响。