Analytical Chemistry in Australia

Abstract

Analytical chemistry in Australia is alive, but its current development can be likened to that of a young and vigorous infant who needs assured supplies of food, a favourable environment and some sound guidance for growth and eventual maturity. That analytical chemistry exists in Australia and is healthy, has occurred despite the existence of most of the 19 universities in Australia! Sweden, with a population of 8.5 million, has 10 chairs in analytical chemistry in 5 main universities and analytical chemistry has been an acknowledged branch of chemistry at Swedish universities since 1960¹. Australia, with a population of 13.5 million and reasonably comparable standard of living and industrial development, has only one chair in analytical chemistry (at The University of New South Wales) in its 19 universities. However, 4 of the remaining universities (Newcastle, La Trobe, Tasmania and Queensland) have a strong interest in analytical chemistry, which is somewhat difficult to discern by the incorporation of analytical chemistry in either general chemistry or inorganic chemistry departments.     

Analytical Chemistry in France

Abstract

In this day and age it is not an easy task to describe in a few pages the current status of any scientific discipline. This is particularly difficult if one deals with a n area such as analytical chemistry in France which is on the upswing. The present wirteup is focused on developments in French universities since the war: we shall not deal with analytical chemistry in industry, even though chemical companies and the French Atomic Energy Commission have had a paramount influence on recent developments. Indeed, French analytical chemists are being educated mainly to serve the needs of industrial laboratories.     

Analytical Chemistry in Poland

ABSTRACT

The paper presents the main achievements of analytical chemistry in Poland on the basis of papers published mainly in the last decade. The selection is somewhat arbitrary but should show the most important directions of research. The citations generally refer to papers published in regular journals. The following topics were discussed: general aspects, chemical methods and reagents, spectrophotometry, speciation studies, atomic spectrometry, electrochemical methods, chemo- and biosensors, chromatography and related techniques.

Short reviews on the history and present status of analytical chemistry have been published elsewhere^{1, 2} and this review is intended to present the more detailed overview of the recent fields of interest, based on some selected publications from the nineties. Such selection is obviously to some extent arbitrary and this is mainly based on information sent by colleagues from various centres. It seemed, however, necessary to indicate where appropriate, the roots and earlier achievements.     

Analytical Chemistry in Romania

Abstract

Until now there has been no attempt to write the complete history of analytical chemistry in Romania. Nevertheless, we consider it important that our young chemists learn about the history of analytical chemistry in our country, because you can never step forward if you disregard the past. Furthermore, scientists in other countries might find the history and current status of analytical chemistry in Romania of interest.     

The Reliability of Detection Limits in Analytical Chemistry

Abstract

Five guidelines were elucidated to be of importance in improving the reliability of detection limits in analytical chemistry. The necessity of following rigid statistical rules and documentation of the experimental system, the experimental parameters and the entire analytical procedure, is stressed, in order for the detection limits to have any reliability.     

The Quest for Sensitivity,Specificity, and Speed in Chemical Analysis

Abstract

One of the fascinating features of analytical chemistry is the continuous challenge it provides the practitioners of this profession. As we are confronted with our current analytical problems and anticipate even more thought provoking and complex problems in the future it is reassuring to pause and examine the progress that has been made and is being made in the development of sensitive, specific and rapid methods of chemical analysis. Relevant to solving complex analytical problems and in handling samples of unusual complexity I would like to quote a sentence from one of Professor Laitinen's recent editorials in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY: “It boils down to the fact that complex mixtures will become increasingly important in the future, but no matter how sophisticated the instrumentation may become, the analytical chemist will continue to be the most important component in the solution of analytical problems”¹. A review of the historical developments in analytical chemistry does indicate the importance of individuals and their unique resourcefulness, creativity and rational thinking in responding to practical problems and their own scientific curiosity.     

A Conflict of Analysis: Analytical Chemistry and Milk Adulteration in Victorian Britain

Abstract

This article centres on a particularly intense debate within British analytical chemistry in the late nineteenth century, between local public analysts and the government chemists of the Inland Revenue Service. The two groups differed in both practical methodologies and in the interpretation of analytical findings. The most striking debates in this period were related to milk analysis, highlighted especially in Victorian courtrooms. It was in protracted court cases, such as the well known Manchester Milk Case in 1883, that analytical chemistry was performed between local public analysts and the government chemists, who were often both used as expert witnesses. Victorian courtrooms were thus important sites in the context of the uneven professionalisation of chemistry. I use this tension to highlight what Christopher Hamlin has called the defining feature of Victorian public health, namely conflicts of professional jurisdiction, which adds nuance to histories of the struggle of professionalisation and public credibility in analytical chemistry.     

Ionic Solute Hydration

Abstract

The last decade has witnessed a rather spectacular revival the field of aqueous electrolyte solutions; new theories and models have been proposed, precise and systematic studies of thermodynamic and transport properties have been acumulating, many spectral techniques, such as IR, RAMAN, NMR, ESR, X-ray and neutron scattering, have been applied successfully to water and aqueous solutions giving a better insight into the molecular nature of solute-solvent interactions.^1-5 Though this progress has been brought about partly by the improvements in experimental techniques, by the interest generated in related fields, such as analytical chemistry and biochemistry, and by the needs created through problems of pollution and desalination of sea water, it also owes much to the insight and enthusiasm of scientists such as Henry Frank, who this year is celebrating his 70th anniversary.     

Systematic Analytical Errors: Influence on the Grouping and Classification of Samples

Abstract

Two different sets of data have been subjected to distortion by induced systematic errors of types that are common in analytical chemistry. By means of eigenvector projections and a disjoint principal components analysis it is demonstrated that even gross systematic errors do not significantly influence the classification of the samples.     

Multivariate Calibration,an Overview

Abstract

Numerous methods of multivariate calibration methods exist with ridge regression, principal component regression, and partial least squares being the most popular methods in analytical chemistry. This mini‐review overviews multivariate calibration and provides a common theme with respect to the bias/variance tradeoff (harmony) and the harmony/parsimony tradeoff for model selection. Other multivariate calibration considerations are briefly reviewed. A few applications are noted.     

Determination of antioxidant activities of berries and resveratrol

Abstract

There has been growing interest in the health benefits of fruits with the emphasis on antioxidants. Berries contain considerable amounts of chemicals referred to as phenolic compounds which have been identified as an important source of antioxidants. The determination of antioxidant capabilities of various berries and resveratrol by reducing 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) essay was designed as an experiment for general, analytical, and introductory biochemistry laboratories. The reduced DPPH radical is colorimetrically analyzed by UV-Vis spectrophotometry to determine the IC₅₀, which is the concentration of an antioxidant at which 50% inhibition of free radical activity is observed. This experiment acquaints students with free radicals and their scavengers, solution preparation, the extraction of a natural product, and UV-Vis spectroscopy. Unlike so many undergraduate laboratory experiments, the procedure does not utilize any toxic reagents. Students gain an understanding of the overlap among the different fields of chemistry and the concept of green chemistry.     

Analytical Methodologies with Very Low Blank Levels: Implications for Practical and Empirical Evaluations of the Limit of Detection

Abstract

Limit of detection criteria in analytical chemistry are regularly specified in terms of the distribution of the measured blank response. The consequences of an analytical blank response with a negligible distribution of measured values on the calculation and significance of limit of detection criteria receive scarce attention. A consideration of a hypothetical analytical methodology where the blank response is zero and the distribution of blank values is negligible is described. The impact of this situation on the traditional limit of detection criteria and on calibration relationships is discussed in detail. A simple, empirical method of estimating indicative method detection limits based on whole‐method repeatability is proffered. This model has been validated with experimental data.     

Analytical Chemistry in the USSR

Abstract

In the USSR analytical chemistry is one of the most important of the chemical disciplines. Since its beginning as an independent part of the chemical research, analytical chemistry has developed as an integral part of the political economy, and serves the practical needs of industry, as well as being a theoretically well-founded science. Besides economically important problems like the analysis of the composition of sediments of raw materials, quality control in metallurgy and in the production of rare elements, analytical control in the chemical, pharmaceutical, nuclear-energy and semiconductor production are of importance, and furthermore, analysts develop their own theory, and success in many phases of development are related to a knowledge of other sciences, especially to physics, mathematics, general chemistry, metallurgy, biology, etc.     

High-Speed Video Densitometry: Principle and Applications

Abstract

In the past few years, TV-type multichannel detectors/Vidicon-, Plumbicon-and Orthicon tubes etc./ found application in several fields of analytical chemistry/1/. Recently, video-technique was introduced to the densitometric evaluation of thin-layer chromatograms as well/2/; the term ‘video densitometry’ is used in this context.     

Recent advances in upper rim functionalization of resorcin[4]arene derivatives: Synthesis and applications

Abstract

During the last decades, resorcin[4]arenes have drawn much attention in the field of supramolecular chemistry because of their practical applicability in different areas. Therefore, many scientists have investigated this class of derivatives in recent years. In this article, we comprehensively reviewed a brief literature survey on the chemistry of upper rim functionalization of calix[4]resorcinarene derivatives and their applications concerning optical chemosensors, liquid crystal materials, host-guest systems, catalysis, drug delivery, biological activities, and analytical applications. This short review describes the survey of literature synthesis and upper rim functionalization of resorcin[4]arenes and their different application published in the last six years (2015–2020).     

A Review: Application of Microwave Techniques for Environmental Analytical Chemistry

Abstract

The acceptance of microwave digestion technique is based on procedures successfully carried out for mist different kinds of samples. The goals of this paper are to gather all information concerning applications of microwave digestion methods to analytical chemistry. Some applications of microwave techniques to sample digestion, solvent extraction, sample drying, the measurements of moisture, analyte desorption and adsorption, sample clean up, chromomeric reaction, speciation, and nebulization of analytical samples are presented.     

Perspectives of magnetic nature carbon dots in analytical chemistry: From separation to detection and bioimaging

Magnetic nature carbon dots (MNCDs) are fast growing materials with extremely unique physico-chemical properties and physiological ability to extend their applications from separation science to detection and bio-/magnetic resonance imaging applications. Recent studies have revealed that the MNCDs are significantly used as promising agents in analytical chemistry for the separation and identification of trace level target analytes. Further, the MNCDs have been used as probes for bioimaging of cells and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of tumors. Due to the lack of comprehensive reviews in this emerging field especially MNCDs applications in analytical chemistry, this review may provide quick guide and reference on the MNCDs-based analytical approaches for the separation and detection of trace level analytes, and bio- and MR- imaging of various cells. In this review article, we will summarize the synthetic approaches for the fabrication of MNCDs. The main part of this proposed review is devoted to the tremendous applications of MNCDs (Fe₃O₄@CDs, metal ion (Fe³⁺, Mn²⁺, Co²⁺ and Gd²⁺)-doped CDs, MnO₂@CDs) in analytical chemistry from separation science to detection and bio- and MR imaging. Finally, we will explore the challenges and future prospects of magneto fluorescent carbon dots in biomedical applications.     

THE CHEMISTRY OF OPTICALLY ACTIVE SULFUR COMPOUNDS PART III

Abstract

The chemistry of optically active sulfur compounds has proven to be one of great interest and challenge as demonstrated by the prolific publications in this area. An ever larger number of different types of compounds with sulfur as center of chirality are being synthesized and it is expected that in future publications additional members of this group will be described. Thus far the following chiral sulfur compounds have been prepared:     

Automation in und mit der Analytischen Chemie

Ohne Zusammenfassung

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Automation in and with analytical chemistryV. Classification of working ranges in analytical chemistry with regard to computers

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Teil IV: diese Z. 256, 7 (1971)     

Contemporary Detection Of 4-Demeth-Oxydaunorubicin And Its Metabolites 13-Dihydro-4-Demethoxydaunorubicin And4-Demethoxydaunorubicinone By Reverse Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

Abstract

The aim of this work was to optimize a simple analytical method for a complete pharmacological and toxicological follow up of patients treated with a new orally active daunorubicin analog, the 4-demethoxydaunorubicin. For this reason the Chromatographic properties of the unchanged drug, its reduced metabolite 13-dihydro-4-demethoxydaunorubicin and its aglicone metabolite 4-demethoxydaunorubicinone have been investigated. Extraction of these compounds from biological fluids has been carried out using ethyl acetate and buthanol. Separation has been achieved in a C₁₈ reverse phase column by iso-cratic eluition with a mobil phase consisting of acetonitrile:methanol :phosphate buffer 40:10:50, pH 4.7. Drug and metabolites can be quantitated at nanogram level by fluorescence detection.

The appearance of a further compound, identified as the 13-dihydro-4-deme-thoxydaunorubicinone, was noted when whole blood instead of plasma was utilized while developing the assay. Aldo-cheto reductases of red blood cells could be responsible for the reduction of the 4-demethoxydaunorubicinone in its 13-dihydroderivative.