The effect of surfactants on the concentration of heavy metals from natural waters on chelex-100 resin

Trace amounts of zinc, cadmium, copper, nickel, manganese, cobalt and lead can be separated from natural waters on Chelex-100 resin (50–100 mesh) in the presence of cationic, anionic and non-ionic detergents, washing powder and sodium tripolyphosphate at concentrations as high as 100 mg l^-1. Metal recoveries are better than 92% but are poor in the presence of soap or the potential detergent additive, nitrilotriacetic acid. Although strong adsorption of cationic, and to a lesser extent, anionic and non-ionic detergents, occurs on the resin surface, low recoveries can be attributed to incomplete metal elution rather than to blockage of adsorption sites. Experiments with radiotracers show that the total metal present in natural waters is not adsorbed by Chelex-100 unless metal ions are first released from colloids or strong complexes.     

Determination of Copper,Cadmium, Zinc And Lead In ArgeŞ River In Romania During Four Seasons By Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry And Anodic Stripping Voltammetry

ABSTRACT

The paper represents a continued study of selected heavy metals concentration in the Arge? River, the fifth river in length from Romania.

For the determination of metal ion concentration in Arge? river was used Atomic Absorption Spectrometry for sodium, potassium and magnesium; Direct Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry for calcium; Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry for copper, cadmium, zinc, aluminium, lead, titanium, zirconium, chromium, molybdenum, manganese, iron and nickel.

Copper, cadmium, zinc and lead concentration were determined by ICP–AES and ASV and results were reliable.

By comparison of the results a good agreement between these two techniques is observed.     

Determination of Heavy Metals in Crawfish (Procambrus clarkii) by Inductively Coupled Plasma–Optical Emission Spectrometry: A Study over the Season in Southwest Louisiana

Abstract

Six metals (cadmium, copper, nickel, lead, iron, and zinc) were determined by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry in crawfish (tails and whole bodies) and soil in the vicinity of the crawfish, in a season of 4 months (February through May) in southwest Louisiana. Cadmium and lead were not found in the tail or whole body. Nickel was found in some samples of tail but mostly in the April and May samples. Copper, iron, and zinc were found in both tail and whole body of the crawfish. Limited soil sampling showed no cadmium, nickel, or copper in soil, but levels of iron, lead, and zinc were detected.     

A new selective and high affinity polymeric complexing agent for transition metal ions

Summary The synthesis and characteristics of a new chelating glycinohydroxamate-containing polymer resin is described. The functionality of the polymer is 1.76 mmolg^–1. The hydrogen capacity, water regain and adsorption capacities for iron(III), cadmium(II), cobalt(II), copper(II), nickel(II) and zinc(II) were measured at various pH values; uptake of the metal ions increased with pH and was quantitative above pH 3 for most of the metal ions. All cations studied showed high exchange rates towards the resin. The half saturation times for iron(III), cadmium(II), copper(II) and zinc(II) were all less than 1 min. The coordination behaviour of the resin was studied with the help of e.p.r., i.r., u.v. and potentiometry. The pK _a of the resin is 10.70 and the log value of the stability constants for iron(III), copper(II), lead(II), zinc(II), cobalt(II), manganese(II), cadmium(II) and nickel(II) were measured as 21.81, 19.50, 19.20, 18.59, 18.51, 18.46, 18.37 and 18.36, respectively, at 25 ° C and I = 0.2M KCl.     

Organic complexation and total dissolved trace metal analysis in estuarine waters: comparison of solvent-extraction graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometric and chelating resin flow injection inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometric analysis

The measured concentrations of cadmium, cobalt, copper, nickel, lead, zinc, and manganese in acidified (pH<2) estuarine water samples analyzed for total dissolved trace metal concentrations using on-line chelating resin column partitioning with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (CRCP-ICP-MS) were compared to those analyzed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) after liquid-liquid extraction using a combination of 1-pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate/diethyldithiocarbamate (PDC/DDC). Although there was good agreement between the two sets of analyses for cadmium, lead, manganese, and zinc concentrations, those of cobalt, copper, and nickel determined by CRCP-ICP-MS were found to be 10-20% lower than those determined by solvent-extraction GFAAS. The different yields were positively correlated (R>0.961, simple linear regression) to the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration of the samples. Good agreement between the two methods for cobalt and copper was achieved after ultraviolet (UV) digestion of the acidified samples. Samples collected from the South Bay of the San Francisco Estuary with high DOC showed the greatest difference for cobalt, copper, and nickel which is tentatively attributed to complexation with humic material for copper and cobalt and strong synthetic chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) for nickel. This is consistent with previous studies on copper, nickel and cobalt complexation in this region. We recommend UV digestion of acidified estuarine samples prior to multi-element analysis by chelating resin flow injection ICP-MS methods.     

Development of physico-chemical speciation procedures to investigate the toxicity of copper,lead, cadmium and zinc towards aquatic biota

A range of model compounds was studied to test the effect of complexing agents on the adsorption of copper, lead, cadmium and zinc by Chelex-100 resin, oxine porous glass, thiol porous glass and thiol resin, from seawater and distilled water. The thiol materials, while showing behaviour similar to Chelex-100 resin and oxine porous glass for zinc, cadmium and lead, retained copper much more strongly. Methods for measuring lipid-soluble metal complexes in waters were also studied. Bio-Rad SM2 resin was the most suitable extractant, although a citrate buffer of pH 5.7 was needed to prevent the co-adsorption of free metal ions. Seawater and various fresh waters were analyzed for trace metal speciation by using Chelex-100 resin, thiol resin and anodic stripping voltammetry to determine labile metal. Bio-Rad SM2 resin and hexane—butanol extraction were used for the estimation of lipid-soluble metal. The polluted water samples had higher fractions of labile and organic-soluble metal, but it was concluded that some of the waters contained unidentified ligands which caused speciation behaviour different from that of the synthetic solutions with model ligands. The factors involved in the choice of speciation procedures for the measurement of the toxic fraction of a metal in a water sample are discussed in detail.     

Separation of Tron(Iii) By Extraction Chromatography With Aliquat 3365 From Citrate Solution

Abstract

A rapid method is proposed for separation of iron(III) with Aliquat 336S as the stationary phase coated on silica gel column with citric acid buffered at pH 4,5 as mobile phase. the extracted iron is stripped from the column with different mineral acids and determined spectrophotracally as its complex with 1,10-phenanthroline, Iron was separated from chromium, molybdenum, titanium and nickel which are generally associated in steel samples. Similar separations of iron from lead, zinc, cadmium, bismuth and cobalt have significance in environmental sample analysis. the method is extended for analysis of iron from samples of sediment and sea-water.     

Application of a poly(dithiocarbamate) resin to the determination of trace copper,iron and zinc in natural waters

A chelating poly(dithiocarbamate) resin with macroreticular support is shown to be effective for the preconcentration of copper, iron and zinc in natural waters. The retained ions can be eluted efficiently in 5 ml of 8M nitric acid from 1–20-cm columns of resin.This poly(dithiocarbamate) resin is used for the preconcentration and determination of copper, iron and zinc by flame atomic absorption spectrophoto-metry. Common ions present in natural waters do not interfere. The detection limits were 0.50, 0.21 and 0.04 g 1^–1 for Cu, Fe and Zn respectively.     

Study of a Model for the Interaction Between Heavy Metals and Sediments of the Pisuerga River

Abstract

We have applied a competitive model, first proposed by Mouvet and Bourg, to explain the interaction between the heavy metals zinc, cadmium, lead, nickel and cobalt and bottom sediments from the Pisuerga River. Two sampling sites were chosen, the first located on an urban sewer and the second downstream from the polluting zone. The calculated constants for the first sediment were always lower than those found for the second one. The validity of the model is demonstrated by the existence of a correlation between the calculated constants and the first hydrolysis constants of the metals examined. All metal determinations were made by means of voltammetric techniques.     

Diallyldithiocarbamidohydrazine (Dalzin) as an analytical reagent

Summary It has been observed that mercury can be quantitatively precipitated by Diallyldithiocarbamidohydrazine (Dalzin) at a p_H of 3–3.5. It has been separated from nickel, zinc, lead, copper, cadmium and bismuth. The latter three have been kept in solution with the help of EDTA.Part. II: Dutt, N. K., and K. P. Sen Sarma: Anal. chim. Acta (Amsterdam) 15, 102 (1956); cf. Z. analyt. Chem. 155, 353 (1957).     

The X-ray fluorescence determination of Cd, Ni, and Zn electrodeposited from aqueous solutions

The concentrations of cadmium, nickel, and zinc in standard solutions were determined by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis of deposits prepared by flow electrolysis on graphite cloth electrodes. Reduction of the metal species in solution was complete only if cadmium or zinc was the major constituent (80 or 90 mole%, respectively). Deposits of cadmium and zinc, and cadmium-rich Cd---Ni, Cd---Zn, and Cd---Ni---Zn deposits were analysed. For pure metals the detected X-ray intensity displayed a power-law relationship, Rn^p, for up to 10⁻⁴ moles. The enhancement effect of the cadmium on the nickel and zinc signals, and the absorption and enhancement effects between nickel and zinc, were corrected empirically. The absorption of cadmium X-rays by nickel and zinc was insignificant. Deposits of pure copper on heavier electrodes displayed similar fluorescent intensities.     

Column system using diaion HP-2MG for determination of some metal ions by flame atomic absorption spectrometry

A column solid-phase extraction method for the preconcentration and determination of cadmium(II), copper(II), cobalt(II), iron(III), lead(II), nickel(II) and zinc(II) dithizone chelates by atomic absorption spectrometry has been described. Diaion HP-2MG was used as adsorbent for column studies. The influences of the various analytical parameters including pH of the aqueous solutions, amounts of ligand and resin were investigated for the retentions of the analyte ions. The recovery values are ranged from 95 to 102%. The influences of alkaline and earth alkaline ions were also discussed. The preconcentration factor was 375, when the sample volume and final volume are 750 and 2 ml, respectively. The detection limits of the analyte ions (k=3, N=21) were varying 0.08 μg/l for cadmium to 0.25 μg/l for lead. The relative standard deviations of the determinations at the concentration range of 1.8×10⁻⁴ to 4.5×10⁻⁵ mmol for the investigated elements were found to be lower than 9%. The proposed solid-phase extraction procedure were applied to the flame atomic absorption spectrometric determinations of analyte ions in natural waters (sea, tap, river), microwave digested samples (milk, red wine and rice) and two different reference standard materials (SRM1515 apple leaves and NRCC-SLRS-4 riverine water).     

Cation-exchange separation of metals in dimethyl sulphoxide-aqueous hydrochloric acid media

The behaviour of bismuth, cadmium, copper, lead, silver, tin and zinc on a cation-exchange resin in a solvent system consisting of dimethyl sulphoxide, hydrochloric acid and water was studied. The distribution coefficients of these metal ions between liquid and resin were determined as functions of the concentration of dimethyl sulphoxide and of hydrochloric acid. On the basis of the distribution coefficients found, predictions were made as to the possibilities of separating these metals from mixtures. Such separations were confirmed experimentally for bismuth from lead, bismuth from copper, zinc from lead, lead from cadmium, silver from copper, silver from lead, lead from cadmium from zinc, bismuth from lead from zinc, and bismuth from zinc from copper.     

Preconcentration of trace metals in natural waters with 2,2′-dipyridyl-4-amino-3-hydrazino-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazolehydrazone supported on silica gel

The new hydrazone, supported on silica gel, is used to preconcentrate traces of copper, zinc, lead, nickel, cobalt and cadmium from tap, lake and sea water. Conditions for quantitative retention are established. Copper, zinc, lead, cadmium and nickel are quantitatively eluted with 0.1 M EDTA, and cobalt with 2 M perchloric acid. The metals are measured by atomic absorption spectrometry.     

Application of a poly(dithiocarbamate) resin with macroreticular support to the determination of trace amounts of cadmium and lead in non-saline waters.

The chelating poly(dithiocarbamate) resin with macroreticular support is shown to be effective for the preconcentration of cadmium and lead from non-saline waters. The retained ions can be eluted efficiently in 5 ml of 8 mol dm-3 nitric acid from 1-20 cm columns of resin. Poly(dithiocarbamate) resin is used for preconcentration in the determination of cadmium and lead by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The common ions present in non-saline waters do not interfere. The sensitivity was 0.10 micrograms l-1 of Cd and 0.73 micrograms l-1 of Pb. The detection limits were 0.03 and 0.34 micrograms l-1 for Cd and Pb, respectively. The cadmium and lead concentration rages, determined in mineral and tap waters, were between 0.1 and 0.8 micrograms l-1 and between 0.7 and 16.9 micrograms l-1, respectively.     

Chelating resins for the concentration of trace elements from sea water and their analytical use in conjunction with atomic absorption spectrophotometry

An investigation has been made of the uptake of trace elements from both distilled water and sea water by the chelating ion-exchange resins Chelex-100 and Permutit S1005. The resins retained the following elements with an efficiency of ca. 100%: Ag, Bi, Cd, Cu, In, Pb, Mo, Ni, rare earths, Re (90% only), Sc, Th, W, V, Y and Zn. Manganese was retained quantitatively only by the Chelex resin. The following elements are removed with 100% efficiency by means of₂N mineral acids: Bi, Cd, Co, Cu, In, Ni, Pb, rare earths, Sc, Th, Y and Zn. Ammonia (4 N) completely removes molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium and rhenium. The resins have been used in conjunction with atomic absorption spectrophotometry for the simultaneous determination of zinc, cadmium, copper, nickel and cobalt in sea waters.     

Cation analysis by thin-layer chromatography and reflectance spectroscopy : Part II. The determination of copper,nickel and zinc

A method has been developed whereby micro quantities of copper, nickel and zinc resolved on cellulose chromatoplates can be analyzed in situ by means of reflectance spectroscopy. Copper and nickel were determined in the presence of 11 other cations without any interference by employing neocuproine and dimethylglyoxime, respectively, as chromogenic reagents. In the case of zinc, the use of 3,3'-dimethyl-naphthidine was equally successful except in the presence of tin, cadmium and iron. Deviations to be expected when the procedure is employed routinely to determine nickel, copper and zinc, were estimated to be 2.1, 2.8 and 5.6%, respectively.     

Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Analysis of Silicates by the Absorption Tube Technique

Abstract

By the combined use of the absorption tube technique and solvent extraction, determination of cadmium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead and nickel in silicate rocks was investigated.

Applicable concentration range was from 0.1 to 1.Oppm for all the elements except cadmium, for which the range was from 0.005 to 0.025ppm. The accuracy and recovery determined by the use of standard samples from the United States National Bureau of Standards and Geological Survey were satisfactory for practical purposes.     

The determination of metals at ppb levels by thin-film x-ray fluorescence spectrometry after coprecipitation with a molybdenum carrier complex

A method is described for the determination of iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, cadmium and lead in water at μg 1^-1 levels, in which the metals are coprecipitated with a molybdenum—pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate carrier complex. The precipitate is collected as a thin film on a membrane filter (0.4-μm pore-size) and analysed directly by x-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Detection limits, for 100-ml water samples and counting times of 200 s per element, are 1 μg metal l^-1 or lower. Total dissolved metal concentrations are obtained without boiling or u.v. irradiation of the water sample. The method is applicable to river and estuarine waters and is not affected by dissolved organic matter.     

Characterization of Heavy Metal Air Pollution in Romania Using Moss Biomonitoring,Neutron Activation Analysis,and Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

ABSTRACT

Heavy metal air pollution in Romania was investigated by using passive moss biomonitoring. This study is a component of an international UNECE ICP Vegetation Program – moss survey. A total of 330 samples of Hypnum cupressiforme, Hylocomium splendens, Pleurozium schreberi, and other mosses were collected in Romania in the summer and autumn of 2010. The concentrations of aluminum, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, nickel, vanadium, and zinc were determined by graphite furnace/flame atomic absorption spectrometry and instrumental neutron activation analysis. The results were statistically processed to obtain spatial distribution maps of factor scores based on elemental concentrations in the moss, together with the spatial distribution maps of heavy metals in moss. The median concentrations of cadmium, 1.20?mg/kg dry weight, and lead, 30.8?mg/kg dry weight, were high compared with other European countries. The results revealed that the atmospheric deposition of these metals is a problem in north and northwest Romania.