A Sensitive Colorimetric Method for the Determination of Arsenic in Environmental and Biological Samples

Results of a thorough study and application of leucocrystal violet for the determination of arsenic in parts per million (ppm) levels in environmental and biological samples is described here. The proposed method is based on the reaction of arsenic with potassium iodate to liberate iodine. The liberated iodine selectively oxidises leucocrystal violet to form crystal violet dye in the presence of sodium hydroxide. The dye formed shows maximum absorbance at 592 nm. The detection limit of arsenic is 0.002 μgmL^?1 and the method obeys Beer's law over the concentration range of 0.1 μg - 1.0 μg of per 25 mL of final solution (0.004–0.04 ppm). The molar absorptivity was found to be 1.49 × 10⁶ L mol^?1 cm^?1. The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of arsenic in various environmental and biological samples. The results are in good agreement with the standard reported method.     

锌柱还原分光光度法测定微量砷

对锌柱还原砷及其测定进行了研究，胂化氢以Ａｇ＾＋－ＰＶＡ－ＥｔＯＨ－Ｈ２Ｏ为吸收液，在λｍａｘ４００ｎｍ处进行吸光度测定，砷在０－１．８ｍｇ／Ｌ范围内与吸光度呈良好线性关系，其ε＝８．７×１０＾４Ｌ．ｍｏｌ＾－１．ｃｍ＾－１。检出限为２４μｇ／Ｌ。     

Speciation of Arsenic in Environmental and Biological Samples

A novel arsine generator glass assembly is constructed and reported for the spectrophotometric determination and speciation of arsenic in real samples. In an arsine generator, sodium borohydride is added dropwise to the acidic sample solution and arsine thus formed is reacted with silver diethyldithiocarbamate (Ag‐DDTC) ‐ Tritron‐X (TX‐100) solution in pyridine to form a red coloured complex. The complex showed the absorption maximum at λ_max 540 nm. The molar absorptivity of the method was found to be (1.55) × 10⁴ L mole^?1 cm^?1 at this wavelength. The presence of non‐ionic surfactant, i.e. TX‐100 in the Ag‐DDTC solution, makes the method ≈ 3 times more sensitive than the conventional Ag‐DDTC method. Beer's law is obeyed in the concentration range of 0.05–2.80 mg L^?1 of arsenic. The detection limit of the method was calculated to be 20 μg L^?1 As. Speciation of arsenite from other forms of arsenic in sample solutions was carried out by extraction of arsenite with Pb‐DDTC in chloroform, followed by spectrophotometric determination. After arsenite separation the sample is used for the arsenate determination. Total arsenic was determined by acid decomposition of the same sample. The speciation data were found to be comparable (±2%) with ICP‐MS, with better precision (< 1%). The method has been successfully applied for the speciation of arsenic in drinking water and dust samples of arsenic affecting the Rajnandgaon district of Chhattisgarh, India, and urine and blood samples of patients with arsenical diseases. Concentration of total arsenic in tube‐well water of this area was 3–6 times more than the permissible limit. Dust samples contained less amounts of arsenic than the ground water.     

Extraction-Spectrophotometric Determination of Arsenic in Environmental Samples with Iodide and Amidines

Abstract

A simple and rapid method for the spectrophotometric determination of traces of total arsenic present in industrial waste waters is described. It is based on the reaction of As(III) with I^? in 5 –6 M HCl, and extraction of the iodo-arsenite complex formed into chloroform with amidines. The molar absorptivity of AsI₄ ^? with 11 different amidines is in the range (3.9 –7.9) × 10³ lmol^?1 cm^?1 at λ_max = 380 –395 nm; the simplest compound, N,N′-diphenylbenzamidine (DPBA) has been chosen for further studies. The limit of detection with DPBA is 0.1 μg As/ml. The method is highly selective with almost no interference from all anions and cations tested.     

催化动力学光度法测定生物样品中的草酸

提出了一种经动力学光度法测定生物样品中草酸的方法。基于在硫酸介质中,草酸能有效地催化重铬酸钾氧化丁基罗丹明Ｂ褪色,当反应温度为６５℃、反应时间１２ｍｉｎ时,非催化反应溶液的吸光度Ａ０和催化反应溶液吸光度Ａ的ｌｎＡ０／Ａ值与草酸浓度在０．２０～１０．０８μｇ／ｍｌ之间存在良好线性关系。反应体系用高浓度ＮａＯＨ终止后室温下可稳定２ｈ以上。催化反应的表观活化能为１３．５３ｋｊ／ｍｏｌ。方法可直接用于菠菜     

Speciation and Determination of Trace Amount of Inorganic Arsenic in Water,Environmental and Biological Samples

A new speciation and preconcentration method based on dispersive liquid‐liquid microextraction has been developed for trace amounts of As(III) and As(V) in urine and water samples. At pH 4, As(III) is complexed with ammoniumpyrrolidine dithiocarbamate and extracted into 1‐Hexyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, as an ionic liquid (IL) and As(III) is determined by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometery (ETAAS). Arsenic(V) in the mixing solution containing As(III) and As(V) was reduced by using KI and ascorbic acid in HCl solution and then the procedure was applied to determination of total arsenic. Arsenic(V) was calculated as the difference between the total arsenic content and As(III) content. The effect of various parameters on the recovery of the arsenic ions has been studied. Under the optimum conditions, the enrichment factor 135 was obtained. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of trace amounts of As(III) and As(V) in water and biological samples.     

分光光度法测定海洋生物体中的铜

本文提出采用浓HNO_3-H_2O_2在低温常压下消化海洋生物样品的新方法,其特点是使用试剂简单,操作方便,节省时间,方法可靠。还介绍使用正交设计法试验了影响测铜灵敏度的主要因素。认为测定样品时,选择pH8.0～8.5、隐蔽剂10ml、铜试剂5 ml为最佳条件。本法还分别作了方法验证,结果良好。     

Increased Sensitivity Spectrophotometric Flow Analysis Method for Copper Determination in Water Samples

A reverse configured flow injection system was developed for the determination of copper in water samples. In this study, a bathocuproine disulfonic acid copper complexing reagent was used. In the presence of a reducing agent (hydroxylamine), the formation of complex was monitored at 484 nm. The determination range extended from 1 to 40 µg L^?1, with an applicable determination rate of 40 h^?1. The developed method was applied to the determination of copper in water samples (estuarine, river, and drinking water) and showed good accuracy (z-score below 2). The detection limit of 0.7 µg L^?1 copper is consistent with the requirement of the target water samples. The developed method was also used for the comparison of different spectrophotometric flow cells. Alternative flow cells (U, Z shaped, and the liquid waveguide capillary cell) were compared in terms of their sensitivity and response to refractive index changes.     

光度法测定茶叶中微量铜

采用二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸钠分光光度法测定了茶叶中微量铜。最大吸收波长为 440nm ,相对标准偏差为 1 6%～ 2 0 % ,回收率 98 8%～ 1 0 0 8%。该法分析灵敏度高 ,选择性好     

A New and Highly Sensitive Spectrophotometric Determination of Monocrotophos in Environmental,Agricultural and Biological Samples

A new and highly sensitive spectophotometric method is developed for the determination of parts per million levels of widely used organophosphorus pesticide monocrotophos. The method is based on alkaline hydrolysis of monocrotophos to N‐methylacetoacetamide followed by coupling with diazotized p‐amino acetophenone in alkaline medium. The absorption maxima of the reddish‐violet coloured compound formed is measured at 560 nm. Beer's law is obeyed over the concentration range of 1.2 to 6.8 μg in a final solution volume of 25 mL. The molar absorptivity and Sandell's sensitivity were found to be 7.1 × 10⁵ (±100) L mole^?1 cm^?1 and 0.008 μg cm^?2, respectively. The standard deviation and relative standard deviation were found to be ± 0.005 and 2.05%, respectively. The method is simple, sensitive and free from interferences of other pesticides and diverse ions. The method has been satisfactorily applied to the determination of monocrotophos in environmental, agricultural and biological samples.     

A New Method for The UV Spectrophotometric Determination of Mercury

Abstract

Mercury forms a complex with 2-mercaptobenzoic acid which may be extracted into ethyl acetate to form the basis of a selective and sensitive method for the determination of mercury by solution spectrophotometry at 265 nm. Of twenty-nine ions investigated, only Cu²⁺, Co²⁺, Zn²⁺ and Fe³⁺ interfered at 100-fold molar excess.     

环境与生物样品中铝测定的吸光光度和荧光光度分析方法进展

本文评述了九十年代以来环境与生物样品分析中测铝的吸光光度和荧光光度分析方法的进展。对不同的方法进行了详尽的比较和讨论     

New Spectrophotometric Method for Azithromycin Determination

Abstract

Azithromycin (AZT), an antibiotic belonging to the family of macrolides, can be analyzed by a new spectrophotometric method based on the formation of an ion pair between this drug and an inorganic complex of (Mo(V)–thiocyanate) followed by its extraction with dichloroethane. This ion‐association complex shows an orange color and exhibits a maximum absorbance at 469 nm. The experimental conditions of the reaction were studied and optimized. The calibration graph was linear (r=0.9996) over the range 10^?6 M–10^?5 M of AZT. This simple and validated method has been successfully applied to the determination of azithromycin in pharmaceutical formulations with a mean relative standard deviation of 1.07% and mean recovery of 99.66%. The common excipients present in azithromycin formulations did not interfere in its determination. This new spectophotometric method has been applied successfully to illustrate the dissolution profiles of original tablets and generic compounds; hence, it could be employed in routine quality control of azithromycin in pharmaceutical dosage forms.     

甲基紫分光光度法测定食盐中的添加剂碘酸钾

研究了碘酸钾、碘化钾与甲基紫在盐酸介质中的显色反应 ,反应产物之最大吸收波长λmax为 650nm ,并由此建立了一个简单、快速、实用的分光光度测定食盐中微量碘酸钾的新方法。在最佳实验条件下 ,碘酸钾质量浓度在 0～ 1 60 μg/ 2 5mL内服从比耳定律 ,其线性相关系数r为 0 .9996。本法用于加碘食盐中微量碘酸钾的测定 ,结果与紫外光度法所得结果基本一致     

邻苯二酚紫退色光度法测定微量锰(Ⅱ)

在硫酸介质中．高锰酸根氧化邻苯二酚紫使其退色，退色程度在一定范围内与高锰酸根加入量成良好的线性关系。据此建立了一种测定微量锰（Ⅱ）的新方法。最大吸收波长λmax＝550nm，表观摩尔吸光系数ε＝4．2×104L·mol-1·cm－1·。锰（Ⅱ）量在0－0．8mg／L范围内符合比耳定律．方法应用于求和面粉中微量锰（Ⅱ）的测定，结果满意。     

野外快速测定化探样品中的微量砷

提出了一个野外快速测定化探样品中微量砷的新方法。该法采用砷化氢富集，以硫酸银泡塑班点法进行测定方法的检出限为０．５×１０＾－６ｇ，测定范围为０￣１０μｇ／１０ｍＬ Ａｓ。     

Simple Selective Spectrophotometric Method for the Determination of Ruthenium in Carbon Supported Pt-Ru-Ge Catalyst

ABSTRACT

A simple spectrophotometric method for the determination of ruthenium in the presence of platinum in Pt-Ru-Ge catalyst applied in fuel cells has been developed. Platinum catalyst (20% Pt) with carbon support containing 0.5% Ru and 5% Ge was digested in the mixture of HCl+HNO₃ (6+1). Carbon was separated from the examined sample by filtration after dissolution of the metals. Ruthenium was converted into a complex with thiourea (λ_max=640 nm, ε = 2.9·10³ 1 mol^?1 cm^?1) in the medium of 5 M in HCl and 1% in thiourea after 15 min heating at 70 °C. Platinum does not interfere with the determination of ruthenium. Germanium is converted into volatile GeCl₄ and escapes from the examined sample during the digestion step. The content of ruthenium determined in the examined samples of catalyst amounted to 0.49% (RSD = 0.14%).