不同产地黄芪的红外光谱鉴别研究

采用红外光谱、二阶导数红外光谱和二维相关红外光谱,对四种不同产地的黄芪原药材进行了鉴别研究。结果表明:不同产地黄芪的红外光谱和二阶导数红外谱具有一定的相似度,与淀粉的红外谱图比对,4个不同产地的黄芪均含有淀粉,其中陕西绥德产黄芪的淀粉含量比其它3个产地黄芪的都要高。山西浑源和山西天镇产黄芪谱图的1 510、1 425cm-1木质素特征峰比内蒙古固阳和陕西绥德产黄芪的更为明显,说明前二者产黄芪中木质素含量高于后二者产黄芪。在二维相关红外谱图上,根据4个产地黄芪的相对峰强度的差异,可进行产地的鉴别。研究结果表明对于不同产地黄芪的鉴别,红外三级鉴定法是一种快速有效的新方法。     

松杉灵芝不同部位的红外光谱分析研究

采用红外光谱三级鉴定法对松杉灵芝菌盖、表皮、菌柄、子实体不同部位的红外光谱图进行了整体分析。结果表明:松杉灵芝的各部位均含萜类、甾醇类、氨基酸、多肽、蛋白质和糖苷类等物质。在松杉灵芝的一维红外光谱中,菌盖的1 649cm-1峰的相对强度明显比表皮、菌柄和子实体强,说明菌盖中所含的氨基酸、多肽、蛋白质物质的量比其它部位高;在二阶导数谱中,四者在1 720~1 600cm-1范围内峰形差别较大,进一步说明松杉灵芝不同部位所含氨基酸、多肽、蛋白质物质不一致;而二维相关红外光谱中,各部位自动峰的数目、峰位置和峰相对强度都有所不同,可推断松杉灵芝各部位本身所含的糖苷类物质是不一致的。     

Structure and Two-dimensional Correlation Infrared Spectroscopy Study of a New One-dimensional Chain Compound:(4,4''-Hbpy)3[NaMo8O26] (4,4''-bpy)2(H2O)4 (bpy = Bipydine)

A novel compound, (4,4'-Hbpy)3[NaMo8O26](4,4'-bpy)2(H2O)4 1 (bpy = bipydine),was synthesized by the hydrothermal method. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction shows that compound 1 belongs to the monoclinic system, space group C2/m with a = 19.1921(5), b = 18.6931(6), c = 9.3821 (3) (A), β = 104.8020(11)°, V = 3254.22(17) (A)3, C50H51Mo8N10NaO30, Mr = 2062.52, Z = 2,F(000) = 2016,μ = 1.591 mm- 1 and Dc = 2.105 g/cm3. The final R = 0.0283 and wR = 0.0912 for 3118 observed reflections (I ＞ 2σ(Ⅰ)). Compound 1 contains the β-[Mo8O26]4- anion, sodium ion, 4,4'-bpy and lattice crystalline water molecules. The β-[Mo8O26] units link the sodium ion to form a chain structure. The infinitechains of [Na(Mo8O26)]3- blocks are surrounded by protonized 4,4'-bpy cations,4,4'-bpy and lattice crystalline water molecules. The 2D-IR correlation spectroscopy study indicates that the stretching vibrations of Mo=O occur more preferentially due to the thermal effect. The TGA analysis shows that compound 1 has high thermal stability.     

Structural characterization of steam-heat treated Tectona grandis wood analyzed by FT-IR and 2D-IR correlation spectroscopy

The properties of wood can be improved through steam-heat treatment.There are many studies about mechanical properties of steam-heat treated wood,but very few studies are on the aspects of chemical modifications.In this study,FT-IR spectra combined with SD-IR spectra,correlation coefficients and 2DIR spectra are employed to analyze the chemical modifications of teak[Tectona grandis L.F.) wood during steam-heat treatment under treatment temperatures from 120 ℃ to 220 ℃ at intervals of 20 ℃.Acetic acid,which is produced during steam-heat treatment,acts as a catalyst of condensation and degradation reactions of wood components.The changes of wood components are more and more intense with increasing the treatment temperature.The sensitivity of wood samples to thermal perturbation rises initially with increasing treatment temperature before falling back.The steam-heat treated wood under180℃ is the most sensitive.     

Discrimination of extracted lipophilic constituents of Angelica with multi-steps infrared macro-fingerprint method

It is the most pressing task that fast and effective analysis methods monitor the inherent qualities of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and its corresponding extract products as a complicated mixture system. Owing to the unique fingerprint character and extensive applicability to test sample, infrared spectral method has been used in many research fields. In recent years, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), accompanied with the development of spectroscopic technology and combined with computer science, plays an important role in the TCM research. In this paper, we use FT-IR, second derivative infrared spectroscopy and two-dimensional correlation infrared spectroscopy (2D-IR) step by step to analyze the lipophilic constituents in Angelica extracted by two different extract crafts. As a result, all spectra can not only supply lots of structural information of main constituents in the complicated system, but also can differentiate the tiny differences between the similar systems according to the infrared macro-fingerprint characters. This is a very quick, effective and well repetitive method for monitoring the process of the TCM.     

Structure and Two-dimensional Correlation Infrared Spectroscopy Study of a New One-dimensional Chain Compound: (4,4’-Hbpy)_3[NaMo_8O_(26)](4,4’- bpy)_2(H_2O)_4 (bpy = Bipydine)

1 INTRODUCTION Owing to their unusual topological properties and economically important applications in many fields, such as catalysis, biology, materials science and mag- netochemistry[1～3], polyoxometalates (POMs) have aroused particular interest for a long time[4～6]. But the investigation in their capability and application are relatively less carried on. Even though some POMs have been put into practice, the mechanism of the function of POMs remains incompletely understood. Thus,…     

溶剂浮选法分离富集大黄中的有效成分

采用溶剂浮选法对大黄提取液中的芦荟大黄素、大黄素、大黄酚以及大黄素甲醚进行了分离富集,并用高效液相色谱法分别测定了其含量。考察了料液浓度、浮选溶剂、浮选时间、浮选液pH值、氮气流速和电解质NaCl浓度对浮选效率的影响,并与泡沫浮选法和溶剂萃取法进行了比较。结果表明：溶剂萃取效果最差,泡沫浮选次之,溶剂浮选法分离富集效果最好。当料液浓度为6．4mg／mL,浮选时间为30min,浮选液pH一1～2,氮气流速为20mL／min,电解质NaCl浓度为0．4mol／L时,溶剂浮选效率最佳。     

苦黄注射液中大黄蒽醌含量测定方法改进

按苦黄注射液原质量标准（草案）中测定方法,大黄蒽醌用氯仿提取,阴性试验结果为苦黄注射液大黄蒽酯标示量的１６．５０％（ｎ＝５）,结果偏高;改用石油醚提取,降为６．１５％,重复性试验的ＲＳＤ为１．４４％（ｎ＝５）,加标回收率为１０１．８％（ｎ＝５）,显色在１－４ｈ内稳定,表明该法是可行的。     

Separation and identification of the organic acids in Angelicae Radix and Ligustici Rhizoma by HPLC and CE

Angelicae Radix (AR) and Ligustici Rhizoma (LR) are both derived from the Umbelliferae plants and contain similar organic acids as their bioactive compounds. Nine of these organic acids, including nicotinic acid, protocatechuic acid, phthalic acid, folinic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, folic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, and ferulic acid were separated by HPLC and CE. Detection at 210 nm with a linear gradient containing 20 mM KH2PO4 (pH 3.5) and H2O-CH3CN in HPLC and with a buffer solution containing 10 mM LTAC, 2 mM Na2HPO4, 9 mM Na2B4O7(pH 9.56), and CH3CN in CE were found to be the most efficient eluents for this separation. The contents of the nine components in crude extracts of either AR or LR could easily be determined within 60 min by LC and within 20 min by CE. The structures of the individual peaks in the LC chromatogram were identified by LC-MS. The effects of buffers on the separation and validation of the two methods were examined.     

二维相关红外光谱法与阿胶的真伪鉴别

采用傅里叶变换红外光谱法(FT-IR)和二维相关红外光谱技术(2D-IR)对几种阿胶进行了真伪鉴别。实验结果表明,伪品阿胶和黄明胶与标本东阿阿胶的谱图较为相似,尤其是黄明胶与阿胶极其相似,仅仅在1648cm^-1的酰胺I带的吸收峰和东阿阿胶有9个波数的区别;不同批次和厂家的正品阿胶的红外光谱图更为相似,难以区分开,借助于二维相关红外光谱法,获取了物质的微观结构信息,提高了谱图的分辨率,几种真品阿胶得到了直观有效的鉴别。     

红外光谱法对肉苁蓉径向不同部位的分析与评价

采用傅里叶变换红外光谱、二阶导数谱和二维相关红外光谱技术对肉苁蓉由表及里3个部位的药材粉末及其水提物和醇提物进行了分析与评价研究.结果表明,肉苁蓉不同部位的一维光谱非常相似,三者相似系数分别为0.9605,0.944和0.976;二阶导数谱中峰位和峰强的差异明显.1430～1700 cm-1范围内的二维相关谱中皮部自动峰有3个,而中部及髓部均为4个,更直观的反映出三者的差异.不同部位水提物和醇提物的分析结果进一步明确了肉苁蓉皮部芳香类、环烯醚萜类及糖苷类物质与中部和髓部存在明显不同,而髓部的水溶性多糖、半乳糖醇和苯乙醇苷类物质均高于其它部位.可见红外光谱法结合二维相关红外光谱技术为同种药材不同部位的细微差异分析和评价提供了一种快速、全面和客观的方法和手段.     

近红外光谱法快速测定柴胡提取过程中的药效成分

利用近红外光谱(NIRS)技术对柴胡提取过程中的药效成分进行快速定量分析。共收集126个柴胡提取液样品,采用紫外-可见分光光度法测定总黄酮和多糖的含量,高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定柴胡皂苷A及柴胡皂苷D的含量,以透射模式采集提取液的近红外光谱,运用偏最小二乘法(PLS)分别建立了近红外光谱与4种药效指标参考值之间的定量校正模型,并采用不同的预处理方法、光谱波段和主因子数对模型进行优化。结果表明,总黄酮、多糖、柴胡皂苷A和柴胡皂苷D 4种定量模型的近红外预测值与参考值之间的拟合性良好,模型预测精度较高,其中预测集相关系数(R_P)均大于0.9;预测集误差均方根(RMSEP)分别为3.46μg/mL、0.743 mg/mL、1.53μg/mL、0.406μg/mL;预测集相对偏差(RSEP)分别为1.65%、8.28%、5.74%、7.52%。该研究证实了NIRS结合PLS可成功应用于监测柴胡提取液中药效成分的含量变化,且方法具有快速、准确、无损和环保的特点。     

Dynamic rheo-optical characterization of a low-density polyethylene/perdeuterated high-density polyethylene blend by two-dimensional step-scan FTIR spectroscopy

Dynamic mechanical analysis coupled with polarized step-scan FTIR transmission and two-dimensional correlation analysis (2D FTIR) has been used to monitor the submolecular orientational responses of the components of a semicrystalline 50 : 50 blend of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and perdeuterated high-density polyethylene (d*-HDPE) to a small amplitude uniaxial 23.47 Hz sinusoidal mechanical strain. Perdeuteration of the HDPE component allowed the distinction of its response from that of the LDPE in the blend samples. The experiments were carried out at room temperature. Analysis of the data indicates that the crystalline parts of the two components reorient at different rates, with the functional groups of the high-density portion reorienting faster, in general, than those of the LDPE in response to the mechanical strain. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

红外三级鉴定法快速鉴别山豆根和北豆根

采用红外光谱三级鉴定法对山豆根和北豆根进行了鉴别研究。结果表明:山豆根和北豆根均含有饱和脂肪酸酯、芳香类化合物、黄酮类化合物和糖苷类化合物等物质。在一维红外光谱中,山豆根1 736、1 249cm-1和1 614、1 514、1 424cm-1峰的相对强度均比北豆根弱,说明山豆根中饱和脂肪酸酯成分、芳香类物质的含量低于北豆根。在高分辨率的二阶导数谱中,根据两者的差异可进一步发现山豆根和北豆根所含的饱和脂肪酸酯类成分存在差异,且北豆根中的芳香类物质含量比山豆根的高,而山豆根中淀粉的相对含量则高于北豆根。而二维相关红外光谱中,根据两者自动峰数目、位置和相对峰强度的差异,可进一步推断山豆根和北豆根所含的黄酮成分、糖苷类化合物是不一致的。因此,红外光谱三级鉴定法可为中药真伪鉴别提供一种快速、无损、整体、客观的方法。     

测定天然和栽培缬草根金属元素的微波和干灰化消解-FAAS法

采用微波消化法和马弗炉干灰法处理天然和栽培缬草根样品，火焰原子吸收光谱法连续测定样品中金属元素，分别检出12种和11种元素，其中Zn、Cu、Fe、Co、Mn、Ni、Cr为生命必需微量元素；两种样品各用两种消化法处理，测得金属元素及含量有差异，干灰法操作简单，但消化温度高、时间长、易挥发、元素容易损失，使检测值偏低；而微波消化法简便、省时、损失减少；两种消化法的加标回收率分别为95％-100％和96％-105％。     

Determination of fifteen bioactive components in Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet and mass spectrometric detection

A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method coupled with ultraviolet (UV) and electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ESI-TOF/MS) was established for simultaneous qualitative and quantitative determination of nine phenolic acids and six diterpenoids in Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae (RRSM). The optimal chromatographic conditions were achieved on a Zorbax C(18) column by gradient elution with 0.1% (v/v) aqueous formic acid and acetonitrile as mobile phase at the flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The detection wavelength at 281 nm was chosen to determine the 15 bioactive components, namely danshensu (1), protocatechuic acid (2), protocatechuic aldehyde (3), caffeic acid (4), rosmarinic acid (5), lithospermic acid (6), salvianolic acid B (7), salvianolic acid A (8), salvianolic acid C (9); dihydrotanshinone I (10), cryptotanshinone (11), tanshinone I (12), methylene tanshiqunone (13), tanshinone IIA (14) and miltirone (15). Additionally, LC-ESI-TOF/MS was used to make definite identification of the constituents in samples in comparison with those reference compounds. The validation of the method included tests of linearity, sensitivity, repeatability, stability and recovery. The proposed method was successfully applied to quantify the 15 components in 21 samples; significant variations were demonstrated in the contents of the samples from diverse species and origins. The developed method could be used to effectively and comprehensively evaluate the quality of RRSM for its clinical safety and efficacy.     

Characterization of fungal degraded lime wood by FT-IR and 2D IR correlation spectroscopy

The action of soft-rot fungus Chaetomium globosum has been studied. The decayed lime wood samples were observed for different periods of exposure. The degree of decay was determined by weight loss which was of 50.4% after 133 days. The samples were analyzed by FT-IR and 2D IR correlation spectroscopy.The intensity bands assigned to different vibrations from cellulose and hemicelluloses show a decrease, while the intensities of the bands assigned to C–O vibrations due to the formation of oxidized structures increase. At the same time, the intensity of the band assigned to C–O in metoxyl groups from lignin shows a decrease with increasing exposure time. The differences between reference and decayed wood spectra were examined in detail using 2D correlation spectroscopy and the second derivative analysis for two exposure time periods — of 0–70 days and 70–133 days. The formation of reactive species due to oxidation reactions induced by enzymes and the demethoxylation of the lignin structure was evidenced.     

Deciphering chemical interactions between Glycyrrhizae Radix and Coptidis Rhizoma by liquid chromatography with transformed multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry

In this study, we propose an integrated strategy for the efficient identification and quantification of herbal constituents using liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. First, liquid chromatography with quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry was employed for the chemical profiling of herbs, where a targeted following nontargeted approach was developed to detect trace constituents by using structural correlations and extracted ion chromatograms. Next, ion pairs and parameters of MS² of quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry were selected to design multiple reaction monitoring transitions for the identified compounds on liquid chromatography with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. The relative concentration of each constituent was then calculated using a semiquantitative calibration curve. The proposed strategy was applied in a study of chemical interactions between Glycyrrhizae Radix and Coptidis Rhizoma. A total of 140 compounds were identified or tentatively characterized from the herbs, 132 of which were relatively quantified. The visualized quantitative results clearly showed codecoction produced significant constituent concentration variations especially for those with a low polarity. The case study also indicated that the present methodology could provide a reliable, accurate, and labor‐saving solution for chemical studies of herbal medicines.     

Quantitative evaluation main of the components in Paeoniae Radix Alba–Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma herbal pair by high‐performance liquid chromatography

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of compatibility on the contents of main compounds in Paeoniae Radix Alba and Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma. Ten compounds were separated on an Inertsil ODS‐SP Extend C₁₈ column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) and detected by a diode array detector with the mobile phase consisting of aqueous phosphoric acid (0.1%, v/v; A) and acetonitrile (B) by linear gradient elution. All analytes showed good linearity over a wide concentration range (r² ≥ 0.9989). The limits of detection and quantification were <8.10 and 10.80 μg/mL, respectively. The intra‐ and interday variations were <4.36%. The average recoveries were observed from 94.90 to 103.38%, with relative standard deviation ranging from 1.23 to 3.15% for the analytes. The established method was reliable enough for global quality evaluation of Paeoniae Radix Alba, Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma, and their co‐decoctions.