气相色谱法同时测定动物饲料中安定和三唑仑残留量

提出了气相色谱法同时测定动物饲料中安定和三唑仑的残留量的方法。饲料经过有机溶剂提取,采用SE-54毛细管柱(30 m×0.32 mm,0.32μm)分离,电子捕获检测器检测,外标法定量。安定和三唑仑的质量浓度均在0.3～60 mg·L~(-1)范围内与其峰面积呈线性关系,检出限(2SN)分别为0.007 1,0.021 3 mg·L~(-1)。方法的平均回收率分别为79.5%～93.1%,81.6%～91.8%,相对标准偏差(n=8)分别为2.11%～4.02%,2.09%～4.61%。     

Determination of Diazepam in Human Plasma by Solid-Phase Microextraction and Capillary Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

A simple, sensitive, and reproducible solid-phase microextraction and capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS) method for determination of diazepam in human plasma is described. The optimum conditions for the SPME procedure were as following: direct extraction mode with a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) fiber (100 μm film thickness), 250 μL of sample plasma matrix modified with a solution containing sodium chloride (10% weight by volume) and 4.25 mL of a phosphate buffer solution (0.1mol L⁻¹, pH 6.9), extraction temperature 55°C under a magnetic stirring rate of 2500 rpm for 30 min, followed by the drug thermal desorption (250°C) in a GC injection port for 10 min. The limit of quantification of diazepam in plasma was 10.0 ng mL⁻¹, with a coefficient of variation lower than 14.0% and linearity from 10.0 to 1000.0 ng mL⁻¹, which allows diazepam analyses from sub to therapeutic levels.     

An Analytical Procedure for the Determination of Cadmium in Human Placentae

Cadmium was determined in human placental tissue by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Several sampling, homogenizing and decomposition procedures were tested with regard to their suitability for flameless AAS. Main criteria involved recovery, representativity, contamination, accuracy and precision. Analysis of biological reference materials yielded results in agreement with reported certified values or grand means.

A sampling strategy was developed based on expected placental distribution patterns of the metal. The sampling method used appeared to be satisfactorily representative of the organ as a whole.

During 1978 and 1979 placentae were collected from mothers living in the Amsterdam area in the Netherlands. Mean placental cadmium levels of smokers (66 ± 33 ng/g dry weight) appeared to be slightly elevated compared to those of non-smokers (51 ± 20 ng/g).     

A Flow-Based Analytical Procedure for Salbutamol Determination Exploiting Chemiluminescence in a Liquid-Core Waveguide

Abstract

Salbutamol is a bronchodilator whose use is restricted due to its anabolic effects. A flow-based procedure for salbutamol determination based on the inhibition of chemiluminescence of the luminol/hypochlorite system was developed. A flow cell constructed with a liquid-core waveguide was employed to constrain the emitted radiation, minimizing losses during transport to detector. Linear response was observed within 2.5 × 10^?6 and 1.0 × 10^?5 mol L^?1 with a detection limit estimated as 1 × 10^?7 mol L^?1 at the 99.7% confidence level. The coefficient of variation (n = 20), sampling rate, and luminol consumption per determination were estimated as 2.8%, 164 determinations h^?1, and 50 µg, respectively. Results for pharmaceutical samples were in agreement with those obtained by reference procedures at the 95% confidence level.     

Multiwall Carbon Nanotube‐Ionic Liquid Modified Paste Electrode as an Efficient Sensor for the Determination of Diazepam and Oxazepam in Real Samples

A carbon‐based electrode using multiwall carbon nanotube as a modifier and room temperature ionic liquid as a binder has been applied for the determination of diazepam (DZP) and oxazepam (OZP) in real samples including serum, urine and tablets. Square wave voltammetry as an appropriate electrochemical technique was applied to achieve improved limits of detection and higher sensitivities. The electrochemical studies were investigated under various experimental conditions such as pH, buffer concentration, ionic strength, deposition potential, deposition time and scan rate to achieve higher sensitivities. Linear concentration ranges for DZP and OZP were 0.02–0.76 mg L^?1 and 0.05–1.90 mg L^?1 with the detection limits of 4.1 µg L^?1 and 5.8 µg L^?1, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied for the analysis of commercially available tablets as well as serum and urine samples and satisfactory results were obtained.     

GLC and HPLC Determination of Diazepam and its Degradation Products in Pharmaceutical formulations

Abstract

Stability-indicating high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) and gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) assays for diazepam in pharmaceutical formulations are described. In HPLC method, the material is extracted with 5 % aqueous methanol and chromatographed on a dimethyloctyl stationary phase using methanol-water-acetic acid (80: 20: 1) and propyl paraben internal standard. The system separated diazepam from the main degradation products, desmethyl diazepam (a synthetic precursor of diazepam) and the excipients present in ampoules and syrups. The GLC method included the extraction of diazepam and 2-methylamino-5-chiorobenzo-phenone (MACB) from aqueous acidic solution into chloro form leaving the other degradation products in the aqueous phase. The chloroform extract is evaporated to dryness, dissolved in chloroform containing diethylhexyl phtha-late as internal standard and chromatographed on an OV-17 stationary phase using flame ionisation detector. The results are compared with the BP method described for each formulation.     

Simplified Solid-Phase Extraction Procedure and Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Celecoxib in Rat Serum

A simplified solid phase extraction method, eliminating a preliminary protein precipitation has been developed for the determination of celecoxib in rat plasma. The technique included a solid phase extraction of the serum samples on a [poly (divinylbenzene-co-N-vinylpyrrolidone)] sorbent. After conditioning, the cartridge was loaded with 0.5 mL of acidified serum containing internal standard. Elution was made with 1 mL of a mixture of acetonitrile and methanol (1/1, v/v). After evaporation of the eluate to dryness and reconstitution with methanol, the samples were analyzed on an octadecyl bonded phase with several mobile phases containing acetonitrile and a phosphate buffer. Detection was carried out using a Photodiode Array Detector. Full validation of the proposed method was provided (linearity range: 0.01–2 mg. L^–1, average extraction efficiency: 92.4%; average intra-day variability: 4.6% with an accuracy of 94.8%; average interday variability: 5% with an accuracy of 95.3%, limit of detection: 0.005 mg. L^–1, limit of quantification: 0.002 mg. L^–1). The proposed method was successfully utilised to quantify celecoxib in rat plasma for a pharmacokinetic study.Revised: 26 January and 23 April 2004     

A Procedure for Determination of Tritium in Potassium

Abstract

A procedure has been developed for the quantitative analysis of potassium for its tritium content. This procedure consists of dissolving the highly reactive alkali metal in an inert liquid containing a small amount of ethanol and then analyzing the resulting solution for its tritium content by classical methods. Techniques previously used for sodium analysis are reviewed and discussed as they apply to the more reactive potassium.     

Determination of Diazepam and Nordiazepam in the Plasma of Psychiatric Patients in Long-Term Treatment Employing Liquid-Liquid and Solid Phase Extraction by Gas Chromatography with Electron Capture Detection

A sensitive, rapid, and reproducible gas chromatography-electron capture detection (GC-ECD) method was developed for the determination of diazepam (DZP) and N-desmethyldiazepam (nordiazepam, NDZP) in plasma of psychiatric patients in long-term treatment. Liquid-liquid (LLE) and solid phase (SPE) extractions were employed as techniques of sample preparation. For both techniques, the extraction solvent was hexane: methanol (9: 1) at pH 9.0. The recoveries ranged from 89 to 99% for DZP and from 53 to 69% for NDZ. Some validation parameters were found: linearity in spiked human plasma from 5 to 1200 ng mL^?1 for DZP and 10 to 1200 ng mL^?1 for NDZP using SPE and LLE techniques. The values for within- and between-day precision (% coefficient of variation) and accuracy (% relative error) were lower than 15%. The methods were applied to the analysis of samples from 54 patients under DZP treatment and proved to be suitable for routine therapeutic drug monitoring. Both studied techniques showed similar results with correlation coefficients higher than 0.98 for the determination of DZP and NDZP in sample plasma of psychiatric patients in continuous use of DZP. The increase in DZP plasma levels was not linear with the increase in administered drug dose, denoting the influence of individual factors, and the magnitude of the therapeutical monitoring to verify the clinical response.     

血、肝、尿中地西泮等4种药物的固相萃取-紫外导数光谱检测法

血,肝,尿中地西泮,去甲西泮,替马西泮及奥沙西泮用ＧＤＸ３０１大孔树脂萃取,萃取物制成酸性水溶液测定二阶导数光谱,方法简便快速。血和尿中４种药物的提取率近似为１００％,检出限近似为０．８ｍｇ／Ｌ;肝中４种药物的最以率近似为８０％,检出限近似为１．２μｇ／ｇ。     

A Novel Catalytic Procedure for the Determination of Ultratrace Zirconium

 A novel catalytic procedure for zirconium was proposed based on Zr(IV) catalyzed oxidation of gallocyanine by hydrogen peroxide in hexamethylene tetramine-hydrochloric acid buffer medium. The calibration graph is linear for 0–110 ngċml⁻¹, and the detection limit is 0.4 ngċml⁻¹ Zr(IV). Most foreign ions do not interfere with the determination, except for Cu²⁺, Fe³⁺ and Cr(VI). The interferences of Cu²⁺ and Fe³⁺ could be eliminated by masking with EDTA and mannitol, and that of Cr(VI) by reducing to Cr(III) with ascorbic acid. The typical features of this procedure are that it is sensitive for zirconium, and the determination could be carried out at room temperature. It had been used to the determination of zirconium in zirconium bronze, simulated samples and a certified reference material. The recoveries were 98.6 ∼ 102%, and relative standard deviations (R.S.D.) were 0.9 ∼ 1.5%, respectively. Received September 12, 1999. Revision April 10, 2000.     

Pattern Recognition as a Procedure for Selecting Analytical Methods for Solving Analytical Problems. A Preliminary Investigation

Abstract

A first step towards developing a calculation method, predicting the analytical method suitable to solve a distinct analytical problem, is described.

With pattern recognition, a binary decision maker is calculated, deciding the analytical method from two alternatives, w-vie spectrometry and atomic absorption spectrometry. This procedure yielded a 85% predicting accuracy.     

A Review of Analytical Methods for Codeine Determination

Codeine is derived from morphine, an opioid analgesic, and has weaker analgesic and sedative effects than the parent molecule. This weak opioid is commonly used in combination with other drugs for over-the-counter cough relief medication. Due to the psychoactive properties of opioid drugs, the easily obtained codeine often becomes subject to misuse. Codeine misuse has emerged as a concerning public health issue due to its associated adverse effects such as headache, nausea, vomiting, and hemorrhage. Thus, it is very important to develop reliable analytical techniques to detect codeine for both quality control of pharmaceutical formulations and identifying drug misuse in the community. This review aims to provide critical outlooks on analytical methods applicable to the determination of codeine.     

A Novel Non-Extractive Sequential Injection Procedure for Determination of Cadmium

This paper presents a novel non-extractive procedure for cadmium determination in a sequential injection (SI) system. The reaction is based on the formation of a complex by Cd(II), iodide ions, and 2-[2-(4-dimethylamino-phenyl)-vinyl]-1-ethyl-quinolinium iodide (R), commonly known as Quinaldine red. Complex-formation results in significant changes in the UV-Vis spectrum of R: the peak is significantly broadened and a shoulder appears near 618 nm. It is important to emphasize that no surfactant addition is needed for solubilization of the system. Under the optimum reaction conditions the calibration plot was linear in the range 1.12–11.24 mg L^?1 Cd and the detection limit was 0.24 mg L^?1 Cd. The method was tested for the analysis of mineral water and pharmaceutical samples spiked with cadmium.     

A Procedure for Transforming Impedance Spectra for the Determination of Mechanism of Electrochemical Reactions

Transformation of impedance spectra into relaxation time spectra (RTS) is used for determining contributions of individual processes of the oxygen electroreduction reaction (OER) to the polarization resistance of the electrochemical cell. The transformation technique involves the solution of the convolution equation found with the aid of a modified Van Cittert iteration algorithm checked on model impedance spectra. The technique, when used to analyze impedance spectra of electrochemical cells air|Pt|YSZ|YSZ + Pt|air, shows that the conversion of a globular structure of the YSZ + Pt cermet layer to a columnar one is accompanied by a change of peak amplitudes in RTS. The revealed RTS dynamics when heated to 750°C is compared with peculiarities of individual processes in OER.     

A Novel Simplified Column-Switching Technique for the Determination of Traces of Bromate in High Concentration Matrices

The column-switching technique has been widely used to determine trace level ions in the presence of high concentration matrix. A novel simplified column-switching method is proposed where bromate (as a model compound) was determined using this technique. The switching time window was confirmed by the retention time of determined ions. This technique can completely carry out the same function as the other column-switching technique do, but only one extra ten-way injection valve coupled to ion chromatograph was used. By using column-switching technique, it is possible to determine 0.2 μg L⁻¹ bromate in the presence of 100 mg L⁻¹ chloride by direct injection of 2000 μL without any pretreatment and the relative standard deviation (RSD) of the peak height for the eleven successive injections of 0.2 μg L⁻¹ bromate solution is 23.1%. The detection limit for bromate is 0.09 μg L⁻¹, which showed the method was very sensitive. The technique has been applied to the determination of bromate in drinking water, and the spike recovery is in the range of 96–104%.     

A New Simple and Sensitive Spectrophotometric Procedure for Determination of Adrenaline

Abstract

A new spectrophotometric procedure is described for the determination of ppm concentrations of adrenaline. The procedure is based on formation of Tris(O-phenanthroline)iron(II) complex (ferroin) upon reaction of adrenaline with an iron(III)-O-phenanthroline mixture in slightly acidic medium. The ferroin complex is then spectrophotometrically measured at 510 nm. In addition to being facile and rapid, the procedure is sufficiently selective and accurate, being particularly suitable for the assay of adrenaline in pharmaceutical formulations; the standard deviation didnot exceed 0.64%.     

对虾中氯霉素残留的分析方法研究

用液相色谱-质谱法定量检测对虾中微量的氯霉素残留。采用乙酸乙酯超声提取对虾组织中的氯霉素残留,以甲醇为流动相,选择m／x321／152为氯霉素的检测离子对,用多反应监测(MRM)技术测定。氯霉素流出液相色谱的时间在1．5min以内;线性范围是0．28-28．0μg／L;线性相关系数为0．99991。对虾中氯霉素的定量检测下限是0．07μg／kg,平均回收率在89％以上。该方法快速、灵敏,定量范围宽,检验结果准确可靠,应用性强。