基于固定化酶的化学发光停流法测定D-氨基酸

基于固定化酶的化学发光停流法测定Ｄ－氨基酸封满良,黄玉文,宫志龙,章竹君（陕西师范大学化学系,西安,７１００６２）关键词固定化酶,化学发光,甲壳质,Ｄ－氨基酸自从发现人体有关组织及血桨中Ｄ－氨基酸的水平与某些疾病有关以来,已报道了许多测定Ｄ－氨基酸的...     

奶粉中唾液酸的测定方法

利用酸水解把奶粉中的唾液酸释放出来,通过聚丙烯酰胺凝胶除去奶粉中大量乳糖的干扰。利用Cu^2＋和Cr^3＋协同催化唾液酸与间苯二酚的显色,用乙酸丁酯-正丁醇萃取有色物质,在610nm处测定牛奶中唾液酸含量。方法的线性范围0～55．90mg／L,回收率为94％～96％。     

等速电泳法测定人齿菌斑培养液中乳酸含量

应用等速电泳法分离并测定了人齿菌斑培养液中的乳酸，测定回收率在９４．２％－１０２．２％之间，相对标准偏差小于４．５％，比较了抗龋者与易感龋者的菌斑在相同培养条件下的乳酸产量，并对不同饥饿时间下菌斑所产的乳酸进行了测定与比较。     

测定浓缩菠萝汁中乳酸的毛细管气相色谱法

建立了毛细管气相色谱快速测定浓缩菠萝汁中乳酸的方法，样品经甲醇－浓硫酸衍生化处理，四氯化碳萃取，采用氢火焰检测器，SUPELCOWAX－10石英毛细管柱，外标法定量，GC－MS确认；在0．01－1g/L的范围内乳酸含量与峰面积具有良好的线性关系，标准曲线的相关系数为0．999，检出限为0．008g/L，回收率为90％－96％，相对标准偏差为4．0％；方法具有快速、简便、准确的特点。     

间接荧光法测定奶粉中叶酸

研究了高锰酸钾氧化叶酸荧光体系的形成条件,并建立了测定叶酸含量的间接荧光法。在pH为4.0,80℃水浴中,高锰酸钾可将叶酸氧化为蝶呤-6-羧酸,氧化产物的荧光值较叶酸的荧光值大大增强。荧光强度与叶酸浓度在0~1.6 mg.L-1范围内呈线性关系,方法的检出限为51μg.L-1,将此方法应用到孕妇强化奶粉中叶酸含量的测定,RSD为2.52%(n=6)。     

甲醛-三氯乙酸沉淀-凯氏定氮法测定牛奶中真蛋白质

提出了一种有效去除三聚氰胺等非蛋白氮干扰的凯氏定氮法测定牛奶中真蛋白质的含量的方法。在5mL样品中加入甲醛3 mL,漩涡混匀1 min,于70℃水浴加热10 min后,加入150g·L-1三氯乙酸溶液5mL沉淀蛋白质,抽滤分离后,应用自动凯氏定氮仪测定沉淀中的蛋白质含量。经配对t检验分析,本法与国家标准方法测定牛血清白蛋白标准溶液中蛋白质含量、与考马斯亮蓝G-250法测定牛奶中真蛋白质含量以及干扰试验中各干扰物添加组与对照组中蛋白质含量的测定结果均无显著性差异。被分离的滤液中干扰物的回收率在98.4%~100%之间。     

Mn(Ⅱ)和Ce(Ⅳ)离子对铬酸氧化乳酸的影响

The kinetics and mechanism of lactic acid oxidation in the presence of Mn(II)and Ce(IV)ions by chromic acid were studied spectrophotometrically.The oxidation of lactic acid by Cr(VI)was found to proceed in two measurable steps,both of which gave pyruvic acid as the primary product in the absence of Mn(II).2Cr(VI) 2CH3CHOHCOOH→2CH3COCOOH Cr(V) Cr(III)Cr(V) CH3CHOHCOOH→Cr(III) CH3COCOOH The observed kinetics was explained due to the catalytic and inhibitory effects of Mn(II)and Ce(IV)on the lactic acid oxidation by Cr(VI).The reactivity of lactic acid depends upon the experimental conditions.It acts as a two-or three-equivalent reducing agent in the absence or presence of Mn(II).It was examined that Cr(III)products resulting from the direct reduction of Cr(VI)by three-equivalent reducing agents.The oxidation of lactic acid follows the complex order kinetics with respect to [lactic acid].The activation parameters Ea,ΔH#,and ΔS# were calculated and discussed.     

Research Methods for Structural Analysis of Lactic Acid Bacteria Induced Exopolysaccharides

Exopolysaccharides (EPSs), produced by lactic acid bacteria (LAB), have been used primarily to improve the quality and taste of food, also possess a variety of unique biological functions, such as immunoregulation and anti-tumor activities. The diversity of molecular structural characteristics of LAB-generated EPSs represents one of the main factors responsible for this plethora of functions. Accordingly, the structural analysis of the EPSs produced by LAB is the prerequisite and basis for examining its functional and structure-activity relationships. In this report, we summarized the current progress of key methodologies involved in the structural analysis of LAB-generated EPSs, including their isolation, purification, primary structure and advances in structural research. A comprehensive discussion regarding the application of chemical analysis, instrument analysis and computer aided technology in the structure analysis of LAB-generated EPSs was provided. Further, the future development of the research on the structure of LAB-generated EPSs was also presented.     

Lewis酸催化纤维素制乳酸机理研究

乳酸是制备可降解聚合物聚乳酸的主要单体。利用秸秆等原生生物质为原料经过化学催化转化制备乳酸对于碳减排具有重要意义。本工作利用同位素核磁和质谱详细探究了不同Lewis酸(Y³⁺,Sc³⁺,Al³⁺)催化纤维素制乳酸的反应选择性和机理。发现葡萄糖异构化为果糖的过程是决定纤维素制乳酸多步串联反应最终选择性的关键步骤,并明确了1, 3-二羟基丙酮生成乳酸经历了烯醇互变异构过程而非经典的1, 2-shift机理。     

Lewis酸催化纤维素制乳酸机理研究

Because fossil fuels are continuously depleted, valorization of biomass into valuable liquid products and chemicals is of great significance yet it remains challenging. Among many biomass-derived products, lactic acid is one of the most important renewable monomers for preparing the degradable polymer polylactic acid. The use of raw biomass to produce lactic acid through catalytic conversion is an attractive approach. In this work, the catalytic reaction performance and mechanism of different Lewis acids (Y³⁺, Sc³⁺, and Al³⁺) for the production of lactic acid from cellulose were investigated in detail by isotopic nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry. The production of lactic acid from cellulose includes tandem and competing reactions. The order of catalytic activity for the one-pot conversion of cellulose into lactic acid is as follows: Y³⁺ > Al³⁺ > Sc³⁺. The main tandem reactions involve the hydrolysis of cellulose into glucose, the isomerization of glucose into fructose (the order of catalytic activity, the same below: Y³⁺ > Al³⁺, Y³⁺ > Sc³⁺), the cleavage of fructose via a retro-aldol reaction to glyceraldehyde (GLY) and 1, 3-dihydroxyacetone (DHA) (Sc³⁺ > Y³⁺ > Al³⁺), and the conversion of DHA or GLY to the final product lactic acid (Al³⁺ > Y³⁺ > Sc³⁺). It was found that the process of glucose isomerization to fructose was the key step to the final selectivity of the tandem reaction of cellulose conversion to lactic acid, and it was clarified that the production of lactic acid from DHA underwent a keto-enol (K-E) tautomerization process rather than a classical 1, 2-shift process. First, DHA was transformed into GLY via the isomerization process, then the adjacent hydroxyl group of GLY was removed in the form of water to produce an α, β-unsaturated species. After that, the α, β-unsaturated species underwent K-E tautomerization to generate unsaturated aldehyde-ketone intermediates. Meanwhile, a molecule of water was added to aldehyde-ketone intermediates to obtain a diol product, the hydrogen atom at the methine position was transferred and the lactic acid was finally obtained through the K-E tautomerization process. The in-depth understanding of the reaction mechanism presented in this work will help to design more selective catalysts for cellulose conversion into value-added oxygen-containing small molecule chemicals.      

Validation of the Method of Selected Polychlorinated Biphenyls Determination in Human Milk Samples

A method for determination of trace concentrations of individual PCB congeners in human milk was validated. The analytical procedure included the following steps: acetone : hexane extraction, clean-up of extracts with concentrated sulfuric acid and solid phase extraction (SPE) on Florisil. The identification and quantification of analytes in purified extracts were carried out by high-resolution gas chromatography (HRGC) with electron capture detection (ECD) and/or with low-resolution mass spectrometry (LRMS). Recoveries of 14 PCB congeners from spiked cow milk samples, based on HRGC-ECD were between 87.3 and 93.6%. The precision of analyte determination was established as close to or less than 10%. The detection limits ranged between 0.14 and 0.26 ng/g fat and the quantification limits between 0.57 and 0.86 ng/g fat. The method was linear and characterized by good correlation coefficients (>0.99) for most of the compounds studied. The quality of the method under validation was verified by the analysis of Standard Reference Material (CRM-450) and interlaboratory exercise.     

荧光分光光度法测定奶粉及尿液中叶酸——基于同时高锰酸钾氧化及光化学反应

对基于同时用高锰酸钾氧化及光化学反应的荧光分光光度法测定复杂试品如奶粉及人尿中叶酸的条件作了系统的试验并予以优化.对奶粉试样的预处理方法也作了详细叙述.试样溶液在作荧光光度检测之前,须经硅藻土填充的层析柱进行纯化.含有叶酸的试液在0.01 mol·L-1盐酸介质中,用1×10-3 mol·L-1高锰酸钾溶液氧化,并置于波长为254 nm的紫外灯下照射30 min,经如此处理后叶酸的荧光强度明显增大,并测得其激发波长及发射波长分别为280 nm及448 nm.在5.0×10-8～2.0×10-6 mol·L-1叶酸浓度范围内,与相应的荧光强度之间保持线性关系,相关系数为0.999 1.方法的检出限为6.5×10-9 mol·L-1,所提出的方法曾用于奶粉及人尿中叶酸的测定.测定结果的RSD值(n=7)为3.2%～4.9%,方法的回收率为97.0%～102.0%.     

Characteristics of the Proteolytic Enzymes Produced by Lactic Acid Bacteria

Over the past several decades, we have observed a very rapid development in the biotechnological use of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in various branches of the food industry. All such areas of activity of these bacteria are very important and promise enormous economic and industrial successes. LAB are a numerous group of microorganisms that have the ability to ferment sugars into lactic acid and to produce proteolytic enzymes. LAB proteolytic enzymes play an important role in supplying cells with the nitrogen compounds necessary for their growth. Their nutritional requirements in this regard are very high. Lactic acid bacteria require many free amino acids to grow. The available amount of such compounds in the natural environment is usually small, hence the main function of these enzymes is the hydrolysis of proteins to components absorbed by bacterial cells. Enzymes are synthesized inside bacterial cells and are mostly secreted outside the cell. This type of proteinase remains linked to the cell wall structure by covalent bonds. Thanks to advances in enzymology, it is possible to obtain and design new enzymes and their preparations that can be widely used in various biotechnological processes. This article characterizes the proteolytic activity, describes LAB nitrogen metabolism and details the characteristics of the peptide transport system. Potential applications of proteolytic enzymes in many industries are also presented, including the food industry.     

脱氧核糖核酸电化学传感器的原理及其应用

对电化学DNA传感器的组成及其在DNA损伤研究、环境污染监控、病原基因检测、基因疾病诊断和药物机理分析等方面的进行了总结，并对其发展趋势进行了评述。     

Sensitive Amperometric Determination of Thiocyanates at Ionic Liquid Nanohybrid Kaolinite Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode

Electrochemical sensors have been developed by modifying a glassy carbon electrode with organo‐kaolinite hybrid materials. These materials were obtained by the grafting of four ionic liquids (1‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐4‐benzylpyridinium chloride, 1‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐4‐(tert‐butyl)pyridinium chloride, 1‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐4‐ethylpyridinium chloride and 1‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐4‐methylpyridinium chloride) on the interlayer aluminol surfaces of kaolinite. With the presence of ionic liquids in the interlayer space of kaolinite, the hybrid materials acquired anion exchange properties and were successfully applied as electrode modifier for the electroanalysis of thiocyanate (SCN⁻), an anion of medical and environmental concern. A pre‐concentration/detection strategy was used to overcome the interfering effect of the electrolytic solution. After the optimisation of some key experimental parameters (sodium nitrate as electrolyte, 5 min of accumulation time) calibration curves were plotted. Excellent linearity was obtained in the low concentration region (1×10⁻⁶ M to 4×10⁻⁵ M). The lowest detection limit (15 nM) was obtained with the benzylpyridinium functionalized kaolinite and the highest (60 nM) with the methylpyridinium functionalized kaolinite. Interfering anions (NO₃⁻, Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻ and CH₃COO⁻) present in the pre‐concentration solution were found to interfere with SCN⁻ but the sensors remained stable and produced reproducible signals. The most sensitive sensor was successfully applied for the amperometric determination of SCN⁻ in human saliva samples.     

Amperometric Ascorbic Acid Sensor Based on Disposable Facial Tissues Derived Carbon Aerogels

In this study,the disposable facial tissues derived carbon aerogels(DFTs-CAs)were synthesized using disposable facial tissues as the raw material for fabricating a sensitive amperometric ascorbic acid(AA)sensor.The experimental results indicated that compared to glassy carbon electrode(GCE)and the popular carbon nanotubes modified GCE(CNTs/GCE),DFTs-CAs modified GCE(DFTs-CAs/GCE)exhibited better electrocatalytic activity(i.e.,lower peak potential and higher peak current)for AA electrooxidation and higher analytical performance for AA determination(i.e.,wider linear range,higher sensitivity and lower detection limit),which could be most likely due to the high density of defective sites and large specific surface area of DFTs-CAs.Especially,the DFTs-CAs/GCE was used for evaluating the AA level in real samples(i.e.,medical injection dose,vitamin C tablets,fresh orange juice and human urine)and the results are satisfactory.     

高效阴离子交换色谱-脉冲安培检测法测定牛乳及制品中的唾液酸

建立了高效阴离子交换色谱分离-脉冲安培检测法检测常见唾液酸N-乙酰神经氨酸(Neu5AC)和N-羟乙酰神经氨酸(Neu5Gc)的方法,对影响分离和检测的条件进行了优化。以NaOH和NaAc为淋洗液,在CarboPac PA20阴离子交换柱上梯度分离,在30℃柱温,0.5 mL/min的流速下,20 min内可完成两种唾液酸的分析。使用脉冲安培检测法测定Neu5AC和Neu5Gc的线性范围为5~500μg/L;检出限为3.0和1.8μg/L(25.0μL进样,以3倍信噪比计算检出限)。将该方法用于15个牛乳及制品中Neu5AC和Neu5Gc的测定,两种唾液酸的标准加入回收率为88%~115%。方法具有灵敏、简便和环境友好的特点,样品前处理方法简单,方法适用性好。     

离子排斥色谱法测定环境样品中挥发性有机酸及乳酸

提出了同时测定环境样品中挥发性有机酸及乳酸的离子排斥色谱法（IEC法）。考察了流动相浓度、流速对有机酸分离的影响。实验结果表明,乳酸、甲酸、乙酸、丙酸、正丁酸和正戊酸可达到完全分离,被测组分的浓度与其峰高在一定的范围呈良好的线性关系,检出限均低于0.10 mg/L。测定了糖蜜酒精废水和消化污泥中有机酸的含量,结果满足检...     

Multicommutated Flow System with Amperometric Detection. Determination of Uric Acid in Urine

In this work an automated flow methodology based on a tubular amperometric detector coupled to a multicommutated flow system was developed and applied in the determination of uric acid in urine. The exploitation of the analytical potential of multicommutated flow systems allowed the implementation of an expeditious and easily controlled on‐line sample dilution, based on the zone sampling approach. The dilution capability exhibited by the developed methodology allowed a direct insertion of the samples in the flow system, without any pretreatment, assuring faster, simpler and less expensive analyses when compared to the enzymatic based methods with spectrophotometric detection commonly used in clinical analyses. The results obtained with the developed system in the determination of uric acid in urine were compared with those obtained by the enzymatic method used in clinical analysis laboratories, and no statistical difference between both methods (for a confidence level of 95%) was found. The proposed system showed good repeatability (RSD<3%, n=10) and a detection limit of 4×10^?7 mol L^?1.     

Separate and Concentrate Lactic Acid Using Combination of Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis Membranes

The processes of lactic acid production include two key stages, which are (a) fermentation and (b) product recovery. In this study, free cell of Bifidobacterium longum was used to produce lactic acid from cheese whey. The produced lactic acid was then separated and purified from the fermentation broth using combination of nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membranes. Nanofiltration membrane with a molecular weight cutoff of 100–400 Da was used to separate lactic acid from lactose and cells in the cheese whey fermentation broth in the first step. The obtained permeate from the above nanofiltration is mainly composed of lactic acid and water, which was then concentrated with a reverse osmosis membrane in the second step. Among the tested nanofiltration membranes, HL membrane from GE Osmonics has the highest lactose retention (97 ± 1%). In the reverse osmosis process, the ADF membrane could retain 100% of lactic acid to obtain permeate with water only. The effect of membrane and pressure on permeate flux and retention of lactose/lactic acid was also reported in this paper.