Flow-Based Methods with Chemiluminescence Detection for Food and Environmental Analysis: A Review

This paper presents an overview of flow-based methods in food and environmental analysis using chemiluminescence (CL) detection covering the period from 2005 to the present. The review discussses both automated flow methods of analysis [such as flow-injection analysis (FIA), sequential-injection analysis (SIA) and their variants] and separation techniques [liquid chromatography (LC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE) coupled to CL detection]. The most widely used CL reactions are presented together with representative applications in food and environmental analysis (determination of naturally occurring compounds, contaminants, additives as well as determination of inorganic and organic compounds).     

Advances and analytical applications in chemiluminescence coupled to capillary electrophoresis

The present review presents the state of the art of the developments, key strategies and analytical applications of chemiluminescence detection coupled to CE (CE‐CL). Different parts considering the most common CL systems have been included, such as the tris(2,2′‐bipyridine)ruthenium(II) system, the luminol and derivatives reaction, the peroxyoxalate CL or direct oxidations. New advances in homemade configurations and applications in different fields such as clinical, pharmaceutical, environmental and food analysis have been included. The focus is on studies which appeared from 2000 to the end of 2009.     

胶束微观非均相体系与化学发光能量转移

胶束微观非均相体系能提高化学发光的选择性和灵敏度,并且实验操作方便,因此其在化学发光检测技术中的应用已成为研究热点.胶束增敏化学发光是对激发量子效率,荧光量子效率以及反应的速率综合作用的结果.本文综述了正相和反相胶束体系在能量转移型化学发光体系中的应用,同时阐述了胶束与不同发光体系的相互作用.     

Applications of capillary electrophoresis with chemiluminescence detection in clinical,environmental and food analysis. A review

This paper reviews the latest developments and analytical applications of chemiluminescence detection coupled to capillary electrophoresis (CE-CL). Different sections considering the most common CL systems have been included, such as the tris(2,2?-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) system, the luminol and acridinium derivative reactions, the peroxyoxalate CL or direct oxidations. Improvements in instrumental designs, new strategies for improving both resolution and sensitivity, and applications in different fields such as clinical, pharmaceutical, environmental and food analysis have been included. This review covers the literature from 2010 to 2015.     

液相色谱-化学发光检测法的最新进展

评述了近年来液相色谱－化学发光检测法的最新进展,参考文献从１９９２年到１９９５年。内容涉及各类化学发光反应同液相色谱体系的耦合方式,仪器设计,多种无机、有机、生物大分子、生物活性物质及药物的分析方法及其在环境、生物医学科学和生命科学、临床化学及药物化学中的应用和发展方向。     

液相色谱化学发光检测法的新进展

本文评述了近年来液相色谱化学发光检测法的新进展，内容涉及各类化学发光发反应，生物发光反应和电致化学发光反应同色谱体系的偶合方式，仪器设计，多种无机，有机，生物大分子和生物活性物质的分析方法及其在环境，生物医学科学和生命科学中的应用和发展方向。引用文献１６８篇。     

A novel chemiluminescence assay of organophosphorous pesticide quinalphos residue in vegetable with luminol detection

Background  

Organophosphorous pesticides are the most popular pesticides used in agriculture. As acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, organophosphorous pesticides are toxic organic chemicals. The control and detection of organophosphorous pesticide residue in food, water, and environment therefore plays a very important role in maintaining physical health. A sensitive, rapid, simple chemiluminescence(CL) method has been developed for the determination of quinalphos based on the reaction of quinalphos with luminol-H₂O₂ in an alkaline medium. The method has been applied to detection of quinalphos in vegetable samples with satisfactory results.     

Simultaneous determination of three organophosphorus pesticides residues in vegetables using continuous-flow chemiluminescence with artificial neural network calibration

In this article, a continuous-flow chemiluminescence (CL) system with artificial neural network calibration is proposed for simultaneous determination of three organophosphorus pesiticides residues. This method is based on the fact that organophosphorus pesticides can be decomposed into orthophosphate with potassium peroxodisulphate as oxidant under ultraviolet radiation and that the decomposing kinetic characteristics of the organophosphorus pesticides with different molecular structure are significantly different. The produced orthophosphate can react with molybdate and vanadate to form the vanadomolybdophosphoric heteropoly acid, which can oxidize luminol to produce intense CL emission. The CL intensity of the solution was measured and recorded every 2 s in the range of 0-250 s. The obtained data were processed chemometrically by use of a three-layered feed-forward artificial neural network trained by back-propagation learning algorithm, in which input node, hidden node and output nodes were 65, 21 and 3, respectively. The proposed multi-residue analysis method was successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of the three organophosphorus pesticides residue in some vegetables samples.     

On-Line HPLC with Biochemical Detection for Screening Bioactive Compounds in Complex Matrixes

On-line high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with biochemical detection (BCD) has been developed to screen compounds showing antioxidant action, enzyme inhibition and receptor affinity in complex matrixes. This review summarizes HPLC methods combining different post-column detection methods, such as diode-array detection (DAD), mass spectrometry (MS), chemiluminescence (CL) and nuclear magnetic resonance, for antioxidant screening. The methods based on a single relatively stable reagent such as DPPH^• and ABTS^•+ were the most popular. Oxygen free radical scavengers mainly depended on post-column CL detection. The on-line hyphenated HPLC–BCD systems based on post-column UV/DAD fluorescence and MS detection were also widely applied to screen enzyme- and receptor-active compounds. These strategies provide a convenient tool for quick identification and quantification of active compounds in complex matrixes.

     

Analytical applications of photoinduced chemiluminescence in flow systems--a review

In this review, the recent evolution and the state of the art of photochemical reactions coupled with chemiluminescence processes are presented. Different chemiluminescence systems have been considered together with suitable photochemical derivatization processes that can affect either the analyte of interest or even the chemiluminogenic reagent, producing some derivatives able to participate more efficiently in the CL reactions and enhancing the CL emission. The on-line integration of the photochemical reactions as well as the coupling of this resulting photoinduced chemiluminescence (PICL) method with dynamic analytical systems, such as flow injection analysis, liquid or gas chromatography and capillary electrophoresis, have been discussed. Important applications of PICL have been proposed in environmental, pharmaceutical and food analysis.     

A novel chemiluminescence technique for quantitative measurement of low concentration human serum albumin.

An efficient and highly sensitive chemiluminescence (CL) technique is proposed in the current study for detection of low levels of human serum albumin (HSA). Chemiluminescence (CL) produced during interaction between fluoresceinyl cypridina luciferin analog (FCLA)-1O2 can be modified with the presence of HSA. The conventional CL technique uses a quenching effect of HSA for its quantitative measurement. We are reporting here that the CL intensity can be enhanced, rather than quenched, by the addition of HSA. The CL signal can be linearly correlated with the HSA concentration over a clinically interesting range of 5 x 10(-9) - 8 x 10(-8) mol L(-1), with a detection limit of 2.5 x 10(-9) mol L(-1). The determination result was consistent with that obtained from conventional methods. One possible mechanism of HSA detection technique using CL enhancement approach is discussed. Intermolecular energy transfer in chemiluminescence systems and changes of microenvironment are likely to be contributors of the CL enhancement with HSA.     

Luminol-Based Chemiluminescent Signals: Clinical and Non-clinical Application and Future Uses

Chemiluminescence (CL) is an important method for quantification and analysis of various macromolecules. A wide range of CL agents such as luminol, hydrogen peroxide, fluorescein, dioxetanes and derivatives of oxalate, and acridinium dyes are used according to their biological specificity and utility. This review describes the application of luminol chemiluminescence (LCL) in forensic, biomedical, and clinical sciences. LCL is a very useful detection method due to its selectivity, simplicity, low cost, and high sensitivity. LCL has a dynamic range of applications, including quantification and detection of macro and micromolecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, DNA, and RNA. Luminol-based methods are used in environmental monitoring as biosensors, in the pharmaceutical industry for cellular localization and as biological tracers, and in reporter gene-based assays and several other immunoassays. Here, we also provide information about different compounds that may enhance or inhibit the LCL along with the effect of pH and concentration on LCL. This review covers most of the significant information related to the applications of luminol in different fields.     

流动注射化学发光检测法的进展

评述近年来流动注射化学发光检测法及生物发光检测法的最新进展。内容涉及各类化学发光反应、生物发光和电致化学发光反应同流主射体系的耦合方式，仪器设计，多种无机、有机、生物大分子、生物活性的药物的分析方法及其在环境、生物医学客生命科学、化学及药物化学中的应用和发展方向。     

Electrogeneration of ferrate (VI) in low concentration NaOH solution for flow injection–chemiluminescence detection

The possibility of direct analytical applications of ferrate(VI) solution, which was freshly electrogenerated in low-concentration NaOH electrolyte, was studied by a flow-injection chemiluminescence (FI–CL) system. It was found that some inorganic ions, organic molecule and biomolecule could enhance the chemiluminescence emission caused by ferrate(VI)–luminol reaction. V(V), Ca(II), Mg(II), phloroglucinol, and bovine hemoglobin (Hb) chosen as samples were successfully detected by this developed method. The analytical characteristics of the system for the analytes determination including linear ranges, correlation coefficients, limits of detection combined with FI analysis were studied.     

高效液相色谱—化学发光法研究异烟肼和利福平

基于异烟肼和利福平在碱性介质中能与K3Fe(CN)6反应产生强的化学发光，因 此设计了一个经高效液相色谱（HPLC）分离柱后同时检测一线抗结构病药物异烟肼 、利福平的化学发光检测器。研究并优化了流动相、流速以及化学发光检测的条件 。该方法测定异烟肼、利福平的线性范围分别为0.05～6.0mg/L，0.08～20.0mg/L ，其检出限：异烟肼为2×10^-2mg/L，利福平为4×10^-2mg/L，测定的相对标准偏 差分别为1.9，2.9。该方法已成功地用于同时测定复方利福平片中利福平和异烟肼 的含量。     

On-line chemiluminescence detection for isoelectric focusing of heme proteins on microchips

In this paper we present a sensitive chemiluminescence (CL) detection of heme proteins coupled with microchip IEF. The detection principle was based on the catalytic effects of the heme proteins on the CL reaction of luminol-H2O2 enhanced by para-iodophenol. The glass microchip and poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)/glass microchip for IEF were fabricated using micromachining technology in the laboratory. The modes of CL detection were investigated and two microchips (glass, PDMS/glass) were compared. Certain proteins, such as cytochrome c, myoglobin, and horseradish peroxidase, were focused by use of Pharmalyte pH 3-10 as ampholytes. Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose was added to the sample solution in order to easily reduce protein interactions with the channel wall as well as the EOF. The focused proteins were transported by salt mobilization to the CL detection window. Cytochrome c, myoglobin, and horseradish peroxidase were well separated within 10 min on a glass chip and the detection limits (S/N=3) were 1.2x10(-7), 1.6x10(-7), and 1.0x10(-10) M, respectively.     

Determination of albumin in biological fluids by flow injection analysis using the peroxyoxalate chemiluminescent system in micellar medium

A novel chemiluminescence (CL) method for the determination of papaverine (PAP) has been developed by combining the flow injection technique and its sensitizing effect on the weak CL reaction between sulfite and acidic permanganate. A mechanism for the CL reaction has been proposed on the basis of fluorescent and chemiluminescence spectra. The CL response is proportional to the concentration of PAP over the range 0.2-10 micro mol L(-1). The detection limit of PAP is 0.10 micro mol L(-1) (3 s) with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 2.0% for 10 repetitive determinations of 1.0 micro mol L(-1) PAP. Interferences from other alkaloids in the opium, such as morphine and codeine, are negligible except that of narcotine. The method has been satisfactorily used for the determination of PAP in injections and compound liquorice tablets.     

Chemiluminescence determination of sodium 2-mercaptoethane sulfonate by flow injection analysis using cerium(IV) sensitized by quinine

A flow injection method with chemiluminescence (CL) detection is proposed for the determination of sodium 2-mercaptoethane sulfonate (MESNA), a drug often used to reduce the urotoxic effects of antineoplastic alkylating agents. The procedure is based on the reaction of the thiol with Ce(IV) in a sulfuric acid medium and measurement of the CL intensity produced by quinine used as a sensitizer. The optimum conditions for CL emission were investigated. Using the CL peak height as the analytical parameter, MESNA was determined over the concentration range 0.29–2.21 ng (1.97–9.85 μg·l⁻¹) with a detection limit of 0.21 ng (1.38 μg·l⁻¹) and a relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) of 4.1%. The method was applied satisfactorily to the determination of MESNA in pharmaceutical preparations with percentages of recovery between 94 and 105.