Application of the Sulfuric Acid-Halide Salt Reaction to the Analysis of Sulfuric Acid Containing Aerosols

Abstract

A new X-ray fluorescence method for the determination of sulfuric acid in sulfuric acid containing aerosols is presented. The technique makes use of the reaction between sulfuric acid and potassium chloride yielding volatile hydrogen chloride and thus changing the C1/K ratio. Nuclepore^R membrane filters are first loaded with potassium chloride and then used for the collection of the aerosol under study. The chlorine and potassium X-ray signals are measured before and after the sampling of the acid aerosol, and the decrease in the Cl/K intensity ratio is taken as a measure for the amount of sulfuric acid collected.     

对硝基苯酚在酸性介质中的电化学还原反应机理

采用电化学原位红外光谱技术研究了对硝基苯酚在铜电极表面及硫酸介质中的电化学反应机理. 对硝基苯酚首先经电还原反应生成对亚硝基苯酚和对羟胺苯酚, 对亚硝基苯酚可发生缔合生成反式二聚体, 最后在较低的电位下, 对羟胺苯酚经电还原生成了对氨基苯酚.     

The Present Relationships of Sulfuric Acid Concentration to Acid Dewpoint for Flue Gases

Abstract

Interpretation of flue gas acid dewpoints in terms of sulfuric acid concentrations has relied heavily upon Mullers¹ work. A more recent work by additional authors indicates disagreement with Muller's curves. This work involves the study of the acid dewpoint-acid concentration relationship using a commercially available acid dewpoint meter. The study involves generating a steady-state, high temperature, sulfuric acid gas stream using a newly designed acid generation system. By using an absorption reference method, dewpoint as a function of acid concentration and moisture are compared with previous authors. The relationship established is then used along with the previous works to interpret some actual flue gas dewpoints to simultaneous flue gas acid measurements.     

萃取法去除硫酸氧钛液中杂质铁

采用溶剂萃取法有效去除了钛白粉制备过程中的中间产物硫酸氧钛液中大量的杂质铁。 将硫酸氧钛液中的Fe2+氧化成Fe3+后,用磷酸三丁酯(TBP)和煤油混合体系萃取除去Fe3+。 考察了氧化剂、稀释剂、有机相中TBP体积分数、萃取相比、NaCl加入量等对铁萃取率的影响以及反萃条件的选择和萃取剂的循环使用效果,结果表明,用煤油作稀释剂,TBP在有机相的体积分数为60%,萃取相比O/W为2∶1时,NaCl加入量以Cl-计4 mol/L,Fe3+的3次萃取率可达99%,钛的损失率低至0.4%。当反萃相比W/O为1∶1时,Fe3+的3次反萃率可达100%。TBP经过5次萃取-反萃循环使用后,对Fe3+的萃取率无明显下降,可循环使用。     

Theoretical Studies on Mechanism and Rate Constant of Gas Phase Hydrolysis of Glyoxal Catalyzed by Sulfuric Acid

The gas phase hydration of glyoxal (HCOCHO) in the presence of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) were studied by the high-level quantum chemical calculations with M06-2X and CCSD(T) theoretical methods and the conventional transition state theory (CTST). The mechanism and rate constant of the ve di erent reaction paths are consid-ered corresponding to HCOCHO+H₂O, HCOCHO+H₂O H₂O, HCOCHO H₂O+H₂O, HCOCHO+H₂O H₂SO₄ and HCOCHO H₂O+H₂SO₄. Results show that H₂SO₄ has a strong catalytic ability, which can signi cantly reduce the energy barrier for the hydration reaction of glyoxal. The energy barrier of hydrolysis of glyoxal in gas phase is lowered to 7.08 kcal/mol from 37.15 kcal/mol relative to pre-reactive complexes at the CCSD(T)/6-311++G(3df, 3pd)//M06-2X/6-311++G(3df, 3pd) level of theory. The rate constant of the H₂SO₄ catalyzed hydrolysis of glyoxal is 1.34×10^-11cm³/(molecule s), about 10¹³ higher than that involving catalysis by an equal number of water molecules, and is greater than the reaction rate of glyoxal reaction with OH radicals of 1.10×10^-11cm³/(molecule s) at the room temperature, indicating that the gas phase hydrolysis of glyoxal of H₂SO₄ catalyst is feasible and could compete with the reaction glyoxal+OH under certain atmospheric condi-tions. This study may provide useful information on understanding the mechanistic features of inorganic acid-catalyzed hydration of glyoxal for the formation of oligomer     

燃煤电厂污染控制单元对汞释放的控制作用

采用Ontario-Hydro方法和半连续汞排放监测仪,研究了电厂现有污染控制单元,选择还原催化(SCR)、静电除尘(ESP)、烟气脱硫(FGD)对烟气中汞的脱除能力。实验结果表明,在SCR催化剂V2O5/TiO2的作用下,50%以上的Hg0被氧化成Hg2+,但SCR本身不能控制汞释放量;ESP通过对飞灰的捕获直接降低了烟气中颗粒汞的比例;FGD依据Hg2+易溶于水的性质,通过吸收烟气中的Hg2+控制总汞的释放,部分Hg2+和FGD系统中的亚硫酸盐等发生反应,被还原为Hg0,发生了二次汞释放问题,造成脱汞整体效率降低。研究中考察了SCR开闭两种状态下整个系统汞的释放量,发现SCR单元启用时,由于烟气中Hg2+的浓度较高,二次汞释放现象更严重。     

高氯酸-硫酸消化植物样品防止氮素损失的研究

本文研究利用加纯水缓冲的方法,使H_2SO_4-HClO_4消煮液的氧化能力随消化时间的推移而逐渐增强,与植物材料分解前易后难的规律相吻合,有效地防止了氮在消煮过程中的损失。比较表明,该方法准确度和精密度都达到K氏法水平,同时还具有操作简便、省时,对磷和钾的测定无干扰等特点,尤其适用于作物诊断样中氮、磷、钾的联合消化。     

柠檬烯和柠檬烯氧化物与硫酸的非均相反应动力学

主要对天然挥发性有机物柠檬烯和柠檬烯氧化物在30%-80% (w)硫酸表面的非均相吸收反应进行了研究, 借以评估天然挥发性有机物与大气环境中的酸性气溶胶的反应活性. 采用自行搭建的配以单光子激光电离飞行时间质谱的湿壁流动反应管的设备对柠檬烯及其氧化物在硫酸表面的非均相吸收动力学进行了测定,计算了稳态摄取系数(γ). 实验结果表明, 柠檬烯氧化物在硫酸表面比只含有双键的柠檬烯的反应活性高, 室温下柠檬烯氧化物在30%-50% (w)硫酸上对应的稳态摄取系数是(7.100±0.023)×10^-5-(8.150±0.162)×10^-3. 此外, 还利用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用和电喷雾电离质谱(ESI-MS)对柠檬烯氧化物与硫酸的体相反应产物进行了研究, 产物包括单萜烯、松油醇、水合萜二醇和水合萜二醇二硫酸酯. 其中, 水合萜二醇二硫酸酯作为有机硫酸酯的一种, 能够改变气溶胶的吸湿性, 增强云凝结核的活性, 对于大气中灰霾的形成可能有明显的促进作用.     

Silica Sulfuric Acid/Sodium Dichromate Dihydrate as an Efficient Heterogeneous Method for the Oxidation of Alcohols Under Mild Conditions

A combination of silica sulfuric acid and sodium dichromate dihydrate in the presence of wet SiO 2 were used as an effective oxidizing agent for the oxidation of alcohols to their corresponding aldehyde or ketone derivatives in dichloromethane or toluene with excellent yields.     

有机酸和有机酸盐的静电离子色谱研究

 以涂敷了两性表面活性剂胆汁酸盐的十八烷基键合硅胶为固定相 ,以去离子水为流动相 ,选用电导检测器 ,研究了有机酸及其盐的同时分离 ;探讨了草酸钠、柠檬酸、苯甲酸钠溶液的色谱分离条件及分离机制 ,并应用于饮料中的苯甲酸钠和柠檬酸的定量测定。实验表明 ,这种以纯水为流动相的色谱过程 ,不仅具有快速简单、检测背景干扰小、重现性好等特点 ,而且有效地克服了二次环境污染 ,是一种对环境友好的分析方法。     

二元颗粒混合物按质量取样的误差研究

二元颗粒混合物的随机取样方式有两种：一是按颗粒数目取样,二是按质量取样本文对二元颗粒混合物按质量取样的误差进行了深入研究,详细分析了混合物的各种参对被测组分含量取样误差的影响,应用Ｍｏｎｔｅ Ｃａｒｌｏ技术对取样进行了模拟。以颗粒药品的二元混合物为例对按颗粒数目取样和按质量取样的误差进行了比较。此项研究对于分析取样理论和应用具有重要的价值。     

Sulfuric Acid: A Mild Catalyst for the Regioselective Synthesis of 2-Substituted [1,2,4]Triazolo[5,1-b][1,3]thiazin-7-ones

Summary.  A facile and regioselective synthesis of 2-substituted [1,2,4]triazolo[5,1-b][1,3]thiazin-7-ones by action of sulfuric acid on (4H-[1,2,4]triazol-3-ylsulfanyl)-acrylic acids is described. Received January 23, 2001. Accepted (revised) May 7, 2001     

Silica Sulfuric Acid as an Inexpensive and Recyclable Solid Acid Catalyzed Efficient Synthesis of Quinolines

Summary. Silica sulfuric acid as an inexpensive and recyclable solid acid efficiently catalyzes the Fridedl?nder synthesis of quinolines through a condensation reaction of a 2-aminoaryl ketone with an activated α-CH acid compound under solvent-free conditions in high yields at 100°C.     

Silica Sulfuric Acid/NaNO 2 as a Novel Heterogeneous System for the Chemoselective α-Nitrosation of β-Diketones Under Mild Conditions

A combination of silica sulfuric acid and sodium nitrite in the presence of wet SiO 2 was used as an effective nitrosating agent for the nitrosation of g -diketones to their corresponding f -nitroso or f -oximinoketones under mild and heterogenous conditions in moderate to excellent yields.     

探讨二元颗粒混合物取样误差的新的数学模型

采用新的数学模型研究二元颗粒混合物的取样误差,首次提出了取样的逻辑质量单元的理论,探讨了逻辑质量单元的物理意义,建立了按质量取样的标准偏差的计算公式.应用颗粒药品二元混合物的取样实验,证实了该公式的正确性.     

Silica Sulfuric Acid as an Efficient Reagent for the Synthesis of Symmetrical Ethers Under Mild and Heterogeneous Conditions

A mild and efficient method for the synthesis of symmetrical ethers using silica sulfuric acid is reported. All reactions are performed under compeletly heterogeneous conditions in good to high yields.     

地表水中微量三氟乙酸的分析方法

研究了测定表面水体样品中微量三氟乙酸(TFA)浓度的分析方法，将样品中的三氟乙酸与硫酸二甲酯(DMS)在浓硫酸介质，温度80℃下衍生为三氟乙酸甲酯(MTFA)，利用MTFA的易挥发性，50℃下顶空进样，并用气相色谱一质谱联用的方法检测样品中MTFA的浓度，进而得到环境水样中TFA的浓度。方法的检出限为3．0μg／L。样品的加标回收率在84％～92％。应用此方法测定北京部分地表水样中的三氟乙酸浓度分别为43～107ng／L。     

香豆素改性透明质酸颗粒乳化剂的制备及应用

利用7-(2-羟基乙氧基)-4-甲基香豆素(HEMC)疏水改性透明质酸(HA)制得光敏双亲大分子(HA-HEMC),并通过自组装形成了HA-HEMC胶体粒子。通过核磁共振氢谱和紫外分光光度计确定了HA-HEMC的结构及取代度;采用动态激光光散射、纳米粒度仪和透射电镜等手段对胶体粒子的性质及形貌进行了表征。进一步以HA-HEMC胶体粒子作为颗粒乳化剂稳定油水界面,研究了胶体粒子质量浓度、油相类型、水相pH和盐浓度对胶体粒子乳化性能的影响。结果表明:HA-HEMC可以在选择性溶剂中自组装形成粒径约为236nm的球形胶体粒子;该胶体粒子能够在较宽的pH范围内(3~11)稳定水包油型乳液且所得乳液有良好的耐盐性;此外,HAHEMC胶体粒子还能稳定多种油-水体系。     

酸性染料在四极杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱中的离子化与裂解规律

采用四极杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱(Q-Orbitrap-HRMS),对结构性质差异大的常见18种酸性染料的分子离子峰存在形式进行研究,并在分辨率高达70 000条件下,直接采集准分子离子峰碎裂片段的高精度质量数(分辨率>70 000,m/z 200),通过元素模拟得到碎片离子的元素组成,进而探究酸性红1、酸性蓝9和酸性红18的裂解规律。结果表明:该类染料的分子离子峰是通过丢掉全部Na⁺离子后,自身形成带负电荷离子,以其中含有多个磺酸基(SO^-₃)的二价准分子离子为基峰;随着能量增加,裂解过程主要集中在化合物支链单键上,其中偶氮基团结构存在叠氮-偶氮的互变异构体,高键能的偶氮键■重排为氮氮单键(—NH—■后,易发生C—N键和—NH—■键的断裂,同时伴随小分子的中性丢失,产生m/z 79.955 7(SO^-₃离子)的特征碎片离子。此外,通过直接进样确定18种酸性染料的最佳电离方式和分子离子峰存在形式,得到酸性红1、酸性蓝9和酸性红18的质谱裂解规律,可为相似染料的电喷雾质谱...     

The Evaluation of Multiple Linear Regression–Based Limited Sampling Strategies for Mycophenolic Acid in Children with Nephrotic Syndrome

We evaluated mycophenolic acid (MPA) limited sampling strategies (LSSs) established using multiple linear regression (MLR) in children with nephrotic syndrome treated with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF). MLR-LSS is an easy-to-determine approach of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). We assessed the practicability of different LSSs for the estimation of MPA exposure as well as the optimal time points for MPA TDM. The literature search returned 29 studies dated 1998–2020. We applied 53 LSSs (n = 48 for MPA, n = 5 for free MPA [fMPA]) to predict the area under the time-concentration curve (AUC_pred) in 24 children with nephrotic syndrome, for whom we previously determined MPA and fMPA concentrations, and compare the results with the determined AUC (AUC_total). Nine equations met the requirements for bias and precision ±15%. The MPA AUC in children with nephrotic syndrome was predicted the best by four time-point LSSs developed for renal transplant recipients. Out of five LSSs evaluated for fMPA, none fulfilled the ±15% criteria for bias and precision probably due to very high percentage of bound MPA (99.64%). MPA LSS for children with nephrotic syndrome should include blood samples collected 1 h, 2 h and near the second MPA maximum concentration. MPA concentrations determined with the high performance liquid chromatography after multiplying by 1.175 may be used in LSSs based on MPA concentrations determined with the immunoassay technique. MPA LSS may facilitate TDM in the case of MMF, however, more studies on fMPA LSS are required for children with nephrotic syndrome.