Mobility of Heavy Metals in Soil Profiles

Abstract

Mobility is a concept frequently used in soil science to estimate the risk of contamination of other environmental compartments. However some confusion exists over the definition of mobility, originating from the fact that this term is used in different fields. Consequently many operational parameters have appeared in relation to mobility estimation. This leads to great difficulties in comparatively interpreting practical data obtained under different conditions, and especially the biological significance of mobility. A standardization of the definition of mobility, taking into account the time scale, should be recommended.

Practical results obtained in reconstituted soil-vegetation systems are discussed, with a particular emphasis on the “mobility” of Cd, Cu and Zn. Several definitions were used to estimate the movement of heavy metals in the studied systems, i.e. the metal exports by plants or by gravitational water and the distribution of metals in the soil profile; this led to opposite conclusions about the mobility order of the three considered metals. However this apparent discrepancy can be resolved by taking into account the chemical species in the liquid phase.     

Speciation of Heavy Metals in Sewage Sludge and Sludge-Amended Soil

Abstract

The presence of heavy metals in sewage sludge restricts their agricultural use. Sequential extraction procedures may provide an assessment of the mobility of these elements in sludge and sludge-amended soil, and may help to predict the release of metals in soil solution. Nevertheless, the “phases” in which an element occurs are operationally defined and it is necessary to standardize a procedure in order to allow the comparison of result from different laboratories.     

便携式激光诱导击穿光谱仪测定土壤中重金属

土壤重金属污染对农作物生长和人体健康都有严重危害,现场快速检测对土壤重金属污染调查、应急监测具有重要意义。采用自主研发的土壤重金属激光诱导击穿光谱现场快速检测仪对矿区周边土壤进行现场检测分析,以835个不同基质土壤的光谱数据建立定标数据库,通过支持向量机建立回归模型对土壤重金属元素含量进行定量反演。现场检测获取的全波段光谱波动在15%以内,Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn等6种元素光谱强度相对标准偏差平均值为6.31%。将检测结果与实验室电感耦合等离子体质谱法分析对比,6种元素的皮尔逊相关系数r在0.850 1～0.982 9,检测结果80%以上处于±30%相对误差区间分布。对比结果表明自主研发的土壤重金属激光诱导击穿光谱现场检测仪可以满足现场快速检测需求。     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法同时测定土壤中8种重金属元素

采用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法同时测定土壤中砷、镉、铬、铜、汞、镍、铅、锌8种痕量元素,对质谱干扰和非质谱干扰进行了校正。8种重金属元素在一定的质量浓度范围内与其信号强度呈线性关系,方法的检出限(3s)在0.001 2~0.029μg/L。用加标回收测定其回收率,加标回收率范围在90.0%~96.3%,对土壤样品平行测定6次,测定值的相对标准偏差在2.1%~3.0%。对湛江南柳河附近土壤进行重金属监测,监测结果符合标准要求。     

Thermodynamic Characteristics and Mechanisms of Heavy Metals Adsorbed onto Urban Soil

The thermodynamic characteristics of heavy metals adsorbed onto urban soil and the relative adsorption mechanisms were studied by the batch experiment. The results show that there existed dynamic adsorption-desorption equilibrium processes of cationic and anionic ions of heavy metals onto urban soil, which may have an impact on the pH of the adsorption system. The amounts of heavy metals adsorbed onto urban soil increased with the increase of the equilibrium concentration, but their adsorption amounts were not the maximum adsorption amounts. The higher the pH was, the greater the adsorption capacity of the urban soil at the same equilibrium concentration was, and the adsorption amounts of heavy metals onto urban soil followed the order of Pb>Cu>Cd>Zn>Ni. There were coordination reaction, hydrolysis reaction, exchange reaction in the adsorption processes of heavy metals onto urban soil. With the increase of pH, the influencing degree of pH on the different reactions of heavy metals in the soil increased, meanwhile the effects of other physicochemical properties of soil on the adsorption of heavy metals were weakened.     

微波/电热板组合消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法测定土壤中重金属元素

为提高土壤检测的重金属得率,采用了微波消解/电热板组合预处理-电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定土壤重金属含量。分析了硝酸(HNO3)、氢氟酸(HF)、高氯酸(HClO4)和盐酸(HCl)组合消解液及赶酸温度对土壤预处理影响。结果显示：在硝酸和盐酸混合消解液中,硝酸占比越高,铬(Cr)、钴(Co)、铜(Cu)、镉(Cd)得率更高;消解液体系中加入氢氟酸可使消解更加彻底,提高铬与铜的得率。最优预处理消解条件为硝酸 6ml+ 氢氟酸 2ml消解液组合进行微波消解,1ml 高氯酸于155℃电热板上赶酸。经土壤标准样品GBW07401(GSS-1)和GBW07452(GSS-23)实际应用,预处理条件优化后测试准确度和稳定性均显著提高。此外使用元素铑(Rh)作为内标物时,其方法稳定性和准确性高于内标物钪(Sc)和锗(Ge)。可为相关国家土壤重金属测定标准的修制订提供方法学参考。     

南极冰雪样品中超痕量重金属的分析测定进展

本文全面阐述了南极冰雪样品中重金属分析测定的发展概况和极地样品分析中出现的困难，评述了各种分析方法（包括富集技术、超灵敏的分析技术）的优缺点，并指出其发展方向。引用文献４７篇。     

新墙河区草本植物重金属含量的测定

用HNO3∶HClO4=4∶1(V/V)混酸消解草本植物后,采用原子吸收光谱(AAS)法测定样品中铅、砷、镉、铜、锌。结果表明:方法加标回收率94.7%~100.3%,相对标准偏差0.8%~8.7%。草本植物各不同部分重金属含量有所不同;新墙河流域草本植物重金属含量相对偏高,新墙河的一条支流油港河比另一条支流沙港河重金属污染严重,是新墙河的主要污染来源。该法用于草本植物重金属含量的测定快速、灵敏、重现性好。     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定某城区污泥中4种重金属元素

将采集的污泥样品晾干并碾碎至粒径为150μm的细粉,置于105℃温度条件下烘干4 h,称取烘干的样品,用硝酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸混合酸消解后,将溶液定容至250 mL容量瓶中。分取5.00 mL试液置于100 mL容量瓶中用硝酸(0.2+99.8)溶液定容至100 mL,用火焰原子吸收光谱法按所选仪器工作条件测定其中4种重金属元素锰、铜、镉及铅的含量。方法的检出限(2s)分别为0.006 5(锰),0.001 6(铜),0.001 9(镉)及0.020 7(铅)mg.L-1。用标准加入法做回收试验,测得回收率在92.3%~98.6%之间。     

土壤中重金属元素检测的质量认证

探讨了土壤中重金属检测能力验证的质量控制措施,为确保能力验证结果的准确性及不断提高实验室的检测技术水平提供参考.     

原子吸收光谱法测定植物叶中微量重金属

用浓硝酸与高氯酸混酸消解植物叶,其中铜、锌及锰含量较高,可直接用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定;铅、镉及铬含量较低,用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定;铅和镉含量甚微,受基体及共存元素干扰严重,用标准加入法消除干扰。     

城市工业区土壤重金属元素影响评价

选择成都某热电厂,利用X荧光分析法对其表层土、深层土四种重金属元素进行了定量分析,并与成都郊区北湖周边土壤和2004年同点采集土壤对比。研究表明,热电厂表层土存在重金属污染,且某些重金属含量有逐年增加的趋势;另外,土壤中Pb、Zn含量明显受工业活动影响,高于郊区土壤。     

Distribution of Heavy Metals in Water and Soil Solutions Based on Colloid-Size Fractionation

The distribution of heavy metals Cr, Ni, Zn, Cu, Cd, and Pb among the truly dissolved (molecular weight cutoff <1 kD), colloidal (1 kD-0.20 µm and 0.20-0.45 µm) and particulate (>0.45 µm) fractions was investigated in the soil solution and surface water. In 15 soil solutions heavy metals were mainly present in the truly dissolved fraction (<1 kD) with occasional exceptions. And a good correlation was also found between the concentrations of metals in the truly dissolved fractions and the cation exchange capacity of soils. As for the surface water samples, the distribution pattern was more complicated one depending on metal properties and sampling sites.     

海水重金属电化学传感器检测系统

研制了一种新型的海水重金属电化学传感器流动分析系统.通过在线过滤、紫外线消解、电化学富集以及离子选择性电极电位测定等过程,实现对海水重金属的高灵敏、高选择性的快速检测.在海水基体条件下,对于镉、铅和铜的测定线性范围分别为1.0×10-9～1.0×10-7 mol/L,3.0×10-9～1.0×10-7 mol/L和1.0×10-9～1.0× 10-7 mol/L,相应检出限为2.8×10-10,6.6×10-10和5.1×10-10 mol/L,连续6次测定的RSD均小于5％,全程分析在25 min内完成.应用于实际海水样品分析,其测定结果与溶出伏安法一致.此传感器性能可靠、成本低廉,在海水重金属现场快速监测方面具有良好的应用前景.     

粉末压片—X射线荧光光谱法测定土壤中的铜铅锌砷锑钴铬镍等重金属元素

采用粉末压片法制样,使用ZSX PrimusⅡ型X射线荧光光谱仪,对土壤样品中与生命健康和环境污染有直接影响的重金属元素Cu、Pb、Zn、As、Sb、Co、Cr、Ni进行同时测定.选用土壤国家标准物质、以国家标准物质为基体自制校准物质绘制标准曲线,解决了相关标准不足的问题,拓宽了元素测定范围(10~20 000μg/g),重点探讨了As、Sb的测量条件.虽然As、Sb的检出限和准确测定下限较高,但对于土壤质量的评价有重要的参考意义.方法快速、简便、准确.     

菊花茶中重金属和微量元素溶出特性研究

为了探究菊花茶和茶汤中重金属及微量元素含量,指导菊花茶的饮用,本研究对浙江主要菊花茶品种皇菊和金丝皇菊的重金属和微量元素含量及其溶出特性进行了分析。通过ICP-MS和ICP-OES测定Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni、As七种重金属和K、Na、Ca、Mg、Se、Fe和Mn七种微量元素的含量,并参照传统泡茶方式对不同浸泡时间及不同浸泡次数条件下的皇菊和金丝皇菊中重金属和微量元素的溶出特性进行研究。结果发现,两种菊花中Cd含量均超标,但茶汤中的Cd与其他重金属符合生活饮用水标准,随着浸泡时间延长,菊花中重金属和微量元素的溶出率逐渐增加,Cd的总溶出率仅9.9%-11.8%,Cr、Pb的总溶出率也在10%以下,但Cu、Zn、Ni、As溶出率较高,在45.0%-71.6%之间,微量元素的溶出率在1.7%-84.0%之间,其中K、Na、Se元素的溶出率较高,最高分别达到了84.0%、72.9%、78.0%;随着浸泡次数增加,菊花中重金属和微量元素的溶出率逐渐降低,在第一次浸泡后,菊花中Cd、Cr、Pb的溶出率较低,分别在0.3%-8.0%, Cd、Cr、Pb的初次溶出量占溶出总量50%-100%,Cu、Zn、Ni、As在第一次浸泡后,溶出量占总量的28%-63%,第一次浸泡后,菊花中的K和Se的溶出率较高,达到30.6%-65.8%,Na、Ca、Mg、Mn的溶出率在5.8%-29.4%。微量元素第一次浸泡溶出量占溶出总量的41%- 100%。两种菊花中,金丝皇菊第一次浸泡溶出的重金属和微量元素比例均较高。通过延长浸泡时间可增加茶汤中重金属和微量元素的溶出,弃去初泡水的方式,虽然去除了过半含量的重金属,但同时也损失了大量微量元素,建议泡茶时延长浸泡时间。     

Chemical Speciation and Fractionation in Soil and Sediment Heavy Metal Analysis: A Review

Abstract

Today it is generally recognized that the particular behaviour of trace metals in the environment is determined by their specific physicochemical forms rather than by their total concentration. Several chemical speciation and fractionation methods for heavy metal analysis in soils and sediments have been and are still being developed and applied. They primarily are intended to understand the particular environmental behaviour of metals, present in a variety of forms and in a variety of matrices.

Analytical developments, modifications of existing methods, and recent new approaches are reviewed and discussed. Techniques used include chemical extractions, ion-exchange/gel chromatography, filtration, centrifugation and sieving, selective solvent extraction.

Moreover, the application of these various techniques in different research fields over the last years is explored. The value and the limitations of speciation and fractionation techniques applied in specific experimental work is outlined. It is discussed to what extent these methods have, up to now, filled in the expectations or have been satisfactory in particular applications.     

Coarse Metal Powder-Assisted pulsed CO2 Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for the Direct Determination of Heavy Metals in Soil

A novel method of laser-induced plasma spectroscopy utilizing a pulsed transversely excited atmospheric CO₂ laser has been developed for the high-sensitivity determination of heavy metals in soil. A coarse metal powder was used to trap the soil and to assist with plasma generation. When the CO₂ laser (10.6?µm, 1.5?J, 200?ns) was irradiated on the metal and soil powder, a high-temperature and long-lifetime luminous plasma was induced. Fine particles of soil were dissociated and were excited in the plasma region. The method was used for the rapid determination of Cr, Pb, and Hg in loam. The limits of detection for Cr, Pb, and Hg were approximately 0.8, 15, and 0.7?mg/kg, respectively.     

Speciation Characteristics and Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Municipal Sludge of Huainan,China

In order to fully understand the morphological characteristics and pollution status of heavy metals in the dewatered sludge of Huainan Municipal sewage treatment plant, the physical and chemical properties were analyzed, and the content and occurrence forms of heavy metals (As, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, and Ni) in the sludge were studied using the geological accumulation method (Igeo), risk assessment coding method (RAC), and potential ecological risk index method to evaluate the ecological risk. The results showed that the municipal sludge in Huainan was rich in nutrients, with good prospects for agricultural utilization. There were differences in the morphological distributions of different heavy metals. The Igeo values for Ni, As, Cr, and Pb were below 0. The results of RAC indicated that the risk level of Cr in sludge was a low risk, and those of other heavy metals were moderate risks. The potential ecological risk of Cd had the highest potential ecological risk, and the other six metals were of low ecological risk. This conclusion can provide basic data and a theoretical reference for the comprehensive utilization of sludge in sewage treatment plants.     

粉末压片-X射线荧光光谱法测定富硅土壤和沉积物样品中的5种重金属元素

X射线荧光光谱法测定土壤和沉积物中的重金属具有简便、快速、准确等优点,但现有的环境行业标准方法不适用于SiO2含量大于80%的土壤和沉积物。为提高X射线荧光光谱法测定土壤和沉积物中的重金属在环境监测领域中的适用性,建立基于粉末压片-X射线荧光光谱法测定富硅土壤和沉积物中重金属的分析方法。通过选取富硅的土壤和沉积物标准物质提高校准曲线的测量范围以及优化各元素的测量条件,探讨基体效应和谱线重叠干扰、研究压片制样的最佳压力等途径,测定富硅土壤和沉积物中的Pb、Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn。结果表明在已优化的测定条件下,通过延长校准曲线的测量上限,保证待测元素含量在校准曲线范围内,同时采用经验系数法和康普顿散射内标法校正基体效应,可进一步提高方法的准确度和精密度。方法比对结果显示该方法的测定结果与原子吸收光谱法的测定结果无显著性差异。选用2种不同的富硅标准物质进一步验证方法的精密度和准确度,Pb、Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn的测定结果与标准物质认定值的对数误差为0.002~0.08,相对标准偏差为1.0%~4.6%。该方法的精密度和正确度满足土壤和水系沉积物环境监测分析的技术要求,具有良好的应用前景。