Heavy metals and some other elements in medicinal plants. Determined by X-ray fluorescence analysis

Determination of Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Hg, Pb, Br, Se, Rb, Sr and Cd in the medicinal plants by radionuclide X-ray fluorescence analysis (using²³⁸Pu,²⁴¹Am/Ag and¹²⁵I) is described.     

Correlation Between Chromatographic Behaviour and Stability Constant of Metal Ions on Diethylenetriamine Thin Layer

Abstract

The stability constants of the complexes formed between diethylenetriamine and the metal ions -V, Th, As, Pb, Zr and Se have been determined by pH metric method and these values, together with the stability constants for the metal ions -Co, Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ni and Ag already reported, have been utilised to show their correlation with chromatographic behaviour of these metal ions on silica gel G plates impregnated with diethylenetriamine.     

Estimations with hypovanadous salts

Summary It has been shown that Cu, Hg, Sb, Bi, Se, Te, Au, Pt and Pd precipitated from their compounds in elementary form and thus be determined gravimetrically by vanadium(II) sulphate solution.

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Zusammenfassung Cu, Hg, Sb, Bi, Se, Te, Au, Pt und Pd können mit Vanadium(II)-sulfatlösung aus ihren Verbindungen in elementarer Form gefällt und gravimetrisch bestimmt werden.

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Part II: Z. analyt. Chem.189, 406 (1962).     

Elemental composition of drinking water supplies in three states in Southeastern Nigeria

The levels of some trace elements; Co, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cr, Cd, Pb, Fe, Hg, Se, As, Ni and minor elements; Na, K, Ca and Mg were determined in public drinking water supplies (public taps and groundwaters) in three states in Southeastern Nigeria using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (EDXRF) and flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The mean levels of most of the trace elements in the groundwater samples were below the World Health Organization (WHO) drinking water quality limits, the only exception being Hg whose mean value of 3.69 μg/l exceeded the WHO limit of 1.0 μg/l. Violations of the WHO limits were also observed for Fe, Zn, Se and Pb in some of the groundwater samples. In the public tap samples only Hg violated the WHO limit.     

Rapid Multielement Analysis of Tree Bark by EDXRF

A rapid and simple method for multielement analysis of tree bark using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometry has been developed. Sample preparation consisted of crushing tree bark into a fine powder prior to the production of pressed pellets. Limits of detection for elements of interest (Pb, Hg, Zn, Cu, Ni, Al, Sn, Fe, Cr, Mn, Ti, As, Cd, Sb, and Ag) were at or below the µg/g level. Analysis of environmental certified reference materials (fly-ash, soil and tea-leaves) was used to check accuracy and precision. Survey analysis was performed at industrial, urban and rural sites in diverse locations throughout the world. The potential for source apportionation was demonstrated as reflected in elevated levels of Pb (up to 12,300 µg/g) and Sb (up to 86 µg/g) near a lead smelter site (UK) and high concentrations of Hg (up to 4.2 µg/g) in gold extraction regions of Brazil.     

Determination of Trace Elements in Liquid Fuels by Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis

Abstract

An instrumental neutron activation analysis with Ge(Li) γ -spectrometry and computer-assisted data reduction, has been developed for the determination of more than 20 elements in different liquid fuels. Organo-metallic standard solutions were mixed to obtain suitable standards. Two neutron irradiations and 4 γ-spectrometric measurements are required for each sample. Corrections were taken into account for a few spectrometric and nuclear interferences. The overall standard deviation for nearly all elements is mainly determined by counting statistics. The following elements can be determined : Na, Al, S, Cl, K, Sc, V, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br and La whereas the concentration of the following elements are mostly near the limit of detection: Mg, Mo, Sb, Ba, Th and Hg.     

Certification of the contents of some heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn) in three types of soils

Summary The element contents of Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn of three types of soil were certified. The preparation, homogeneity and stability are reported. The certified contents as well as values for Co, Cr, Mn and Se and for the aqua regia soluble contents Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn are given.

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Zertifizierung von Schwermetallspuren (Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb und Zn) in drei Bodenproben

Zusammenfassung In drei verschiedenen Bodenproben wurden die Elementgehalte an Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb und Zn zertifiziert. Es wird berichtet über die Bereitung, Homogenität und Stabilität. Die zertifizierten Gehalte sowie der Gehalt an Cr, Co, Mn und Se und der Gehalt an königswasserlöslichem Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb und Zn werden angegeben.

     

Essential and trace element contents of some Nigerian medicinal plants

The energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectroscopy has been used for the determination of essential and trace elements" contents of some twenty Nigerian medicinal plants. The accuracy and precision of the technique were assured by analyzing the European Community Bureau Reference Standard BCR 62 (Olive Leaves). Fourteen elements, namely K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, Br, Rb, Sr were detected with toxic heavy metal such as Cd, As, Pb, Hg were detected in the samples. The ranges of elemental concentrations varied from 7.7^.10⁴ to 1.6 mg/kg in the herbs. The results show that many of these plants contain elements of vital importance for human metabolism and prevention and healing of diseases.     

Biomonitoring of metal contamination in a marine prosobranch snail (Nassarius reticulatus) by imaging laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS)

An imaging mass spectrometric method using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) was developed to determine Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg and Pb and metal distribution in longitudinal tissue sections of the marine snail Nassarius reticulatus (Gastropoda, Prosobranchia). Snails were sampled in northern Brittany (France) at three stations with different contamination levels.The quantification of metal distribution (imaging or mapping) in a thin slice of the snail tissue was carried out using different strategies: by one-point calibration and via matrix-matched laboratory standards using different biological materials (BCR 278, snail tissue, and rat brain). Together with the imaging of metals the distribution of two non-metals (carbon and sulfur) was analyzed. The imaging LA-ICP-MS analysis yielded an inhomogeneous distribution for all elements investigated. The detection limits for the distribution analysis of Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg and Pb measured by LA-ICP-MS were in the low μg g⁻¹ range.     

The certification of the contents of Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn, Sb, Se, Tl and Cr in a city waste incineration ash

Summary The analysis of ashes being of increasing importance, a reference material was prepared from fly ash of a city waste incinerator. The procedures of preparation, homogeneity and stability testing are described as well as the way of certification of elements of major importance: Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn, Sb, Se and Tl.

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Zertifizierung der Gehalte an Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn, Sb, Se, Tl und Cr in einer Stadtmüll-Verbrennungsasche

Zusammenfassung Da die Analyse von Aschen zunehmend an Bedeutung gewinnt, wurde von der Flugasche einer Stadtmüll-Verbrennungsanlage ein Referenzmaterial hergestellt. Die Methoden der Herstellung sowie der Homogenitätsund Stabilitätsprüfung werden beschrieben und die Art der Zertifizierung der Elemente von hauptsächlicher Bedeutung aufgezeigt (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn, Sb, Se, Tl).

     

Application of high-pressure liquid chromatography in inorganic analysis

Zusammenfassung Die Diäthyldithiocarbamate der Elemente Se, Cr(III), Ni, Co, Pb, Cu und Hg sind für die reversed-phase-HPLC geeignet und lassen sich bis auf Pb und Cu mit einer mobilen Phase aus Methanol und Wasser in 20 Minuten an LiChrosorb RP-8 trennen. Die Möglichkeiten für eine quantitative Analyse mit einem UV/VIS-Detektor variabler Wellenlängeneinstellung werden beschrieben. Im Nanogramm-Bereich lassen sich vor allem die Elemente Se, Cr, Co und Ni als Carbamate empfindilich bestimmen.

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Application of high-pressure liquid chromatography in inorganic analysisII. Separation of metal diethyldithiocarbamates by reversed-phase HPLC

Summary The diethyldithiocarbamtes of Se, Cr(III), Ni, Co, Pb, Cu and Hg are suitable for reversed-phase HPLC, and without Pb and Cu all can be separated on Li Chrosorb RP-8 in 20 min using a mobile phase of methanol-water. The possibilities for quantitative analyses with a UV/visible detector withvariable wavelength adjustment are described. At nanogram level especially the carbamates of Se, Cr, Co and Ni are sensitive determinable.

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I. Mittcilung:G. Schwedt, Anorganische Spurenanalyse mit der Hochdruck-Flüssigkeits-Chromatographie am Beispiel des Selens, Z. Anal. Chem.288, 50 (1977).     

煤中痕量元素在循环流化床锅炉中的迁移行为与富集特性

对天津市某电厂循环流化床(CFB)锅炉燃用的原煤及燃烧产物底灰、飞灰、细飞灰(≤50 μm)进行痕量元素含量的测定,分析了Be、Zn、Hg、V、Cr、Mn、Co、Ni、Cu、As、Se、Cd、Pb 13种痕量元素在燃烧过程中的迁移行为,揭示了痕量元素在CFB锅炉中的分配、富集特性。结果表明,CFB锅炉中,较低的炉温对于痕量元素的迁移富集产生了较大的影响。由相对富集系数得知,Be、V、Co、Se在底灰中耗散,在飞灰中富集,Zn、Mn倾向于在底灰中富集,元素Cd、Pb、Ni、Cu挥发性较强,在底灰和飞灰中均是耗散。As受钙氧化物影响,挥发性表现并不明显。Hg在底灰和飞灰中相对富集系数均很低,表明Hg在整个燃烧过程中以气态形式排放;Hg、As、Se、V、Cr、Mn、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb均有向小颗粒物中富集的趋势。根据相对富集系数以及研究的13种元素在低温CFB锅炉中的迁移行为,将这些元素分为三类:A类(E_R<0.1),主要是以气态形式排放元素Hg;B类(0.1R≤0.85),较易挥发元素As、Be、Ni、Cu、Se、Cd、Pb、Co、V;C类(E_R>0.85),主要残留在固体产物中元素Zn、Mn、Cr。     

Determination of Fe, Cu and Zn in sugar-cane spirits commercialized in Southeastern Brazil by TXRF

Total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) was used to determine simultaneously the concentration of Cu, Fe and Zn in seven sugar-cane spirit samples (“aguardente”), a processed alcoholic beverage made from the fermentation and distillation of sugar-cane juice. The limits of detection ranged from 35 to 8 ng^.ml^-1 for V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As and Se. Excluding Fe, Cu and Zn, the concentrations were below their limits. Two samples showed Cu concentrations higher than the value allowed by Brazilian legislation (5 μg^.ml^-1), and concerning Fe and Zn, no sample were above the limits permitted by WHO for drinking water (2 and 3 μg^.ml^-1, respectively). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

A bifunctional 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine-based ligand for ratiometric Cu(II) sensing

Synthesis and characterization of the bifunctional sensor receptor ligand N-([2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine]-4′-yl)methyl)-N-propylacrylamide (1) and the model ligand N-([2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine]-4′-yl)methyl)-N-propylisobutyramide (2) are described. Ligand 1 is a receptor for Cu(II) that is copolymerizable with N-isopropylacrylamide giving a ratiometric sensor of weakly bound Cu(II) in environmental waters. Ligand 2 is a model for copolymerized 1 whereby the reactive acrylamide group is replaced by isobutyramide. Solution speciation of complexes of Cu(II) and Zn(II) with 2 were investigated spectroscopically and their solid-state structures were studied through single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Solution UV–vis and fluorescence studies show a preference of 2 toward Cu(II) over Na(I), Zn(II), Cu(II), Co(II), Mn(II), Ni(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II) in accord with the Irving–Williams series and other coordination principles. Solution speciation determined in a weakly coordinating aqueous-organic (60?:?40 DMF/H₂O) medium indicates 1?:?1 Cu(II):2 binding as desired in that formation of [Cu(2)₂]²⁺ would crosslink the polymer sensor. The crystal structures of [Cu(2)(NO₃)₂] and [Zn(2)(NO₃)₂]·MeOH·1/2Et₂O display distorted octahedral geometries where 2 coordinates meridionally and two nitrate groups occupy the remaining sites around the metal center.     

Certification of the contents of some heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn) in three types of sewage sludge

Summary The element contents of Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn of three different types of sewage sludge were certified. The preparation, the homogeneity and the stability are reported. The certified contents as well as values for Cr and Se and for the aqua regia soluble contents of Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn are given.

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Zertifizierung von Schwermetallspuren (Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Hg, Ni, Pb und Zn) in drei Klärschlammproben

Zusammenfassung In drei verschiedenen Klärschlammproben wurden die Elementgehalte an Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Hg, Ni, Pb und Zn zertifiziert. Es wird berichtet über die Herstellung, Homogenität und Stabilität. Die zertifizierten Gehalte sowie der Gehalt von Cr, Se und der Gehalt an königswasserlöslichem Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb und Zn werden angegeben.

     

Quality control in large sample analysis

To investigate the effects of lanthanum exposure on regional distribution of inorganic elements in rat brain. Wistar rats were exposed to lanthanum chloride through oral administration at 0, 0.1, 2, and 40 mg/kg concentration for 6 months. The elements such as Cl, K, Ca, Fe, Cu, and Zn were identified in the brain slices by synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence (SRXRF) analysis. Differences of brain elemental distributions were noticed. Cl, Ca, and Zn were primarily concentrated in hippocampus of the controls. With the increase of the lanthanum dosage, the Ca and Zn levels significantly decreased, while the Cu levels significantly elevated in cortex, hippocampus and thalamus. Our results suggest that subchronic lanthanum exposure in rats appears to change elemental distributions in brain.     

Determination of Metal Ions in Natural Waters by Flame-AAS after Preconcentration on a 5-Amino-1,3,4-Thiadiazole-2-Thiol Modified Silica Gel.

ABSTRACT

5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thiol groups attached on a silica gel surface have been used for adsorption of Cd(II), Co(II), Cu(II), Fe(III), Ni(II), Pb(II) and Zn(II) from aqueous solutions. The adsorption capacities for each metal ion were (in mmol.g^?1): Cd(II)= 0.35, Co(II)= 0.10, Cu(II)= 0.15, Fe(III)= 0.20, Hg(II)= 0.46, Ni(II)= 0.16, Pb(II)= 0.13 and Zn(II)= 0.15. The modified silica gel was applied in the preconcentration and quantification of trace level metal ions present in water samples (river, and bog water).     

Readily Available Fluorescence Probes for Zinc Ion in Aqueous Solution of Neutral pH

Zinc ion in aqueous solution of neutral pH was detected by a probe that is readily obtained by simply mixing commercially available cyclen (a Zn(II) receptor) and lumazine or lumichrome (a heterocyclic fluorophore containing an imide moiety as partial structure) in an equal molar ratio. The initially generated cyclen-Zn(II) complex interacts with lumazine to form a cyclen-Zn(II)-lumazine complex whereby the intensity of fluorescence is enhanced. These Zn(II) probes showed excellent selectivity for Zn(II) over other divalent metal ions such as Pb(II), Cu(II), Co(II), Ni(II), and good selectivity over Cd(II). The X-ray crystal structure of the cyclen-Zn(II)-lumazine complex revealed that the cyclen-chelated Zn(II) binds deprotonated lumazine at the N-1.     

Preliminary study of trace elements in human brain tumor tissues by instrumental neutron activation analysis

Elemental profiles of brain tumor tissues from 15 patients of astrocytomas (grade I–III) and normal human brain tissues of 23 male age matched autopsies as controls have been studied by instrumental neutron activation analysis. The SLOWPOKE reactor with a thermal neutron flux of 8·10¹¹n·cm^–2·s^–1 and swimming pool type reactor with a thermal neutron flux of 1·10¹³n·cm^–2·s^–1 were used for short and long irradiation of samples, respectively. Spectrophotometry was only used for analyzing phosphorus. A total of 18 elements Se, Na, K, Br, Cl, Mn, Mg, S, Ca, Cu, Hg, Cr, Fe, Rb, Zn, Co, Sc and P has been determined for this purpose. The reliability of methods has been checked by analyzing biological standard reference materials horse kidney (IAEA H-8) and bovine liver (NBS SRM 1577a). The analytical results showed that compared with the normal brain tissues, concentrations of Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn, Se, Mn, Br and Sc were significantly higher in tumor tissues (P<0.01) and concentrations of Rb, K and P were lower, while no differences for contents of Mg, S, Cr, Hg, Na and Cl were observed. A negative correlation between P and Ca in malignant and normal brain tissues was observed.     

Photoactive Chemosensors 2: 8-Hydroxyquinoline Based Cu(II) Selective Fluorescent Tripod

8-Hydroxyquinoline based tripod 3 shows selective fluorescence quenching with Cu(II) and can be used for estimation of Cu(II) (1-6 ppm) even in the presence of Ni(II), Cd(II), Zn(II) (1000 ppm), Ag(II) (100 ppm).