胞孔构型对金属蜂窝动态力学性能的影响机理

采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA有限元研究了具有不同胞孔构型和排列方式的金属蜂窝材料在面内冲击荷载下的力学性能。在蜂窝的相对密度和冲击速度保持恒定的情况下,比较了它们的变形模式、动态承载力和能量吸收性能。结果表明,不同的胞孔构型导致在蜂窝压垮过程中胞壁的受力状态不同,从而影响蜂窝的宏观力学性能。根据胞壁的应力状态,可将蜂窝分为膜力主导蜂窝和弯曲主导蜂窝2大类。研究结果显示,蜂窝吸收的能量绝大部分转化为变形所需的内能,并且膜力主导蜂窝的内能占总能量的百分比更大。胞壁的屈曲导致膜力主导蜂窝的应力应变曲线呈现较大的波动。膜力主导蜂窝在变形过程中其胞壁会耗散更多的内能,从而比弯曲主导蜂窝具有更高的动态承载力和能量吸收能力。     

椭圆柱壳链的波形弥散特性研究

椭圆柱壳链可以引起波形弥散，从而可以调控应力波的传播.本文通过3D打印、冲击测试、细观有限元模拟和理论分析，研究了在质量块冲击加载下，单胞纵横比、冲击质量和速度对椭圆柱壳链中弹性波传播弥散行为的影响.结果表明，冲击过程中，椭圆柱壳链结构中的速度峰值随着波传播逐渐减小，纵横比越大或冲击质量越小，速度峰值衰减越剧烈，而冲击速度对椭圆柱壳链的波形弥散行为几乎无影响.相关研究对新型波形控制器的设计和精确有效地调控弹性波传播具有重要意义.     

基于流动速度场控制的弯曲管件双凸模挤压过程有限元模拟

采用材料流动速度场控制的方法,在DEFORM-3D有限元商业软件上实现了弯曲管件一次性挤压成形数值模拟.通过模拟,分析了双凸模挤压过程速度场分布、材料流动规律、挤压力、应力场和应变场的分布.采用双凸模结构实施差速挤压和速度控制,通过调节双凸模速度差值,改变弯曲管件的弯曲半径,给出了速度差与弯曲半径的关系曲线.该方法可以从根本上消除传统方法的壁厚不均等质量缺陷,对提高弯曲管件成形加工质量具有指导意义.     

平头锥型回转体高速入水结构强度数值分析

为探究回转体在高速入水过程中的结构强度,基于非线性有限元LS-DYNA软件中流固耦合任意拉格朗日-欧拉(arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian, ALE)方法,分析了不同壁厚的回转体以100 m/s的初速度入水过程中的冲击力特性和结构强度。结果表明:数值计算得到的入水冲击压强峰值和速度衰减曲线与相应的理论值吻合较好,从而验证了数值方法的有效性;入水冲击载荷峰值出现在结构入水瞬间,结构入水后冲击载荷急剧变小且微小震荡;回转体的结构形式对其在高速入水过程中的结构强度有重要影响,尤其回转体头部厚度影响回转体结构强度,当回转体头部厚度为8 mm、后体壁厚大于2.5 mm时,可以保证回转体强度要求。     

受内压厚壁圆筒的塑性变形条件与脆断分析

基于弹性约束的概念,分析了受内压厚壁圆筒产生塑性变形的条件。发现厚壁圆筒发生脆性断裂的根本原因是,圆筒内壁高应力区因受到外壁低应力区的弹性约束,在应力达到材料的屈服条件时不能产生塑性变形。通过计算给出了受内压管道避免脆性断裂的壁厚设计和选材方法。研究结果表明,对外直径2b=300mm的不同管线钢,随屈强比从0.51增大到0.91,其临界壁厚由62.2mm降低至12.9mm,极限内压由225.2MPa降低至69.0MPa,即选用材料的屈强比越低,设计管道不发生脆断的壁厚尺寸范围越大,在临界壁厚尺寸范围内管道的极限承载能力也越高。因此使用较低屈强比的材料并控制合理的管道壁厚,能使管道在承受意外的冲击内压时,出现全面塑性变形,以吸收冲击能量,避免管道脆性断裂的发生。     

值微冲击开关的研制

采用微机电系统（MEMS）技术设计制作了一种微冲击开关，其敏感元件由悬臂梁支撑的质量块和其下的微触点构成。在冲击加速度作用下，质量块与触点碰撞实现接通。开关芯片体积为5 mm5 mm0.5 mm，动作门限3 000g，响应时间84 s，能承受极端的高冲击而不破坏。     

弧形折纸模式薄壁结构的压缩变形与能量吸收

选用PolyMaxTM PLA为试样材料,利用3D打印技术制备了弧形折纸薄壁管件。基于准静态轴向压缩实验,运用ABAQUS软件对弧形折纸薄壁管件轴向准静态压缩和冲击行为进行了有限元计算,探讨了其变形模式和能量吸收特性,分析了预折角和薄壁单胞管件阵列数量对其压溃模式及能量吸收的影响。有限元计算结果与实验结果吻合较好。薄壁管件的变形过程可分为4个阶段:初始压溃阶段、预折角塑性旋转阶段、腹板塑性屈曲阶段和完全压溃密实化阶段。弧形折痕的引入能够有效地降低薄壁管件在压缩过程中的初始压溃载荷峰值,减小冲击载荷的振荡幅值。对比了高度相等、质量近似相等的方管与弧形折纸薄壁管在不同冲击速度下的压缩变形与能量吸收。在准静态压缩作用下,对于单胞模型,仅有折痕倾角为70°的模型的比吸能优于方管;对于多胞管件阵列模型,方管的比吸能均优于折纸管。折纸管的压缩力效率和比总体效率均优于方管,其中折痕倾角为50°的模型的压缩力效率和比总体效率最高。在动态冲击压缩下,阵列方管的比吸能均优于阵列折纸管。当冲击速度为10 m/s时,折纸管的压缩力效率和比总体效率均优于方管,其中折痕倾角为50°的模型的压缩力效率和比总体效率最高。当冲击速度为20 m/s时,仅有折痕倾角为50°的模型的压缩力效率和比总体效率优于方管。     

具有负泊松比效应蜂窝材料的面内冲击动力学性能

基于显式动力有限元ANSYS/LS-DYNA,研究了面内冲击作用下具有负泊松比效应蜂窝材料的 动态冲击性能。在保证胞元壁长和壁厚不变的前提下,通过改变胞元扩张角,建立了内凹六边形蜂窝模型。 具体讨论了胞元扩张角和冲击速度对蜂窝材料面内冲击变形和能量吸收能力的影响。研究发现,在冲击载荷 作用下,内凹蜂窝材料的面内冲击性能依赖于胞元扩张角。胞元扩张角的绝对值越大,冲击端的平台应力越 高。随着冲击速度的提高,蜂窝材料表现出更强的能量吸收能力。     

横截面参数化网格变形算法及耐撞性优化应用

薄壁梁结构是汽车等运载工具的主要承载构件,提高该类结构的耐撞性对乘员安全具有重要意义。然而,形状优化设计要求多组有限元模型与仿真分析,因此需要特定的建模技术或人工交互。本文提出了一种基于横截面形状的参数化网格变形方法,以实现已有有限元模型的有效重用。以给定有限元模型为输入,采用基于各向异性径向基函数网格变形方法,并结合骨架内嵌空间,可快速生成适用于仿真分析的有限元模型变体。以S形梁轴向冲击耐撞性设计为例,采用所提方法改变构件塑性铰区域的横截面形状,可快速（低于4 s）获取100组局部变形有限元模型,并采用代理模型技术和多目标遗传算法优化结构耐撞性。数值结果显示,构件耐撞性获显著提高,验证了所提参数化变形方法的有效性,展示了与一般形状优化框架的可集成性。     

垂向冲击下穿戴装备对乘员损伤影响研究

军事人员在战斗中需要穿戴装备,穿戴装备后对车内乘员承受车辆底部爆炸垂向冲击时的损伤有影响。通过垂向冲击试验与仿真模拟的方法,研究了穿戴装备在身上的分布对于乘员损伤的影响。根据AEP55乘员伤害准则,以盆骨z向加速度和腰椎轴向力为乘员损伤的参考目标,首先通过垂向冲击试验的进行,研究了不同穿戴装备质量对于乘员损伤的影响;接着通过有限元模型对试验进行验证和优化,进而研究穿戴装备位置与松紧度对于垂向冲击下乘员损伤的影响。结果表明随着穿戴装备质量的增加,乘员腰椎损伤加重,脊柱损伤概率减小;装备分布在躯干位置越靠近上部,与身体接触松紧度越紧,乘员腰椎与脊柱的负荷越小,越不易受伤。     

基于LS-DYNA的车辆碰撞数值分析

本文基于中国新车评估规程，对高速车辆正面相撞和高速测试车辆与静态车辆侧面相撞这两种工况进行了碰撞数值模拟，采用HYPERMESH进行建模和LS-DYNA进行仿真分析计算．分析结果表明，在正面碰撞中，前保险杠与阻挡壁接触发生弯曲和变形，随着碰撞时间的持续，发动机的副车架弯曲，导致乘客舱的侵入量明显增加．侧面碰撞中，B柱和测试车辆的蜂窝结构发生严重变形，发动机舱结构的褶皱吸收大量的冲击能量．通过改进车辆结构，A柱的侵入量从80 mm减小到40 mm，脚部空间的侵入量从210 mm减少到150 mm．侧面碰撞时B柱的窗口边缘处的侵入量与下部的侵入量也均满足安全要求．     

Investigation of three dimensional air flow characteristic and effect of heated obstruction within room

This study reports the results of a numerical investigation of three-dimensional turbulent buoyant recirculating flow within rooms with heated obstruction. The study involves the solution of partial differential equations for the conservation of mass, momentum, energy, concentration, turbulent energy and its dissipation rate. These equations were solved together with algebraic expressions for the turbulent viscosity and heat diffusivity using k-ε turbulence model by performing simulations on FLUENT 6.3. The CFD method was validated via comparing with the available experimental data. A comparison with experimental results shows good agreement. This means that the present computer code has a good capability to simulate 3D airflow and effect of obstruction within room. The present study demonstrates the flow behavior, thermal distribution and CO₂ concentration inside the room in the presence of heat flux obstruction. Two different configurations of ventilation system have been studied. Mixing and Displacement ventilation system have been used in two geometries depending on location of opening inlet. The ventilation effectiveness for heat removal (E_T) is used to evaluate the indoor climate and average temperature is an important parameter in designs the ventilation systems. Two notable points are presented; first, mixing ventilation is depending on throw of jet. CO₂ concentration and temperature distribution have been effected in upper zone more than occupied zone with presence the obstruction. Second notable points are presented; in displacement ventilation buoyancy effect is considerable. Vertical temperature gradient above the obstruction implies that both fresh air and CO₂ concentration.     

Analysis of a two-grid method for semiconductor device problem

The mathematical model of a semiconductor device is governed by a system of quasi-linear partial differential equations.The electric potential equation is approximated by a mixed finite element method,and the concentration equations are approximated by a standard Galerkin method.We estimate the error of the numerical solutions in the sense of the Lqnorm.To linearize the full discrete scheme of the problem,we present an efficient two-grid method based on the idea of Newton iteration.The main procedures are to solve the small scaled nonlinear equations on the coarse grid and then deal with the linear equations on the fine grid.Error estimation for the two-grid solutions is analyzed in detail.It is shown that this method still achieves asymptotically optimal approximations as long as a mesh size satisfies H=O(h^1/2).Numerical experiments are given to illustrate the efficiency of the two-grid method.     

Cross-combined UKF for vehicle sideslip angle estimation with a modified Dugoff tire model: design and experimental results

Meccanica - The knowledge of key vehicle states is crucial to guarantee adequate safety levels for modern passenger cars, for which active safety control systems are lifesavers. In this regard,...     

内部爆炸作用下多层钢筒的动态响应

为评估内部爆炸作用下多层钢筒结构的防护效果,考察多层钢筒结构动态响应和变形吸能特征,采用两端开口、总厚度为50 mm的4层圆柱形Q345钢筒,在8.90~18.18 kg TNT药量下进行爆炸实验,并在容器外壁进行应变电测。实验后钢筒结构爆心局部发生塑性变形,内层钢筒变形最大,但未发生破坏。根据研究得到初步认识:采用爆心单位环面变形吸能的设计方法,可以较好地预估给定药量下所需钢筒的厚度;不同药量下,轴向距离超过多层钢筒结构的1/4内径后,其外壁环向变形峰值约减小为爆心截面环向应变峰值的1/2。     

Primary pulse transmission in coupled steel granular chains embedded in PDMS matrix: Experiment and modeling

We present an experimental study of primary pulse transmission in coupled ordered steel granular chains embedded in poly-di-methyl-siloxane (PDMS) elastic matrix. Two granular one-dimensional chains are considered (an ‘excited’ and an ‘absorbing’ one), each composed of 11 identical steel beads of 9.5 mm diameter with the centerline of the chain spaced at fixed distances of 0.5, 1.5 or 2.5 mm apart. We directly force one of the chains (the excited one) by a transient pulse and measure, by means of laser vibrometry, the primary transmitted pulses at the end beads of both chains and at the first bead of the absorbing chain. It is well known that the dynamics of this type of ordered granular media is strongly nonlinear due, (i) to Hertzian interactions between adjacent beads, and (ii) to possible bead separations in the absence of compressive forces and ensuing collisions between neighboring beads. Accordingly, we develop a strongly nonlinear theoretical model that takes into account the coupling of the granular chains due to the PDMS matrix, with the aim to model primary pulse transmission in this system. After validating the model with experimental measurements, we employ it in a predictive fashion to estimate energy transfer between chains as a function of the interspatial distance between chains. Furthermore, based on this model we perform predictive matrix design to achieve maximum energy transfer from the excited to the absorbing chain, and provide a theoretical explanation of the nonlinear dynamics governing energy transfer (including energy equi-partition) in this system.     

负高斯曲率曲面薄壁管吸能特性研究

为设计出具备优良吸能特性的薄壁结构,提出一种新型负高斯曲率曲面圆形横截面薄壁管(negative Gaussian curvature surface circular tube, NGC-C)。利用经验证的有限元分析方法对其进行轴向动态冲击模拟,提取各项性能指标,借助复杂比例评估法(complex proportion assessment, COPRAS)将其与传统薄壁吸能结构进行了综合性能对比。采用拉丁超立方抽样法从设计空间中提取样本点并获取各样本点对应性能响应值,建立代理模型。基于该代理模型,借助改进非支配排序遗传算法(non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm, NSGA-Ⅱ)对其进行了多目标优化设计。结果表明:NGC-C综合性能优于传统薄壁吸能结构,经优化后比吸能提高了16.47%,有效压溃长度降低了12.40%,质量减少了20.18%。将负高斯曲率曲面形态引入薄壁管构型,能够提高薄壁管的耐撞性和轴向抗变形能力。     

蒸压加气混凝土在乏燃料容器坠落工况下的减振性能分析

在核电厂燃料厂房结构安全性分析中需考虑乏燃料容器坠落所产生的巨大冲击作用的影响,在坠落位置铺设蒸压加气混凝土砌体作为减振层是一种有效的结构防护方法．为了确定合理的减振层厚度并评价其减振效果,本文首先应用ANSYS/LS-DYNA对蒸压加气混凝土砌块的落锤冲击试验进行了有限元模拟,标定了蒸压加气混凝土的MAT96材料模型参数;再通过对减振层缩尺试验的模拟,验证了模拟方法的可行性;最终建立了燃料厂房分层壳模型,模拟设置不同厚度的减振层时乏燃料容器坠落对燃料厂房的冲击响应,并从坠落处楼板冲击力、混凝土应变、跨中挠度以及乏燃料水池加速度响应方面对厂房结构的安全性进行分析．分析结果表明：乏燃料容器坠落时,铺设1 m、2 m厚度的蒸压加气混凝土减振层后,减振效果显著：楼板冲击力分别减小71.5%和76.4%,楼板混凝土破坏明显减轻,跨中挠度明显减小,乏燃料水池竖向加速度峰值分别削减29.2%和43%;同时,2 m厚的减振层并未取得1 m厚度减振层2倍的减振效果．     

基于节段模型试验的宽幅箱梁涡振性能气动措施优化

为了研究宽幅流线型箱梁断面的涡振性能,以某跨越长江的大跨悬索桥为背景,进行1∶50节段模型风洞试验。分析了检修轨道、人行道栏杆等涡振敏感构件的影响,研究了改变人行道栏杆形式、附加斜腹板导流板以及风嘴分流板等气动措施的制振效果。研究结果表明,宽幅箱梁涡振性能随来流攻角增大而逐渐变差,且由于漩涡Strouhal数的变化易诱发多区间涡振,扭转涡振幅值随阻尼增加线性衰减显著。人行道栏杆是此类断面的涡振敏感构件,去掉栏杆踢脚石能明显改善涡振性能;斜腹板导流板对改善其涡振性能效果微弱;风嘴分流板具有显著的制振效果,不仅能有效地抑制主梁涡振的发生,且能提高颤振临界风速。     

Simulation of narrow gauge railway vehicles and experimental validation by mean of scaled tests on roller rig

The dynamic design of railway vehicles is often supported by numerical simulation performed by means of Multibody codes. Such methodology allows to define vehicle suspensions characteristics so as to meet running safety requirements and, in the case of passenger vehicles, to achieve an adequate comfort level. However, the effectiveness of the numerical model in the prediction of actual vehicle behavior may fall short of requirements if the model is not sufficiently accurate. Experimental validation can help to ensure reliability of the numerical models. In order to solve the problem, this work proposes to use experimental tests on scaled prototypes on roller-rig for preliminary validation of the numerical model.