丙烷-空气爆燃波的火焰面在直管道中的加速运动

对丙烷 空气爆燃波的火焰面 (以下简称爆燃火焰 )在直管道中加速运动的规律及其影响因素作了初步实验研究 ,包括爆燃火焰在光滑内壁管道中的传播状况 ;管道直径和点火能量的变化以及当管道内有障碍物时对火焰加速度的影响。以上研究也涉及了非稳定爆轰波的火焰面在直管道中的加速运动。根据这一研究结果 ,对目前按常规设计和使用的工业管道阻火器的安全性和可靠性提出了质疑。     

丙烷-空气爆燃火焰通过平行板狭缝时的淬熄研究

对丙烷－空气预混气的爆燃火焰在平行板狭缝中传播时的淬熄现象进行了实验和理论研究,给出了火焰传播速度与淬熄直径、淬熄长度的关系,对爆燃火焰在狭缝中淬熄机理作了探讨,并得到了有实用价值的结论。     

甲烷/煤尘复合爆炸火焰的传播特性

为揭示甲烷/煤尘复合爆炸火焰的传播机理,利用气粉两相混合爆炸实验系统,在低于甲烷爆炸下限条件下,采用高速摄影机记录火焰传播图像,通过热电偶采集火焰温度,研究了煤尘种类以及甲烷体积分数对甲烷/煤尘复合火焰传播特性的影响。结果表明:挥发分是衡量煤尘燃烧特性的主导因素;随着煤尘挥发分的升高,燃烧反应增强,火焰传播速度升高,火焰温度升高;挥发分含量差异较小时,水分含量越低,燃烧反应越剧烈;在相同条件下,焦煤的燃烧反应强度最高,其次为长焰煤,最后为褐煤;随着甲烷体积分数的增加,煤尘颗粒的燃烧可由释放挥发分的扩散燃烧转变为气相预混燃烧,燃烧反应增强,火焰传播速度和火焰温度显著升高;热辐射和热对流作用促进煤尘颗粒热解,释放挥发分进行燃烧反应,维持复合火焰的持续传播;随着混合体系中甲烷体积分数的增加,混合爆炸机制由粉尘驱动型爆炸转为气体驱动型爆炸,燃烧反应增强;甲烷/煤尘复合爆炸火焰可由未燃区、预热区、气相燃烧区、多相燃烧区和焦炭燃烧区5部分组成,湍流扰动导致燃烧介质空间分布存在差异,使得燃烧区无规则交错分布。     

丙烷-空气爆燃火焰通过平行板狭缝时的淬熄研究

对丙烷－空气预混气的爆燃火焰在平行板狭缝中传播时的淬熄现象进行了实验和理论研究，给出了火焰传播速度与淬熄直径、淬熄长度的关系，对爆燃火焰在狭缝中淬熄机理作了探讨，并得到了有实用价值的结论。     

受限空间油气爆燃火焰形态

通过受限空间油气爆燃可视化实验发现,在不同初始油气体积分数下,爆燃火焰呈现出不同的表观特征,据此提出了受限空间油气爆燃的3种火焰形态,即光滑球形火焰、褶皱球形火焰和卷曲絮状火焰。分析了3种火焰形态的形成机理,并通过实验观测与理论分析,给出了区分3种火焰形态的临界条件。结合实验中采集到的关键参数,总结了不同的火焰形态下受限空间油气爆燃的反应产物、最大压力、升压速率、反应时间、火焰强度等关键参数的特征与变化规律。     

大尺度开敞空间油料蒸气云爆炸超压与火焰传播机制研究

为探究大尺度开敞空间油气爆燃动态发展过程,利用自行设计并搭建的大尺度开敞空间油气爆燃模拟实验条件测试系统,通过可视化监测手段及对压力与火焰信号的采集获得了油气爆燃过程中关键参数的变化规律。结果表明:在不同的初始油气浓度下引燃预混油气混合物将形成三类主要的燃烧模式;油气浓度接近爆炸极限范围内时火焰主要分布于台架的内场、点火面后方及正上方,根据动态超压时序发展曲线可将爆燃过程划分为3个子阶段;爆燃火焰传播速度呈波动性下降趋势,并可与超压发展阶段相互耦合;随着初始油气浓度的增加,超压峰值呈现出先减后增的趋势,形成峰值耗时则呈现相反规律;爆燃火焰的温度梯度与火焰行进方向相关,火焰峰面温度梯度通常小于尾端火焰;爆燃辐射峰值形成时间与火焰强度相比具有一定的延时性,爆燃传播末期更易于形成高强度辐射。     

惰化剂粒径对铝粉火焰传播特性影响的实验研究

为探索惰化剂粒径对可燃工业粉尘火焰传播特性的影响,通过建立竖直粉尘燃烧管道实验平台,在碳酸氢钠质量分数为30%的惰化条件下,就碳酸氢钠粒径对铝粉燃烧火焰传播特性的影响进行了实验研究。结果表明:平均粒径为30 μm的碳酸氢钠粉体对平均粒径为15 μm的铝粉的火焰传播速度具有较好的抑制作用,惰性粉体与可燃工业粉尘应存在粒度匹配效应;碳酸氢钠粉体对铝粉火焰温度的惰化抑制效果与其粒径呈反比关系;碳酸氢钠粉体会减小铝粉火焰预热区厚度,预热区厚度随碳酸氢钠粒径的增加先减小后增大。此外,分析了碳酸氢钠粒径对铝粉火焰传播特性影响的作用机理。     

波纹管道阻火器内火焰传播的实验与数值模拟研究

对乙烯-空气预混火焰在波纹管道阻火器中的传播与淬熄过程进行了实验和数值模拟研究,实验结果显示:当乙烯接近当量浓度时,预混气体爆炸压力变化过程可分为4个阶段,等压燃烧阶段、缓慢上升阶段、快速上升阶段和压力振荡阶段;在爆炸过程中,由于反射压力波和火焰相互作用的影响,超压值出现多次振荡,压力振荡阶段一般可以持续数十毫秒;乙烯-空气火焰传播速度随管径增加、阻火单元波纹高度减小呈递增趋势,而且随着阻火单元厚度的增加,阻火器的阻火能力明显提高,可以更有效地使火焰淬熄。数值模拟结果显示:在管道封闭端点火后,火焰面呈半球形并以层流扩散的方式向四周传播;当火焰传播到管道壁面时,在管道壁面的约束作用下,火焰面发生变形,壁面附近的火焰逐渐超过了管道轴线附近的火焰,最后形成了“郁金香”状的火焰结构;当爆燃火焰经过阻火单元时,高温已燃气体被其吸收大量热量,同时在反应区产生的稀疏波作用下,气体温度逐渐降低、化学反应速率迅速减小,最终导致火焰被熄灭。通过模拟计算结果可以看出,在整个爆炸过程中,火焰传播速度与爆炸压力波动均较为明显。并提出了孔隙率和阻火单元厚度对火焰传播的影响机制。基于传热学理论模型,并结合实验数据,得出了爆燃火焰速度与爆炸压力之间的关系,为工业装置阻火器的设计和选型提供更为准确的参考依据。     

一个端部开口短管气体爆燃外场火焰传播模型

针对端部开口短管气体爆燃火焰传播问题,通过借鉴Clanet等和Bychkov等提出的火焰传播模型,在假设绝热、不可压缩的条件下,得到了可燃气体分布与火焰锋面传播的数学模型。以汽油蒸气为实验工质,在全透明实验管道上进行了爆燃实验。通过高速摄影及纹影图像,对所提出的模型进行了验证。结果表明,该模型能够较准确地预测长径比4：1至10：1的端部开口短管气体爆燃外场可燃气体界面与火焰锋面位置。上述成果在可燃气防爆安全领域具有一定应用价值。

     

瓦斯爆燃火焰内部流场分形特性研究

通过高速纹影图像从细观角度详细研究了瓦斯爆燃火焰内部流场的细微结构。实验表明 :火焰内部流场具有明显的分形特征 ,且不同传播条件下分形维数不同。分形维数的大小对火焰内部结构与火焰传播有很大影响 ,是衡量瓦斯火焰传播速度的有效参数。     

Study of detonation initiation in hydrogen/air flow

While extensive studies have been conducted concerning the formation of detonation waves in various combustible gaseous mixtures under static conditions since the 1950s, there is very little experimental work on simple flowing systems. In this study, experiments on the deflagration to detonation transition (DDT) of a hydrogen–air flow system were carried out to see the effects of tube diameter, equivalence ratio, and flow types in a premixed and non-premixed flow. Tube diameters used were 25, 50, and 100 mm. The premixed experiments show that the larger tube diameter provides a wider range in run-up distance, reduction of L _DDT/D (ratio of the run-up distance, L _DDT to tube diameter), and expansion of the detonable concentration limit by spreading the cell width. The result of the non-premixed experiments show that similar values of the run-up distance to the premixed experiments are obtained at an equivalence ratio of about 1.0, however, fluctuations of DDT occur near the DDT concentration limit. Under laminar flow conditions at a Reynolds number of less than 2,300, the difference between the two systems could not be observed. However, when the Reynolds number increases towards turbulent conditions, the DDT run-up distance decreases compared to that of static flow conditions. This paper is based on work that was presented at the 21st International Colloquium on the Dynamics of Explosions and Reactive Systems, Poitiers, France, July 23–27, 2007.     

Evolution of detonation propagation through an annular gap into a combustion chamber

Some results of theoretical studies of detonation processes in combustible gaseous mixtures are discussed for a model geometry of large combustion chambers of detonation engines in the case of mixtures of hydrogen and oxygen-enriched air. The effect of geometric characteristics on the operation of pulse detonation engines is analyzed. In particular, the propagation of detonation waves in tubes of small diameter to larger volumes and the evolution of detonation under the action of converging shock waves are considered.     

Synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles by propane/air turbulent flame CVD process

Synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles by the oxidation of titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) in high-strength propane/air turbulent flame is investigated tentatively for mass production ofTiO2 nanoparticles. Effects of reactor heat flux varying from 247 to 627 kJ/m2 s, initial TiO2 number density from 2×1020> to 1 × 1021 m-3, and apparent residence time of TiO2 nanoparticles in reactor from 0.06 to 0.9 s, on particle morphology, phase composition, UV absorption and photoluminescence (PL) spectra are studied. The TiO2 nanoparti-cles synthesized, with mean size of 30-80 nm and rutile mass fraction from 0.155 up to 0.575, exhibited a strong PL signal at the wavelength of 370-450 nm, with a wide peak signal at 400-420 nm, reflecting significant oxygen vacancies on the surface of the TiO2 nanoparticles.     

氢氧爆轰波在变截面扩张管道中传播的数值模拟

采用二阶精度频散控制耗散格式(DCD)和8组分20个方程的基元反应模型,对轴对称变截面管道中氢氧爆轰波传播进行数值模拟。结果表明,爆轰波传播至突变截面扩张管道时,由于稀疏波的作用可能会使爆轰波局部熄爆甚至完全熄爆,对于某些敏感度高的反应气体爆轰波可以二次起爆。而在渐变截面扩张管道爆轰波相对不易熄爆。     

One-dimensional mathematical model of the combustion chamber of a hydrogen/air hypersonic ramjet

A mathematical model of the supersonic combustion chamber of a hydrogen/air hypersonic ramjet is proposed. The model is developed on the basis of a “burn-out curve”, that is, the dependence of the combustion efficiency on the longitudinal coordinate and the design features of the chamber. The burn-out curve, which describes the mixing and burning of hydrogen and air, is assumed to be known from previous numerical and experimental studies of these processes under supersonic flow conditions. Other physical and chemical processes which take place in the combustion chamber, such as excitation of internal molecular degrees of freedom, hydrogen and oxygen dissociation, OH and NO formation, etc., are assumed to be equilibrium. Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 1, pp. 146–154, January–February, 1997. The work was carried out with the support of the Russian Foundation for Fundamental Research (project No. 93-013-17514).     

耦合火焰自加速传播的氢气云爆炸超压预测

通过揭示当量比对氢气云爆炸火焰形态、火焰半径和爆炸超压峰值的影响规律,本文拟建立耦合火焰自加速传播的氢气云爆炸超压预测模型。结果表明:氢气云爆炸火焰传播速度由大至小对应的当量比依次是Φ=2.0、Φ=1.0和Φ=0.8。Le＜1.0和Le＞1.0的氢气云爆炸火焰表面均出现胞格结构,胞格结构的出现必然会增加火焰燃烧表面积,进而出现“火焰自加速”现象。对于特定的当量比,随着压力监测点和点火位置间距的增加,爆炸超压峰值的正值和负值绝对值均单调减小;对于特定的压力监测点,爆炸超压峰值的正值和负值绝对值随当量比的关系存在些许差异;不同当量比和监测点位置的爆炸超压峰值的负值绝对值大都高于正值。耦合火焰自加速传播的氢气云爆炸超压预测模型可成功预测不同压力监测点薄膜破裂前氢气云爆炸超压的发展过程。     

煤粉尘爆炸过程中火焰的传播特性

为了揭示煤粉尘爆炸过程中火焰传播特征,采用2种不同质量分数挥发分的煤粉在半封闭竖直燃烧管中进行实验。分别使用高速摄影装置和红外热成像装置记录火焰传播过程和空间的温度分布情况,并分析2种煤粉尘云的火焰传播速度和温度曲线。结果表明:在同等条件下,火焰在挥发分质量分数高的煤粉尘云中的传播速度和火焰温度要高于其在挥发分质量分数较低的煤粉尘云中的。煤粉尘云的体积质量和点火能量也影响着火焰的传播过程,随着煤粉尘云体积质量的增大,火焰的传播速度和火焰温度整体上呈现先增大后减小的趋势,在传播的后半段火焰速度出现震荡现象;随着点火能量的增大,火焰在煤粉尘云中的传播速度和最高温度也相应升高。通过大量的实验数据计算得到特定条件下火焰传播速度和温度的经验公式。     

The evolution of a detonation wave in a variable cross-sectional chamber

A two-dimensional numerical simulation has been performed to study the interaction of a gaseous detonation wave with obliquely inclined surfaces in a variable cross-sectional chamber. The weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO) numerical scheme with a relatively low resolution grid is employed. A detailed elementary chemical reaction model with 9 species and 19 elementary reactions is used for a stoichiometric oxy-hydrogen mixture diluted with argon. In this work, we study the effect of area expansion and contraction on the main/gross features of the detonation cellular structures in the presence of detonation reflection, diffraction and localized explosion. The result shows that there exists a transition region as the detonation wave propagates through the converging/diverging chamber. Within the transition region, the initial regular detonation cells become distorted and irregular before they re-obtain their regularity. While the ultimate regular cell size and the length of the transition region are strongly affected by the converging/diverging angle, the width/length ratio of the cells is fairly independent of it. A localized explosion near the wall is found as the detonation wave propagates in the diverging chamber.      

流动系统中爆轰波传播特性的数值模拟

基于带化学反应的二维Euler方程,采用氢气/空气的9组分19步基元反应简化模型,对充有当量 比的氢气/空气预混气体的矩形爆轰流场中爆轰波的传播过程进行了数值模拟,讨论了均匀来流对爆轰波传 播的影响。数值结果表明,在均匀来流的影响下,上游方向上的燃烧强度大于C-J爆速,下游方向上的燃烧强 度小于C-J爆速;上游方向传播的爆轰波的阵面压力大于下游方向传播的爆轰波的阵面压力。所以,经典的 C-J爆轰理论并不适用于流动系统中爆轰波传播特性的研究。     

Explosive-driven shock wave and vortex ring interaction with a propane flame

Experiments were performed to analyze the interaction of an explosively driven shock wave and a propane flame. A 30 g explosive charge was detonated at one end of a 3-m-long, 0.6-m-diameter shock tube to produce a shock wave which propagated into the atmosphere. A propane flame source was positioned at various locations outside of the shock tube to investigate the effect of different strength shock waves. High-speed retroreflective shadowgraph imaging visualized the shock wave motion and flame response, while a synchronized color camera imaged the flame directly. The explosively driven shock tube was shown to produce a repeatable shock wave and vortex ring. Digital streak images show the shock wave and vortex ring propagation and expansion. The shadowgrams show that the shock wave extinguishes the propane flame by pushing it off of the fuel source. Even a weak shock wave was found to be capable of extinguishing the flame.