不同当量比下喷管对旋转爆震特性的影响研究

为研究不同当量比下喷管构型对旋转爆震特性的影响,以煤油预燃裂解气为燃料,氧气体积分数为30%的富氧空气为氧化剂,开展了无喷管、收敛喷管、扩张喷管和收敛扩张喷管等工况下旋转爆震特性实验研究。实验发现,当量比为0.73～1.30时旋转爆震可稳定工作。随着当量比和喷管构型的变化,爆震波出现了单波、不稳定的对撞双波和稳定的对撞双波等3种传播模态。喷管构型对模态转换和旋转爆震波速有重要影响,收敛和收敛扩张喷管会促使新波头的产生,导致爆震波主要以双波对撞模态传播;而扩张喷管工况下,爆震波主要以单波模态传播。收敛喷管和收敛扩张喷管会使得波速最大值偏离化学恰当比,收敛扩张喷管可以提升爆震波速。

     

环缝宽度对旋转爆震发动机工作特性的影响

为研究环缝宽度对旋转爆震发动机(rotating detonation engine, RDE)工作特性的影响,在非预混RDE中进行实验,同时采用高频压力传感器、离子探针和高速摄影等测量设备,在同一入口质量流率的条件下,改变空气进气环缝宽度和燃烧室环缝宽度。获得了单波、双波、四波对撞及混合传播模态;当燃烧室环缝宽6 mm时,增加空气进气环缝宽度,爆震波由四波对撞转变为同向双波,最终以单波形式传播;而燃烧室环缝宽10或15 mm时,空气进气环缝宽度对爆震波传播模态的影响较小;此外,四波对撞模态下,爆震波压力峰值和离子信号峰值低于单波和双波模态时的值。     

雷诺应力对平均和脉动压力影响的数值模拟

采用增加雷诺应力边界条件方法考察了雷诺应力对流场的影响。当雷诺应力边界条件存在时,流场内平均和脉动压力的变化体现了雷诺应力的影响。本文首先在没有雷诺应力边界条件和有雷诺应力边界条件的情况下得到TTU低矮建筑标准模型表面的平均压力系数,结果表明:考虑雷诺应力可使建筑物表面的平均压力系数的绝对值增大。本文还利用Selvam提出的脉动压力系数数学模型,计算了TTU模型表面的脉动压力系数,并对计算结果进行了分析。     

温度和浓度对甲醇喷雾爆炸特性参数的影响

采用20 L球形喷雾爆炸实验系统,探究甲醇在不同环境温度、物料温度及喷雾浓度下的爆炸特性规律。结果表明:20 L爆炸球内甲醇喷雾液滴爆炸极限范围为118.8~594.0 g/cm^3,与纯气相爆炸极限范围(78.6~628.6 g/cm^3)相比,甲醇喷雾液滴爆炸极限范围较窄,喷雾液滴的爆炸敏感性比纯气相甲醇蒸汽低。随着爆炸球内环境温度的升高,甲醇喷雾爆炸极限范围变宽,受限空间内甲醇气液喷雾点火成功概率增大。当甲醇物料自身温度或爆炸容器内环境温度保持不变时,相应爆炸特性参数在Φ=1.8拐点处均呈现先增大后减小的趋势。当Φ=1.8时,甲醇喷雾爆炸存在最大超压峰值。环境温度、物料温度的升高可以提高雾化质量,促进扩散燃烧。但是环境温度的变化较之物料温度的改变对于甲醇液滴喷雾爆炸特性参数的影响更为显著。环境温度和化学当量比二元变量共同影响着甲醇喷雾爆炸强度值,当Φ=1.8,环境温度为303.15 K时,甲醇的喷雾爆炸强度大于甲烷气体爆炸的爆炸强度。     

Numerical study on three-dimensional flow field of continuously rotating detonation in a toroidal chamber

Gaseous detonation propagating in a toroidal chamber was numerically studied for hydrogen/oxygen/nitrogen mixtures. The numerical method used is based on the three-dimensional Euler equations with detailed finiterate chemistry. The results show that the calculated streak picture is in qualitative agreement with the picture recorded by a high speed streak camera from published literature. The three-dimensional flow field induced by a continuously rotating detonation was visualized and distinctive features of the rotating detonations were clearly depicted. Owing to the unconfined character of detonation wavelet, a deficit of detonation parameters was observed. Due to the effects of wall geometries, the strength of the outside detonation front is stronger than that of the inside portion. The detonation thus propagates with a constant circular velocity. Numerical simulation also shows three-dimensional rotating detonation structures, which display specific feature of the detonationshock combined wave. Discrete burning gas pockets are formed due to instability of the discontinuity. It is believed that the present study could give an insight into the interesting properties of the continuously rotating detonation, and is thus beneficial to the design of continuous detonation propulsion systems.     

煤油液滴直径对两相旋转爆轰发动机流场的影响

为探究煤油液滴不同初始直径对气液两相旋转爆轰发动机流场的影响,假设初始注入的煤油液滴具有均匀直径,考虑雾化破碎、蒸发等过程,建立了非定常两相爆轰的Eulerian-Lagrangian模型,进行了液态煤油/高温空气爆轰的非预混二维数值模拟。结果表明：在初始液滴直径为1～70μm的工况范围,燃烧室内均形成了单个稳定传播的旋转爆轰波;全局当量比为1时,爆轰波前的空气区域大于液滴煤油的蒸气区域,导致波前燃料空气混合不均匀,波前均存在富油区和贫油区,两相速度差导致分离出的空气形成低温条带;当煤油液滴的初始直径较小时,波前的反应物混合过程主要受蒸发的影响,爆轰波可稳定传播;当直径减小至1μm时,煤油液滴在入口处即蒸发,旋转爆轰波表现为气相传播的特性,爆轰波结构平整;当煤油液滴的初始直径较大时,波前的反应物混合过程主要受液滴破碎的影响;对于相同的燃料质量流量,在不同初始煤油液滴直径工况下,煤油液滴最大的停留时间均占爆轰波传播时间尺度的80%以上;爆轰波前燃料预蒸发为气相的占比越高,爆轰波的传播速度越高;初始液滴直径为10～70μm的工况范围内,爆轰波的速度随初始直径的增大先升高后降低。     

Effect of an axial throughflow on buoyancy-induced flow in a rotating cavity

In this paper large-eddy simulation is used to study buoyancy-induced flow in a rotating cavity with an axial throughflow of cooling air. This configuration is relevant in the context of secondary air systems of modern gas turbines, where cooling air is used to extract heat from compressor disks. Although global flow features of these flows are well understood, other aspects such as flow statistics, especially in terms of the disk and shroud boundary layers, have not been studied. Here, previous work for a sealed rotating cavity is extended to investigate the effect of an axial throughflow on flow statistics and heat transfer. Time- and circumferentially-averaged results reveal that the thickness of the boundary layers forming near the upstream and downstream disks is consistent with that of a laminar Ekman layer, although it is shown that the boundary layer thickness distribution along the radial direction presents greater variations than in the sealed cavity case. Instantaneous profiles of the radial and azimuthal velocities near the disks show good qualitative agreement with an Ekman-type analytical solution, especially in terms of the boundary layer thickness. The shroud heat transfer is shown to be governed by the local centrifugal acceleration and by a core temperature, which has a weak dependence on the value of the axial Reynolds number. Spectral analyses of time signals obtained at selected locations indicate that, even though the disk boundary layers behave as unsteady laminar Ekman layers, the flow inside the cavity is turbulent and highly intermittent. In comparison with a sealed cavity, cases with an axial throughflow are characterised by a broader range of frequencies, which arise from the interaction between the laminar jet and the buoyant flow inside the cavity.     

Experimental investigation on circumferential and axial temperature gradient over fuel channel under LOCA

In a nuclear reactor temperature rises drastically in fuel channels under loss of coolant accident due to failure of primary heat transportation system. Present investigation has been carried out to capture circumferential and axial temperature gradients during fully and partially voiding conditions in a fuel channel using 19 pin fuel element simulator. A series of experiments were carried out by supplying power to outer, middle and center rods of 19 pin fuel simulator in ratio of 1.4:1.1:1. The temperature at upper periphery of pressure tube (PT) was slightly higher than at bottom due to increase in local equivalent thermal conductivity from top to bottom of PT. To simulate fully voided conditions PT was pressurized at 2.0 MPa pressure with 17.5 kW power injection. Ballooning initiated from center and then propagates towards the ends and hence axial temperature difference has been observed along the length of PT. For asymmetric heating, upper eight rods of fuel simulator were activated and temperature difference up-to 250 °C has been observed from top to bottom periphery of PT. Such situation creates steep circumferential temperature gradient over PT and could lead to breaching of PT under high pressure.     

Residence time measurement of an isothermal combustor flow field

Residence times of combustors have commonly been used to help understand NO_x emissions and flame blowout. Both the time mean velocity and turbulence fields are important to the residence time, but determining the residence time via analysis of a measured velocity field is difficult due to the inherent unsteadiness and the three-dimensional nature of a high-Re swirling flow. A more direct approach to measure residence time is reported here that examines the dynamic response of fuel concentration to a sudden cutoff in the fuel injection. Residence time measurement was mainly taken using a time-resolved planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) technique, but a second camera for particle image velocimetry (PIV) was added to check that the step change does not alter the velocity field and the spectral content of the coherent structures. Characteristic timescales evaluated from the measurements are referred to as convection and half-life times: The former describes the time delay from a fuel injector exit reference point to a downstream point of interest, and the latter describes the rate of decay once the effect of the reduced scalar concentration at the injection source has been transported to the point of interest. Residence time is often defined as the time taken for a conserved scalar to reduce to half its initial value after injection is stopped: this equivalent to the sum of the convection time and the half-life values. The technique was applied to a high-swirl fuel injector typical of that found in combustor applications. Two test cases have been studied: with central jet (with-jet) and without central jet (no-jet). It was found that the relatively unstable central recirculation zone of the no-jet case resulted in increased transport of fuel into the central region that is dominated by a precessing vortex core, where long half-life times are also found. Based on this, it was inferred that the no-jet case may be more prone to NO_x production. The technique is described here for a single-phase isothermal flow field, but with consideration, it could be extended to studying reacting flows to provide more insight into important mixing phenomena and relevant timescales.     

非理想爆轰产物流场的程序燃烧计算法

研究了用程序燃烧法计算非理想爆轰时引进不真实反应速率和人为粘性对化学反应区终点处参数的影响,证实不会引起流体力学波和程序燃烧波的分离。还给出了一般炸药状态方程情况的爆速曲率关系和对化学反应区终点参数计算误差的估计。     

液态燃料对连续旋转爆轰发动机爆轰特性的影响

为了研究液态燃料对连续旋转爆轰发动机爆轰特性的影响,采用CE/SE方法对以汽油/富氧空气为燃料的CRDE进行数值模拟,分析了不同液滴半径、当量比对爆轰性能参数的影响。计算结果表明:随着液滴半径增大,爆轰压力峰值、温度峰值以及爆轰波速度均降低,且压力峰值与温度峰值在爆轰波传播过程中出现不稳定现象;当增大到70 μm时,爆轰波将无法成功起爆。随着当量比的增大,CRDE爆轰波速度及平均推力增大,爆轰压力、温度以及气相周向速度的峰值均先增大后减小。在当量比1.1附近,爆轰压力与温度的峰值出现极大值;而气相周向速度峰值的极大值出现在当量比0.9附近。基于燃料的比冲随着当量比增大而减小。     

Effect of span length and temperature on the 3-D confined flow around a vortex promoter

This article presents a numerical study on the influence of span length and wall temperature on the 3-D flow pattern around a square section vortex promoter located inside a micro-channel in the low Reynolds number regime. The first objective of the work is to quantify the critical Reynolds number that defines the onset of vortex shedding and to identify the different regimes that appear as a function of the channel aspect ratio (span to height ratio). We found that the critical Reynolds number for the onset of the Karman street regime increases as the aspect ratio decreases. In particular, for the aspect ratio of 1/2 the critical Reynolds number is nearly six times the critical Reynolds number of the 2-D problem. An intermediate oscillating regime between the steady and the Karman street solutions was also found to exist within a rather wide range of Reynolds numbers for small channel aspect ratios. The second objective was to investigate the influence of the vortex promoter wall temperature on both vortex shedding and flow pattern. This has practical engineering implications because the working fluid considered in the article is water that has a viscosity that depends significantly on temperature and promotes a strong coupling between the momentum and energy equations that influences the system behaviour. Results indicate that high surface temperature on the prism promotes the onset of the Karman street, suggesting design guidelines for micro-channel based heat sinks that make use of vortex promoters.