惰性粉体对油页岩粉尘爆炸火焰的抑制性能和作用机理研究

为了研究惰性粉体对油页岩粉尘爆炸火焰的抑制性能和作用机理,利用粉尘爆炸火焰传播测试系统,选取了五种常用惰性粉体和两种不同油页岩粉尘进行了爆炸火焰抑制实验。通过对爆炸火焰长度、最低惰化比和火焰形态结构的分析,结合惰性粉体的TG-DTG-DSC热特性曲线,系统研究了惰性粉体对油页岩粉尘爆炸火焰的抑制性能和作用机理。研究结果表明,惰性粉体对两种油页岩粉尘爆炸火焰的抑制性能优劣排序为:ABC干粉＞Al(OH)₃＞Mg(OH)₂＞NaHCO₃>岩粉,且两种惰性粉体均对桦甸油页岩（HDOS）的抑爆性能优于龙口油页岩（LKOS）;本文建立了惰性粉体对油页岩粉尘爆炸火焰的抑制机理物理模型,并分析了作用机理,通过作用机理分析表明:高效抑爆粉体应具有热稳定性较好（分解温度在200～400 ℃）,吸热量大,且分解中间态产物能够与燃烧反应活性自由基相结合发挥化学抑制作用等特点。     

惰化剂粒径对铝粉火焰传播特性影响的实验研究

为探索惰化剂粒径对可燃工业粉尘火焰传播特性的影响,通过建立竖直粉尘燃烧管道实验平台,在碳酸氢钠质量分数为30%的惰化条件下,就碳酸氢钠粒径对铝粉燃烧火焰传播特性的影响进行了实验研究。结果表明:平均粒径为30 μm的碳酸氢钠粉体对平均粒径为15 μm的铝粉的火焰传播速度具有较好的抑制作用,惰性粉体与可燃工业粉尘应存在粒度匹配效应;碳酸氢钠粉体对铝粉火焰温度的惰化抑制效果与其粒径呈反比关系;碳酸氢钠粉体会减小铝粉火焰预热区厚度,预热区厚度随碳酸氢钠粒径的增加先减小后增大。此外,分析了碳酸氢钠粒径对铝粉火焰传播特性影响的作用机理。     

粉尘火焰加速现象的实验研究

粉尘火焰的发生、加速及由爆燃向爆轰转捩的机理是个至今尚未弄清的问题。需要解决的技术关键之一是在实验室实现弱点火条件下的粉尘火焰加速直至达到爆轰状态。着手发展了一种球形喷粉扬尘装置，令产生的扬尘湍流在水平实验管中形成空间均匀分布和维持秒级悬浮的粉尘云状态。采用以上扬尘装置的水平实验管，在６ｇ黑火药的六点平面点火条件下获得了微细铝粉火焰经５ｍ长的传播过程加速至１０００ｍ／ｓ的实验结果。给出了扬尘湍流强度、粉尘粒度与浓度、点火能量及方式等因素对粉尘火焰加速过程中所起作用，及变截面效应（由小变大）对粉尘火焰减速的影响。     

障碍物对铝粉火焰加速作用的实验研究

在沿火焰传播的通道上重复设置障碍物对粉尘火焰有明显加速作用，这种加速作用的机理可归功于障碍物诱导的湍流区对燃烧过程的正反馈。在封闭容器中，铝粉－空气混合物燃烧达到的最大压力ｐ＿（ｍａｘ）与障碍物的存在关系不大，而最大压力上升率（ｄｐ／ｄｔ）＿（ｍａｘ）与障碍物的存在有关。因为ｐ＿（ｍａｘ）取决于容器内的总能量，（ｄｐ／ｄｔ）＿（ｍａｘ）则取决于燃烧过程，即能量释放率。     

基于RGB颜色模型的玉米淀粉爆燃火焰传播速度

采用小尺度粉尘爆炸实验装置对不同质量浓度的玉米淀粉爆燃火焰传播过程进行了实验研究,建立了基于RGB颜色模型的火焰重构及形态学重建的粉尘火焰传播速度计算方法,计算了不同质量浓度下的玉米淀粉爆燃火焰传播速度。结果表明:采用基于RGB颜色模型的速度计算方法能够快速准确地计算出玉米淀粉爆燃火焰传播速度,火焰像素范围的确定是火焰速度计算的关键;管道内火焰传播速度受粉尘云质量浓度的影响,最大火焰传播速度随粉尘云质量浓度的增大先增大后减小,到达速度峰值的时间先缩短后增长,当质量浓度为0.63 kg/m3时,出现该实验条件下火焰传播速度最大值7.03 m/s。     

微小空间内丙烷/空气火焰传播特性与加氢爆燃实验

在内径150 mm的圆盘狭缝微型燃烧室内,实验探讨了在常温常压下,不同当量比的丙烷/空气预混气以及掺氢的丙烷/空气混合气在电火花点火后向外传播的特性,通过高速摄影方法获得了在狭缝间距为2.0、2.5、3.0、5.0 mm时微燃烧室内的火焰传播形态。实验中观察到火焰传播存在光滑、皱褶和断裂三种火焰锋面形态。当量比的增加和狭缝间距的减小会使火焰更容易发生褶皱。随着火焰的传播,火焰半径逐渐增大,火焰传播速度整体呈下降趋势。火焰传播速度随着间距的减小先增大后减小,在间距3 mm时最大。因为壁面散热的影响,微尺度效应在降低火焰传播速度和增加火焰不稳定性方面具有重要作用。掺入氢气能提高预混气的火焰传播速度,在间距2.5 mm的微燃烧腔中还观察到了爆燃现象。     

煤粉尘爆炸过程中火焰的传播特性

为了揭示煤粉尘爆炸过程中火焰传播特征,采用2种不同质量分数挥发分的煤粉在半封闭竖直燃烧管中进行实验。分别使用高速摄影装置和红外热成像装置记录火焰传播过程和空间的温度分布情况,并分析2种煤粉尘云的火焰传播速度和温度曲线。结果表明:在同等条件下,火焰在挥发分质量分数高的煤粉尘云中的传播速度和火焰温度要高于其在挥发分质量分数较低的煤粉尘云中的。煤粉尘云的体积质量和点火能量也影响着火焰的传播过程,随着煤粉尘云体积质量的增大,火焰的传播速度和火焰温度整体上呈现先增大后减小的趋势,在传播的后半段火焰速度出现震荡现象;随着点火能量的增大,火焰在煤粉尘云中的传播速度和最高温度也相应升高。通过大量的实验数据计算得到特定条件下火焰传播速度和温度的经验公式。     

氮气射流抑制氢气喷射火的实验研究

为了探究抑制氢气喷射火的有效方法,并揭示氮气射流对氢气喷射火焰的影响规律,开展了一系列氮气作用下氢气喷射火实验。采用喷嘴直径为3mm、滞止压力为10atm的氮气射流,并改变氮气喷射高度和水平喷射距离,对氢气喷射火进行抑制。选择2种典型的氢喷射火,分别为喷嘴直径为3mm、滞止压力为0.1atm的过膨胀亚音速火焰和喷嘴直径为1mm、滞止压力为8atm的欠膨胀超音速火焰。实验结果表明,在氮气射流作用下火焰发生偏转,氢气喷射火长度衰减率随氮气喷射高度增大而减小。当氮气作用于火焰根部时,能有效地扑灭氢气喷射火。随氮气喷射距离增加,氢喷射火长度衰减率减小。另外,欠膨胀超音速氢气喷射火存在火焰抬升现象,氮气更易使喷射火熄灭,且在较大的水平喷射距离下仍能使火焰熄灭;过膨胀亚音速氢气喷射火由于抬升高度不明显,氮气射流灭火效果较差,仅能够在较小的水平喷射距离下使火焰熄灭。     

泄爆和氮气惰化耦合作用对氢-空气爆炸影响的实验研究

为了解受限空间内不同氮气体积分数φ对氢-空气泄爆的影响,在高1 m的顶部开口容器中进行了实验。结果表明：当φ≤40%时,容器内部的最大压力峰值由外部爆炸造成;而当φ>40%时,内部最大压力峰值则由泄爆膜破裂引起;在所有实验中,都观察到内部压力的亥姆霍兹振荡,其振荡频率随φ的增加而降低;声学振荡仅出现在φ=25%, 30%时;容器内3个不同压力监测点（靠近泄爆口、容器中心和接近容器底端）的最大爆炸超压p_max都随着φ的增加而降低,且整体上最大的p_max始终在爆炸容器底部附近出现。但当φ>40%时,3个监测点间p_max的差异可忽略不计;外部最大爆炸超压也随φ的增加而减小,且不论其大小如何,均对内部压力曲线有显著影响。

     

铝粉湍流火焰诱导激波现象的实验研究

粉尘湍流火焰诱导激波问题是工业灾害研究中的重要课题．本文在自行设计的大型卧式燃烧管内，对铝粉火焰诱导激波现象进行了实验研究，测试了湍流火焰阵面前压缩波到激波的转捩过程，并将实验结果与数值模拟结果进行了比较．     

Experimental investigation on micro-dynamic behavior of gas explosion suppression with SiO2 fine powders

To study the effect of inert dust on gas explosion suppression mechanism, SiO₂ fine powders were sprayed to suppress premixed CH₄-Air gas explosion in a 20 L spherical experimental system. In the experiment, high speed schlieren image system was adopted to record explosion flame propagation behaviors, meanwhile, pressure transducers and ion current probes were used to clearly record the explosion flame dynamic characteristics. The experimental results show that the SiO₂ fine powders suppressed evidently the gas explosion flame, and reduced the peak value of pressure and flame speed by more than 40 %. The ion current result shows that the SiO₂ super fine powders were easy to contact with and absorb free radicals near the combustion reaction region, which greatly reduced the combustion reaction intensity, and in turn influenced the flame propagation and pressure rising.     

Experimental investigation of flame/solid interactions in turbulent premixed combustion

An experimental study has been carried out to investigate the interaction between propagating turbulent premixed flames and solid obstacles. The experimental rig was configured specifically to allow detailed measurements with laser-based optical diagnostics. A wall-type solid obstacle was mounted inside a laboratory-scale combustion chamber with rectangular cross-section. The flame was initiated, by igniting a combustible mixture of methane in air at the center of the closed end of the combustion chamber. The flame front development was visualized by a high-speed (9000 frame/s) digital video camera and flame images were synchronized with ignition timing and chamber pressure data. The tests were carried out with lean, stoichiometric and rich mixtures of methane in air. The images were used to calculate highly resolved temporal and spatial data for the changes in flame shape, speed, and the length of the flame front. The results are discussed in terms of the influence of mixture equivalence ratio on the flame structure and resulting overpressure. The reported data revealed significant changes in flame structure as a result of the interaction between the propagating flame front and the transient recirculating flow formed behind the solid obstacle. Combustion images show that the flame accelerates and decelerates as it impinges on the obstacle wall boundaries. It is also found that the mixture concentrations have a significant influence on the nature of the flame/solid interactions and the resulting overpressure. The highest flame speed of 40 m/s was obtained with the unity fuel–air equivalence ratio. Burning of trapped mixture behind the solid obstruction was found to be highly correlated with the flame front length and the rate of pressure rise.     

波纹管道阻火器内火焰传播的实验与数值模拟研究

对乙烯-空气预混火焰在波纹管道阻火器中的传播与淬熄过程进行了实验和数值模拟研究,实验结果显示:当乙烯接近当量浓度时,预混气体爆炸压力变化过程可分为4个阶段,等压燃烧阶段、缓慢上升阶段、快速上升阶段和压力振荡阶段;在爆炸过程中,由于反射压力波和火焰相互作用的影响,超压值出现多次振荡,压力振荡阶段一般可以持续数十毫秒;乙烯-空气火焰传播速度随管径增加、阻火单元波纹高度减小呈递增趋势,而且随着阻火单元厚度的增加,阻火器的阻火能力明显提高,可以更有效地使火焰淬熄。数值模拟结果显示:在管道封闭端点火后,火焰面呈半球形并以层流扩散的方式向四周传播;当火焰传播到管道壁面时,在管道壁面的约束作用下,火焰面发生变形,壁面附近的火焰逐渐超过了管道轴线附近的火焰,最后形成了“郁金香”状的火焰结构;当爆燃火焰经过阻火单元时,高温已燃气体被其吸收大量热量,同时在反应区产生的稀疏波作用下,气体温度逐渐降低、化学反应速率迅速减小,最终导致火焰被熄灭。通过模拟计算结果可以看出,在整个爆炸过程中,火焰传播速度与爆炸压力波动均较为明显。并提出了孔隙率和阻火单元厚度对火焰传播的影响机制。基于传热学理论模型,并结合实验数据,得出了爆燃火焰速度与爆炸压力之间的关系,为工业装置阻火器的设计和选型提供更为准确的参考依据。     

非金属粉末对方管内瓦斯预混火焰传播的影响

为研究非金属粉末对管内瓦斯预混火焰传播的影响,选用煤粉和石粉2类煤矿井下常见粉末,采用微细热电偶、火焰传感器测试得出内铺2种粉末管内瓦斯火焰传播的瞬态温度、火焰阵面位置及火焰传播速度等参数,初步分析2种粉末影响瓦斯火焰传播机制的不同。实验表明：(1)煤粉能够加速管内瓦斯火焰的传播,而石粉则抑制管内瓦斯火焰的传播,但两者影响机制有本质不同;(2)内铺煤粉时,火焰温度瞬时值曲线呈现出明显的双峰结构,反应区宽度增加,表明活性煤粉与瓦斯形成了瓦斯 煤粉复合火焰;(3)内铺石粉时,火焰温度值整体下降,温度半峰宽度变窄,说明撒布岩粉法能有效抑制瓦斯煤尘爆炸发生。     

Experimental investigation into transient pressure pulses during pneumatic conveying of fine powders using Shannon entropy

This paper presents the results of an ongoing investigation into transient pressure pulses using Shannon entropy. Pressure fluctuations (produced by gas–solid two-phase flow during fluidized dense-phase conveying) are recorded by pressure transducers installed at strategic locations along a pipeline. This work validates previous work on identifying the flow mode from pressure signals (Mittal, Mallick, & Wypych, 2014). Two different powders, namely fly ash (median particle diameter 45 μm, particle density 1950 kg/m³, loosely poured bulk density 950 kg/m³) and cement (median particle diameter 15 μm, particle density 3060 kg/m³, loosely poured bulk density 1070 kg/m³), are conveyed through different pipelines (51 mm I.D. × 70 m length and 63 mm I.D. × 24 m length). The transient nature of pressure fluctuations (instead of steady-state behavior) is considered in investigating flow characteristics. Shannon entropy is found to increase along straight pipe sections for both solids and both pipelines. However, Shannon entropy decreases after a bend. A comparison of Shannon entropy among different ranges of superficial air velocity reveals that high Shannon entropy corresponds to very low velocities (i.e. 3–5 m/s) and very high velocities (i.e. 11–14 m/s) while low Shannon entropy corresponds to mid-range velocities (i.e. 6–8 m/s).     

Application of laser ignition on laminar flame front investigation

The first stages of laser-induced spark ignition were investigated as a function of time. Experiments were conducted using a premixed laminar CH₄/air burner. Laser-induced breakdown was achieved by focusing a 532-nm nanosecond pulse from a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. An anti-reflection coated lens with a focal length of 100 mm was used. The results obtained from an intensified high-speed and PIV CCD camera and a Cassegrain optics system coupled to an ICCD spectrometer provided information about the formation of laser-induced plasma and its transition to a flame kernel and a self-sustaining flame. The localization of the kernel and its time development were reproducible. Two types of flame fronts develop: one that expands against the flow direction, and one that moves with the flow. The initial flame expansion along the laser axis is asymmetric because of the shape of the plasma, different ionization levels inside the plasma, and the shock-wave expansion. Development of the fast flame occurs behind the shock wave induced by the plasma. This is important when laser ignition is used as a flame holder. An ICCD spectrometer coupled to an optical fiber permitted chemiluminescence visualization. The spectrum obtained during the plasma and flame kernel formation defined different stages in flame formation. The results obtained with these two optical techniques were synchronized to obtain the temporal resolution of the flame kernel evolution. Laser-induced ignition of a very lean mixture can be controlled to provide local heat release and extinction in a flame.     

强冲击波作用下液体抛撒的实验研究

通过强冲击波作用下液体抛撒的系列实验,总结分析了抛撒液体尺寸、爆炸装药量、抛撒液体性质等对液体抛撒运动过程、抛撒半径及液体抛撒作用时间的影响,发现强冲击波作用下液体抛撒速度随时间呈指数衰减,不同的实验参数对衰减系数将产生一定影响。     

Numerical investigation of ethylene flame bubble instability induced by shock waves

In this paper, the ethylene/oxygen/nitrogen premixed flame instabilities induced by incident and reflected shock wave were investigated numerically. The effects of grid resolutions and chemical mechanisms on the flame bubble deformation process are evaluated. In the computational frame, the 2D multi-component Navier–Stokes equations with second-order flux-difference splitting scheme were used; the stiff chemical source term was integrated using an implicit ordinary differential equations (ODEs) solver. The two ethylene/oxygen/nitrogen chemical mechanisms, namely 3-step reduced mechanism and 35-step elementary skeletal mechanism, were used to examine the reliability of chemistry. On the other hand, the different grid sizes, Δx × Δy = 0.25 × 0.5mm and Δx × Δy = 0.15 × 0.2mm, were implemented to examine the accuracy of the grid resolution. The computational results were qualitatively validated with experimental results of Thomas et al. (Combust Theory Model 5:573–594, 2001). Two chemical mechanisms and two grid resolutions used in present study can qualitatively reproduce the ethylene spherical flame instability process generated by an incident shock wave of Mach number 1.7. For the case of interaction between the flame and reflected shock waves, the 35-steps mechanism qualitatively predicts the physical process and is somewhat independent on the grid resolutions, while the 3-steps mechanism fails to reproduce the instability of ethylene flame for the two selected grid resolutions. It is concluded that the detailed chemical mechanism, which includes the chain elementary reactions of fuel combustion, describes the flame instability induced by shock wave, in spite of the fact that the flame thickness (reaction zone) is represented by 1–2 grids only.      

干水材料对瓦斯爆燃抑制的实验研究

为了研制绿色环保高效的抑爆剂,以疏水型气相二氧化硅和去离子水为原料,采用机械搅拌法制备具有“固包液”结构的干水材料。利用20 L近球形爆炸装置测试干水材料对瓦斯爆燃的抑制效果。实验结果表明：当添加的干水材料较少（2 g和3 g）时,干水材料对瓦斯爆燃产生促进效果;当添加的干水材料大于4 g时,对瓦斯爆燃有抑制效果。通过研究不同粒径的干水材料对瓦斯爆燃的影响,发现干水材料的粒径对瓦斯爆燃最大压力的影响较小,但显著影响最大爆燃压力上升速率;对比不同类型改性干水材料对瓦斯爆燃的抑制效果,综合比较得出抑制效果由强到弱顺序为：尿素改性干水材料、磷酸二氢铵改性干水材料、聚磷酸铵改性干水材料、普通干水材料。

     

Experimental investigation of characteristics of a diffusion flame established over liquid ethanol surface under opposed air flow

A preliminary study of the shape and the extinction characteristics of a diffusion flame established over a circular liquid fuel surface under the influence of an opposed air flow, is presented. Renewable liquid fuel such as ethanol is employed. A simple heterogeneous combustion setup, which consists of a cylindrical tube containing ethanol located at the bottom, is exposed to an opposed air flow from a coaxial circular pipe of same size located at the top at a fixed separation distance. Axial and radial extents of flame for different air flow rates are qualitatively analyzed. Burning rates of ethanol for different separation distances and air flow rates are recorded. For a fixed separation distance, at a particular air flow rate the flame extinction takes place. Extinction air flow rates and corresponding strain rates for different separation distances are presented.