Thermal stability of titanium nitride coatings prepared by the mixing technology with laser and plasma

Titanium samples were treated by the mixing technology with laser and plasma (LPN) using different laser power densities. These nitrided samples were then annealed at 473 K, 673 K, 873 K, and 1073 K for 2 h in vacuum, respectively. The samples before and after annealing were characterized at room temperature and compared in terms of microstructure. X-ray diffraction and cross-sectional optical microscopy studies showed that the layer structure of the titanium nitride coating is preserved after annealing at 1073 K when the coating is formed using a laser power density of 8.0 × 10⁵ W/cm². Therefore, titanium nitride coatings produced by LPN demonstrate excellent thermal stability and are potential candidates for high temperature tribological applications.     

Chemical and structural modifications of laser treated iron surfaces: investigation of laser processing parameters

This study focuses on the chemical, morphological and structural characterization of iron surfaces treated by laser in ambient air. Incorporation of nitrogen over a 1–2 μm thickness (10–30 at.% at the profile maximum) and superficial oxidation on 200–400 nm depth have been evidenced by nuclear reaction analyses. X-ray diffraction at grazing incidence has shown the formation of FeO and Fe₃O₄ oxide phases as well as γ-Fe(N), and ε-Fe_xN for a sufficiently high amount of nitrogen incorporated. Treatments performed with different laser beams indicate that the parameter playing the major role in surface modification processes is the wavelength. Nitrogen incorporation has been found to occur via the interaction of reactive N, present in the laser-induced plasma, and the iron molten bath. The nitriding process is promoted in the IR wavelength range. Oxidation takes place by chemical reaction during the cooling step, and is furthered in the case of UV treatment.     

Kinetic-diffusion asymptotic-preserving Monte Carlo algorithms for plasma edge neutral simulation

We developed novel Monte Carlo simulation strategies for the neutral model in plasma edge simulations where both low-collisional and high-collisional regimes are present. To maintain accuracy and reduce simulation costs in high-collisional regimes, we use hybridized particles that exhibit both kinetic and diffusive behaviour depending on the local collisionality. The method maintains an asymptotically correct distribution and a correct mean, variance, and time correlation for all values of the collisionality. We apply this scheme to a fusion case with a strongly heterogeneous background, prompting the inclusion of a diffusion-induced drift. Our numerical results show a large increase in efficiency at the expense of a minor bias.     

蒙特卡罗模拟在辉光放电鞘层离子输运研究中的应用

利用蒙特卡罗方法模拟氩气直流辉光放电鞘层内离子的运动过程.模拟基于离子与中性原子的电荷转移和弹性散射两种主要的散射过程，考虑了碰撞截面与能量相关和不相关两种情况，在弹性散射中采用了势场相互作用模型和刚性球碰撞两种模型.通过模拟得到不同气压和不同放电电压下离子入射阴极的能量分布和角度分布，并对几种模型的模拟结果进行了比较和讨论. 关键词： 辉光放电 等离子体鞘层 蒙特卡罗模拟     

Structure of polymer solutions at interfaces: a Monte Carlo simulation study

The canonical ensemble Monte Carlo method is applied to study the structure of polymer solutions confined between surfaces. The polymer molecules are modeled as fused-sphere freely rotating chains with fixed bond length and bond angles and the solvent as hard spheres. The simulation results for the configurational and conformational properties of the chains are presented with varying interfacial distances, chain concentrations, and chain lengths. The chains are depleted at the wall at lower density, which, however, becomes less at higher density. With an increase in the interfacial distance, the enhancement/depletion of the chains at the wall becomes more marked. At all interfacial distances and chain lengths, increasing the concentration of the solvent makes the oscillation in the density profile of the chains more pronounced. Conformational properties provide important indications regarding the behaviour of chains as they approach surfaces.     

Study on effective probe depth of optical coherence tomography system by Monte Carlo simulation

The intensities of Class I and Class II signals at several different probing depths and different coherence lengths are analyzed using a Monte Carlo model with a pencil beam, and the result shows that the longitudinal resolution has influence on the effective probe depth. A Monte Carlo model for optical coherence tomography system with a focused Gaussian beam is proposed. The intensities of Class I and Class II signals at different probing depth for different radius and depth of focus of the beam are simulated using this model. We found that increasing of the depth of focus and decreasing of the beam radius can finitely increase effective probing depth. When the effective probing depth is fixed, optimal signal intensity can be achieved by altering the beam radius or the depth of focus.     

Nitridation of iron by the mixing technology with laser and plasma beams

Iron nitride (Fe_xN) is obtained by the mixing technology with laser and plasma beams coaxially on the surface of pure iron in atmosphere. In this technology, laser and plasma provide heat source and nitrogen ion source, respectively, easily to nitriding the sample. The feasibility of the method is analyzed in theory. Small-angle X-ray diffraction measurements reveal formation of iron nitride in the as-treated sample, and scanning tunneling microscope measurements describe the surface profiles of the irradiated area, at different laser energy densities or different scanning velocities.     

Thermal stability of iron nitrides prepared by mixing laser and plasma beam nitriding technology

Thermal stability of iron nitrides prepared by mixing laser and plasma beam nitriding (LPN) technology was studied. The treated samples were annealed in vacuum at different temperature from 473 K to 1273 K. The phases were detected by X-ray diffraction (XRD), the nitride’s contents were calculated from the patterns of XRD, and the microstructures were analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Three critical temperatures (473 K, 673 K, and 1273 K) are found. Due to deeper nitriding layer in the LPN sample, the nitrides is more stable than that in laser-produced sample at the annealing temperature higher than 973 K. It is important and central for some potential industrial productions and applications.     

蒙特卡洛方法计算材料表面激发参数

电子非弹性散射平均自由程（IMFP）是用表面电子能谱进行表面化学定量分析时极为重要的一个参数,它可以用测量的弹性峰电子能谱分析以及蒙特卡洛模拟来确定.为了更加精确地确定电子非弹性散射平均自由程,必须对弹性峰电子能谱中的表面激发效应进行修正,通常使用介电响应理论方法计算得到的表面激发参数.然而,通过理论计算得到的表面激发参数不能包含电子在材料内部输运过程中弹性散射的影响,进而影响所测的电子非弹性散射平均自由程的准确度.在这个工作中,我们采用蒙特卡洛方法来确定包含弹性散射效应时的表面激发参数.所得到的表面激发参数在不同能量、角度情况下,尤其是在弹性散射效应显著的60°以上的大角度入射、出射情况下,都与实验测量值符合得非常好.基于这些新确定的表面激发参数,可以在弹性峰电子能谱测量中获得更为准确的电子非弹性散射平均自由程数据.     

On the hydrogen etching mechanism in plasma nitriding of metals

Iron alloys and aluminum were nitrogen implanted in a controlled oxygen atmosphere and the role of hydrogen on the surface etching mechanisms studied. The surface composition was analyzed by in situ photoemission electron spectroscopy (XPS). In iron alloys, hydrogen strongly etches oxygen, improving nitrogen retention on the surface. On the other hand, hydrogen removes nitrogen from aluminum surfaces, with a deleterious effect on the nitriding effectiveness. The oxygen removal in iron alloys is associated with the catalytic effect of electrons in d-orbitals and the nitrogen removal in aluminum is associated with a steric effect.     

新型二次电子倍增阴极的蒙特卡罗模拟研究

提出了一种新型二次电子倍增阴极强流二极管,并对其进行了动力学理论简化模型和蒙特卡罗数值模拟的对比验证研究。首先,基于设计结构原型,根据二次电子发射特性进行合理简化,建立了动力学模型,获得了电子速度、位移以及渡越时间的解析结果,并结合Vaughan的二次电子产额模型,确定了该新型二次电子倍增阴极强流二极管的理论工作区间;其次,理论分析了施加径向电场的重要意义,并给出了二次电子运动特征参数(最大位移、渡越时间、碰撞能量等)的理论预估结果;最后,对该新型二次电子倍增阴极强流二极管进行了蒙特卡罗模拟研究,获得了电子的运动轨迹、碰撞能量以及二次电子倍增工作区间等物理图像,并将蒙特卡罗数值模拟结果与理论结果进行了比对,两者吻合程度较好,对可能的误差来源进行了分析讨论。理论和模拟结果表明：新型二次电子倍增阴极强流二极管概念可行,工作区间内通过调整施加电场与磁场幅值,可有效达到电子运动状态可控的目标。另外,理论粗估了二次电子倍增饱和条件下的阴极发射电流密度,结果表明：发射电流密度可达kA/cm²水平,具备强流发射特性;增加外加径向场强幅值可有效提升发射电流密度。最后,对该新型二次电子倍增阴极设计步骤和依据进行了讨论。     

降雨融化层后向散射的蒙特卡罗仿真

云层上端冰雪粒子的融化形成了降雨融化层，随着粒子的下落融化过程开始，因此融化层的微观特性在垂直方向上是连续变化的.建立了降雨融化层的仿真模型，应用更为切合实际的三层球形粒子代替了融化层中的粒子.根据降雨过程中雨滴的尺寸分布推导了融化层中融化粒子的尺寸分布.根据Mie理论，计算了降雨率小于12.5 mm/h时，降雨融化层对5，10，35，94 GHz电磁波的雷达反射率和特征衰减因子的垂直廓线.计算结果表明，当电磁波频率高于20 GHz时，将无法观测到“雷达亮带”，这与实验结果相符.根据辐射传输理论，应用蒙特卡罗方法计算了垂直方向微观特性连续变化的降雨融化层对不同频率电磁波的反射率，比较了两种不同尺寸分布(Gamma分布和Marshall-Palmer分布)融化层反射率的差别，这为利用高频电磁波对降雨融化层进行遥感提供了理论和数值依据. 关键词： 降雨融化层 蒙特卡罗方法 后向散射 电磁波     

Monte Carlo simulation of Hamaker nanospheres coated with dipolar particles

Parallel tempering Monte Carlo simulation is carried out in systems of N attractive Hamaker spheres dressed with n dipolar particles, able to move on the surface of the spheres. Different cluster configurations emerge for given values of the control parameters. Energy per sphere, pair distribution functions of spheres and dipoles as function of temperature, density, external electric field, and/or the angular orientation of dipoles are used to analyse the state of aggregation of the system. As a consequence of the non-central interaction, the model predicts complex structures like self-assembly of spheres by a double crown of dipoles. This interesting result could be of help in understanding some recent experiments in colloidal science and biology.     

A Monte Carlo study of the classical two-dimensional one-component plasma

We present results from extensive Monte Carlo simulations of the fluid phase of the two-dimensional classical one-component plasma (OCP). The difficulties associated with the infinite range of the logarithmic Coulomb interaction are eliminated by confining the particles to the surface of a sphere. The results are compared to those obtained for a planar system with screened Coulomb interactions and periodic boundary conditions; in this case the infinite tail of the Coulomb interaction is treated as a perturbation. The exact simulation results are used to test various approximate theories, including a semiempirical modification of the hypernetted-chain (HNC) integral equation. The OCP freezing transition is located at a coupling= e²/k_BT–140.     

蒙特卡罗法计算无序激光器的阈值

提出了计算无序激光器阈值增益的模型,提出了已知平均自由程和散射强度分布得到分布函数及相应的随机变量的方法.对各向同性的光散射,导出了各分布函数,并在每次散射中得到相应的随机变量.运用蒙特卡罗法模拟光子在无序介质中的随机行走,得到了无序激光器的阈值.讨论了阈值增益与光子平均自由程、增益区半径、增益区深度、非增益区光吸收系数的关系,提出了降低阈值的方法.理论结果与实验数据是符合的. 关键词： 激光物理 阈值 蒙特卡罗 散射     

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采用蒙特卡罗模型对氮空心阴极放电等离子体鞘层离子(N2 、N )的输运过程进行了模拟研究,计算了阴极鞘层中氮离子(N2 、N )的能量及角分布的空间变化和粒子密度及平均能量随放电参数的变化规律。研究结果表明:空心阴极放电产生的氮离子,在鞘层输运过程中,N2 是密度几乎不变的低能粒子;N 是密度逐渐减少的高能粒子。随着电压增加,N 密度减小,平均能量增加;N2 密度和平均能量变化不明显。能量及入射角的相对分布规律与平板电极氮直流辉光放电基本类似,但圆筒空心阴极放电更有利于氮离子的产生。     

氮等离子体枪中电子输运行为的蒙特卡罗模拟

采用蒙特卡罗模拟,对氮等离子体枪的两个环形电极间的氮气辉光放电过程中电子的输运过程进行研究.计算在不同平均电场与粒子数密度的比值(E/N)下,电子与氮分子发生不同碰撞的概率、出射电子的平均能量、方向角分布和电子的能量分布.结果表明,电子能量近似服从玻尔兹曼分布.随着E/N的升高,电子平均能量升高,发生激发、离化、电离和离化电离碰撞的概率增大;非均匀分布的电场使分子获得更高的离化率,同时显著增强出射电子的能量.模拟结果为等离子体应用设计提供了参考依据.     

高斯光束在双层云中传输的蒙特卡罗模拟

基于辐射传输理论, 利用蒙特卡罗方法模拟了无限窄(冲击函数)准直光束入射到典型水云以及冰水双层云时的后向散射特性, 进而将得到的冲击响应与高斯光束卷积, 得到高斯光束在云层中传输的多次散射特性. 文中给出了两种波束入射时水云以及冰水双层云的反射函数随径向r和天顶角α的变化关系, 并给出了光强在云层内部的二维分布图. 计算结果表明, 高斯光束入射时, 云层反射函数的特点与无限窄准直光束入射时有较大区别. 因此在利用激光雷达进行云层探测时需要考虑激光的散斑, 文中的方法可以为此提供理论依据.     

材料中He深度分布演化的Monte Carlo模拟研究

基于He泡生长的迁移-合并机理,用Monte Carlo方法模拟了对材料进行等温退火过程中He深度分布的演化,探讨了不同参数对这一演化的影响.研究表明:材料中He泡的初始浓度和尺寸将影响He深度分布的变化,而退火温度则对演化速率起重要作用但对最终的He深度分布影响较小;随着反应的进行,整个系统的演化是逐渐趋缓的. 关键词： He 深度分布 Monte Carlo模拟     

超短超强激光与铜靶相互作用产生Kα源的蒙特卡罗模拟

超短超强激光打靶产生的超热电子，与固体靶相互作用时会产生Kα线辐射.由经典定标律给出了法线方向超热电子的温度.利用蒙特卡罗方法，对超热电子在固体靶中的传输进行了研究，模拟了不同靶厚度情况下Kα产额和角分布及不同电子温度下Kα光子的转化效率.计算结果与实验符合较好.结果表明：在一定电子温度下，随着靶厚度的增加Kα光子产额会达到饱和，并会使Kα光子发射的各向异性变得更加严重；存在最佳的电子温度，使Kα线转化效率最高. 关键词： 超短超强激光 超热电子 蒙特卡罗方法 Kα线')" href="#">Kα线