电子束辐照下克伦特罗的降解研究

克伦特罗(clenbuterol)属于儿茶酚胺衍生合成的一类化合物,化学名称为4-胺基-α-(叔丁胺甲基)-3,5-二氯苯甲醇。克伦特罗为β2受体兴奋剂,能较强地影响体内物质代谢,促进动物肌肉蛋白质的合成,抑制脂肪的合成和积累,从而改变胴体的品质,使生长速度加快,胴体瘦肉率提高10％以上,所以有人干脆将其称为"瘦肉精"。克伦特罗作为饲料添加剂,其使用剂量较高,且使用时间较长(3周以上),并且由于具有极强的热稳定性和生化稳定性,动物食用后,在内脏和组织中形成严重的蓄积性残留,人食用了含有这些药残的动物组织后,会产生严重的毒副作用,故欧美及我国农业部严禁使用克伦特罗做为动物生长促进剂、饲料添加剂。但资料显示,1999年农业部组织的猪配合饲料和饮用水中盐酸克伦特罗抽查检出率为19.8％,2000年抽查检出率为7.6％。为保障消费者的食用安全和各国贸易的正常往来,本文探索了一种使克伦特罗降解的方法--电子束辐照法。     

γ射线辐照对含钆有机玻璃性能的影响EI北大核心CSCD

以^(60)Co作为γ射线源,对不同Gd元素含量的含钆有机玻璃进行不同剂量的γ射线辐照。通过可见光吸收光谱仪、万能试验机、热重分析仪和电子顺磁共振波谱仪等仪器测定含钆有机玻璃在γ射线辐照前后的光学性能、力学性能、热性能和自由基的变化。结果表明,随着γ射线辐照剂量的增加,含钆有机玻璃发生辐照降解,产生大量自由基,导致材料发生变色发黄现象,冲击强度、弯曲强度以及热稳定性能均有下降的趋势。且Gd元素含量越高,辐照降解程度越大。     

聚琥珀酸丁二酯的辐射交联及其生物降解性

对聚琥珀酸丁二酯（PBS1）采用两步法辐照，比其它辐照法得到的凝胶含量高，这是由于在室温下预先辐射所形成的交联网络结构减少了聚合物的降解。交联后的PBS1有较高的耐热变形性。通过酶降解试验和土需求量法降解实验，PBS1有很高的生物降解性，即使它产生了很高的交联结构。在65℃时，酶的降解率最高。由于交联样品所含有的交联网络结构阻碍它的降解，交联PBS1的生物降解失重低于未交联样品。     

电子束辐照下呋喃西林代谢产物降解的质谱检测

提出用电子束辐照技术降解去除水溶液中的呋喃西林代谢形成的氨基脲（SC）.采用LC-MS/MS方法分析SC含量变化.结果表明：当SC质量浓度小于0.67mg/L、辐照强度大于8 kGy时,SC降解率高达90%以上,没有检测到明显的降解产物.可见,电子束辐照降解法是-种简便、有效的有机污染物去除方法.     

γ-g-辐照-O3氧化联合作用下4-氯酚的降解

研究了⁶⁰Co γ-射线辐照以及辐照-臭氧氧化联合作用下4-氯酚的降解情况. 通过总有机碳(TOC)分析, 研究了γ辐照对反应体系中4-氯酚的无机化程度及无机化过程的动力学特征, 同时还探讨了初始浓度以及自由基清除剂对4-氯酚降解效果的影响. 实验结果表明: 当辐照剂量率为336 Gy·min^-1时, 2 kGy的辐照剂量可以使10 mg·L^-1 的4-氯酚完成降解. 辐照-O₃联合作用时氯酚的降解速率常数最大, 为0.1016 min^-1, 相当于单独辐照(0.0294 min^-1)与单独O3氧化(0.0137 min^-1)时的降解速率常数之和的2.4倍. 这表明4-氯酚的辐照降解机理以自由基氧化为主, 与单独采用辐照处理相比, 辐照-O₃氧化联合作用对水溶液中4-氯酚的脱氯和彻底降解具有协同效应.     

无氧条件~(60)Co-γ辐射降解乙酰甲胺磷的研究

利用60Co-γ辐射降解无氧条件有机磷农药乙酰甲胺磷(Acephate)的稀水溶液,研究了不同吸收剂量下的乙酰甲胺磷稀水溶液辐照前后的毒性变化;采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)和离子色谱(IC)对降解产物进行了分析。结合溶液毒性、降解率和生成的无机离子浓度变化等,比较了两种无氧气氛的降解效果。     

60Co-γ辐照对食品接触用复合包装袋中挥发性化合物的影响

针对辐照杀菌会使塑料包装产生未知辐解产物的问题,该文采用顶空气相色谱－质谱法（HS/GC－MS）结合MS－DIAL软件对60Co-γ辐照（0 ~ 10 kGy）后的19种商用塑料复合包装袋中的挥发性有机物（VOCs）进行检测。以MS－DIAL软件对谱图的解卷积、峰对齐及物质定性结果,以正交偏最小二乘法判别分析（OPLS－DA）模型对辐照前后材料的VOCs组成进行分析,考察不同辐照剂量下复合包装材料中VOCs组成的变化。结果显示,复合包装中的VOCs以聚合物降解产物烷烃和烯烃为主,60Co-γ辐照前后复合包装中的VOCs组成具有显著差异,且包装产生的VOCs总量随辐照剂量的增加而递增。通过OPLS－DA模型投影变量重要度（VIP）值筛选出17种对差异贡献较大的物质,这些差异物质大多为材料的降解产物,总体呈现检出量随辐照剂量增加而递增的趋势。该研究结果为辐照包装中挥发性非有意添加物质数据库的建立提供了依据。     

壳聚糖在水溶液中的辐射降解反应

研究了壳聚糖在CH3COOH/NaCl缓冲溶液均相体系下的辐射降解反应,给出了H2O2、异丙醇、pH、样品初始分子量等因素对壳聚糖降解的影响,探讨了实验条件下溶液中不同自由基对壳聚糖降解的作用,并对辐照前后壳聚糖的结构进行了表征.结果表明,酸性条件下,壳聚糖的降解主要由.H和.OH自由基共同作用引起,加入H2O2或者通入N2O都能够略微提高.OH自由基浓度,对壳聚糖的降解有促进作用.加入异丙醇后,由于同时降低了.H和.OH自由基浓度,导致壳聚糖降解缓慢.当溶液的pH接近中性后,对壳聚糖的降解起主要作用的为.OH自由基,加入H2O2或者通入N2O都会增加.OH自由基的浓度,从而明显提高壳聚糖的降解速率.此外,研究发现低分子量的壳聚糖具有较快的降解速率.样品的UV、FTIR分析表明,辐照后除在壳聚糖分子链端生成羰基外,壳聚糖主链结构未见变化,脱乙酰度也没有显著改变,显示出辐射降解是一种有效的控制壳聚糖分子量方法.     

自由基诱导的水溶液中氟西汀的降解:脉冲辐解及稳态辐照研究（英文）

本文运用脉冲辐解探究了不同自由基与药物氟西汀(FLX)之间的反应。羟基自由基(?OH)与FLX反应生成苯环上的羟基加成物,而硫酸根阴离子自由基(SO_4?~-)则通过单电子氧化FLX生成苯阳离子自由基,该中间产物再进一步与水反应生成苯环上的羟基加成物。本研究测定了三种自由基?OH,水合电子(e_(aq)~-)以及SO_4?~-与FLX反应的反应速率常数分别为:7.8×10~9,2.3×10~9和1.1×10~9mol?L~(-1)?s~(-1)。本文还运用电子束辐照技术探究了不同辐照条件下的FLX降解效果,结合HPLC和紫外可见光谱仪进行分析。在N_2O和空气饱和的两种条件下,FLX溶液经1.5 k Gy辐照后降解效率均达到90%以上,而N_2饱和条件下,加入0.1 mol?L~(-1)的叔丁醇的FLX溶液经1.5 k Gy辐照后仅有43%分解。此外,酸性和中性条件下FLX的降解效率均大于碱性条件下的。结果阐明了饱和空气的FLX溶液在中性条件下的降解效果最佳,且?OH诱导的反应比SO_4?~-更有利于FLX的分解。本研究期望对于进一步探究FLX的降解反应提供有益的帮助。     

超声波辐照下聚氧化乙烯与甲基丙烯酸己酯非均相共聚反应研究

本文系统地研究了地超声波辐照下聚氧化乙烯(PEO)在其水溶液中与甲基丙烯酸己酯(HMA)的非均相共聚反应。结果表明,PEO超声降解产生的自由基可引发HMA聚合,形成PEO-HMA共聚物,该共聚物在超声波辐照下可进一步降解。通过红外光谱、裂解气相色谱及核磁共振分析表明,所得共聚物为嵌段共聚物。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.