A method for fatigue analysis of metallic and composite materials under asymmetric high-cycle loading

A new method of plotting limit stress diagrams is set forth. The method is based on the hypothesis of unified limit diagram invariant to the number of cycles to failure. The unified diagram is given by a transcendental power function whose exponent is considered an additional material constant characterizing the sensitivity of the material to cycle asymmetry (stress ratio). The equations derived on the basis of this function encompass all forms of limit stress diagrams, including convex, nearly rectilinear, and concave ones. The method is tested for a wide range of metallic and composite materials subjected to asymmetric tension-compression, bending, and torsion.Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 40, No. 11, pp. 106–116, November 2004.This revised version was published online in April 2005 with a corrected cover date.     

A Method of Modeling the Interaction of Creep and High-Cycle Fatigue

The interaction of creep and fatigue in structural materials under high-cycle loading is modeled using isochronic limit stress diagrams. The hypothesis of a unified limit diagram invariant to the time to failure is used. The unified diagram is given by a cosine power function with the exponent describing creep-fatigue interaction and encompasses convex, concave, and S-like curves. The models build are tested for aluminum alloys, heat-resistant steels, creep-resistant steels and alloys, and laminates__________Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 41, No. 1, pp. 25–36, January 2005.     

扭转预应变对35CrMo钢低周疲劳性能的影响

自行设计了疲劳和扭转两用的试样,通过对试件预扭转不同的角度,系统研究35CrMo钢在不同扭转预应变下的低周疲劳性能,分析了扭转预应变后35CrMo钢的循环硬化软化特性、滞后回线、塑性应变能及循环弹性模量的变化规律,并对疲劳断口进行扫描电镜分析。结果表明:4种预扭转处理过的试件均表现出明显的循环软化行为,且循环软化规律及衰减的程度基本相同;循环应力范围及疲劳寿命随着预扭转角的增大而降低;应力应变滞后回线中加卸载曲线间的宽度随着预扭转角的增大而减小;塑性应变能都随着循环次数的增大而增加,且随着预扭转角的增大其增大速率下降;循环弹性模量都随着循环次数的增加而逐渐降低,且随着预扭转角的增大其衰减趋势减缓。     

结构钢光试样的等寿命图

提出结构钢光试样等寿命曲线方程,并提出用等寿命曲线方程绘制结构钢光试样等寿命图的新方法．只要测得材料在对称循环（r＝－1）下的S-N曲线,就可以用等寿命曲线方程绘制材料的等寿命图．用等寿命曲线方程绘制等寿命图与传统的方法相比,可减少60％～70％的疲劳试验．     

薄壁圆管空间结构的热疲劳可靠性分析

针对薄壁圆管的空间结构,分析其在交变热载荷下的疲劳可靠性问题。为同时考虑由截面平均温度和截面温差造成的疲劳损伤,提出了综合利用剩余强度和疲劳累积损伤模型的分析方法。首先根据疲劳累积损伤相等原理,将截面温差造成的多级扰动应力载荷作用频次等效为平均温度下的常幅应力载荷作用次数,从而将两者产生的热应力载荷统一为一常幅载荷,再利用剩余强度模型基于动态应力-强度干涉理论对疲劳可靠度进行分析,得到了结构在综合考虑两种热疲劳状态下的动态可靠度。本方法可避免直接利用疲劳累积损伤理论临界损伤值难以确定的问题,且能体现金属疲劳损伤的真实情况。最后以哈勃望远镜为例,分析了其主梁随疲劳热载荷循环作用下的动态可靠度,得出了一些有意义的结论。     

Correlation of crack growth rate and stress ratio for fatigue damage containing very high cycle fatigue regime

A model is proposed to correlate the crack growth rate and stress ratio containing very high cycle fatigue regime. The model is verified by the experimental data in literature. Then a formula is derived for the effect of mean stress on fatigue strength, and it is used to estimate the fatigue strength of a bearing steel in very high cycle fatigue regime at different stress ratios. The estimated results are also compared with those by Goodman formula.     

Cyclic multiaxial and shear finite deformation response of OFHC: Part I,experimental results

A series of experiments has been conducted on oxygen free high conductivity (OFHC) copper hollow cylinders under cyclic free-end torsion and biaxial tension–torsion at large strains. In addition, equations are developed to account for the finite rotation and strains in electrical resistance strain gages. In free-end cyclic torsion experiments with shear strain range equal to 23%, a significant strain in the axial direction is observed and it accumulates with a constant rate cycle by cycle. In the biaxial tension–torsion (multiaxial ratchetting) experiments, in which the primary (constant) axial stress is larger than the initial yield stress of the material, the loading conditions are varied to determine the influence of primary axial stress, cyclic shear strain range, pre-cyclic hardening and loading sequence on multiaxial ratchetting. Some important experimental features are high-lighted and recommended to help modeling efforts later.     

Current understanding of ultra-high cycle fatigue

The fatigue life of numerous aerospace, locomotive, automotive and biomedical structures may go beyond 10⁸ cycles. Determination of long life fatigue behavior becomes extremely important for better understanding and design of the components and structures. Initially, before the invention of ultrasonic fatigue testing, most of the engineering materials were supposed to exhibit fatigue life up to 10⁷ cycles or less. This paper reviews current understanding of some fundamental aspects on the development of accelerated fatigue testing method and its application in ultra-high cycle fatigue, crack initiation and growth mechanisms of internal fracture, S-N diagram, fatigue limit and life prediction, etc.     

Revised damage evolution equation for high cycle fatigue life prediction of aluminum alloy LC4 under uniaxial loading

The fatigue life prediction for components is a difficult task since many factors can affect the final fatigue life. Based on the damage evolution equation of Lemaitre and Desmorat, a revised two-scale damage evolution equation for high cycle fatigue is presented according to the experimental data, in which factors such as the stress amplitude and mean stress are taken into account. Then, a method is proposed to obtain the material parameters of the revised equation from the present fatigue experimental data. Finally, with the utilization of the ANSYS parametric design language (APDL) on the ANSYS platform, the coupling effect between the fatigue damage of materials and the stress distribution in structures is taken into account, and the fatigue life of specimens is predicted. The outcome shows that the numerical prediction is in accord with the experimental results, indicating that the revised two-scale damage evolution model can be well applied for the high cycle fatigue life prediction under uniaxial loading.     

考虑拉压强度差效应的厚壁圆筒承载能力分析

应用双剪统一强度理论，考虑材料的拉压异性和同性，推导了在内压力和轴力联合作用下的厚壁圆筒的塑性极限载荷表达式．在该表达式中，当反映中间主应力效应的系数取不同的值时，就能得到按Tresca屈服准则、线性逼近的Mises屈服准则和双剪应力屈服准则的计算结果，并且绘制了在相应准则下的极限应力线图．从而可知：在三维应力状态下，应用该理论，可以获得极限载荷分析的精确解；极限载荷线图与三种屈服准则的屈服曲线是相吻合的；计算的结果可以用于拉压异性和同性的材料，为工程应用提供了理论依据．     

沥青混合料疲劳过程的损伤力学分析

采用损伤力学方法研究沥青混合料的疲劳失效问题。针对悬壁梁弯曲疲劳试件,推导出疲劳过程中应力场、损伤场和疲劳裂纹形成寿命的工程封闭公式。根据沥青混合料特点,提出一种模拟疲劳裂纹扩展的特征单元失效模式,从而将疲劳裂纹形成与扩展两个阶段统一用损伤力学理论进行描述和分析。本文对沥青混合料试件的疲劳裂纹形成寿命与扩展寿命分段进行了预测,还对疲劳过程中刚度衰减及位移幅值的演化过程进行了数值模拟计算。理论预期与实验结果吻合良好。     

开口厚壁截面短构件的约束扭转1）

为了分析开口厚壁截面短构件的约束扭转问题,采用统一分析梁模型与有限节线法,对T形和L形厚壁截面短构件约束扭转时横截面的翘曲和应力分布情况等问题进行了分析研究.算例计算结果表明：开口厚壁截面短构件存在与其横截面形心位置不一致的扭转（弯曲）中心,构件在不过扭转中心的外力作用下会产生弯扭耦合变形,其横截面将产生不均匀翘曲,横截面上的翘曲正应力和扭转剪应力均呈非线性分布.     

基于应变能的复杂应力场低周疲劳分析

塑性应变能使材料微观组织结构发生不可逆变化,从而引起等效宏观应力,该应力随循环加载而增大．假定材料疲劳源处破坏是由最大拉应力引起的,最大等效宏观应力与外加应力叠加达到材料本征断裂应力时形成微裂纹．微裂纹引起上述两部分应力变化,继续加载直至宏观裂纹出现,从而得到材料的疲劳寿命．本文所建立的多轴疲劳寿命公式包含材料参数、拉应力以及塑性应变能等,以上数据可通过单轴疲劳数据和有限元方法获得．通过对SM45C材料的计算验证,表明该模型对多轴随机应变加载低周疲劳寿命,具有良好的预测结果．     

The effect of frequency and sample shape on fatigue behaviors of DZ125 superalloy

The effect of frequency and sample shape on fatigue behaviors of DZ125 superalloy are systematically studied. The results show that fatigue fracture still occurs above the cycle of 10⁸ for tests carried out at the frequency of f = 20 kHz and stress ratio R = ?1, so the traditional fatigue limit at cycle of 10⁷ is not appropriate for fatigue design. Fatigue fracture surfaces are perpendicular to stress axis for cylindrical and plate specimens, and the fatigue cracks originate from the extra surface of the specimens. Fatigue crack is apt to propagate from cutting direction to forward direction, which occurs mainly in the second propagation stage at higher stress amplitude. There is an obvious frequency effect for DZ125 superalloy. The higher the test frequency is, the more serious the effect of frequency on fatigue behaviors of the alloy. After the frequency correction, the ultra-high cycle fatigue S-N curve well coincide with the traditional fatigue S-N curve.     

Probabilistic multiscale models and measurements of self-heating under multiaxial high cycle fatigue

Different approaches have been proposed to link high cycle fatigue properties to thermal measurements under cyclic loadings, usually referred to as “self-heating tests.” This paper focuses on two models whose parameters are tuned by resorting to self-heating tests and then used to predict high cycle fatigue properties. The first model is based upon a yield surface approach to account for stress multiaxiality at a microscopic scale, whereas the second one relies on a probabilistic modelling of microplasticity at the scale of slip-planes.Both model identifications are cost effective, relying mainly on quickly obtained temperature data in self-heating tests. They both describe the influence of the stress heterogeneity, the volume effect and the hydrostatic stress on fatigue limits. The thermal effects and mean fatigue limit predictions are in good agreement with experimental results for in and out-of phase tension-torsion loadings. In the case of fatigue under non-proportional loading paths, the mean fatigue limit prediction error of the critical shear stress approach is three times less than with the yield surface approach.     

裂纹闭合和循环塑性预应变及循环载荷压缩部分对裂纹扩展速率的影响

本文针对三种国产材料 Ｌｙ１１ｃｚ、 Ｌｙ１２ｃｚ 铝合金和 １８ Ｍｎ Ｈ Ｐ钢,通过实验初步考察了循环塑性预应变和循环载荷压缩部分对疲劳裂纹扩展的影响;采用电测法,测定了两种铝合金材料疲劳裂纹扩展的张开应力和有效应力强度因子幅值比 Ｕ。结果表明：（１）材料循环塑性预应变和循环载荷压缩部分,都使疲劳裂纹扩展速率提高;（２）常幅载荷下,在疲劳裂纹稳定扩展阶段,有效应力强度因子幅值比 Ｕ 与应力比 Ｒ 有关,与裂纹长度ａ 无关,并依赖于材料的力学性能。     

预应变对中碳钢扭转疲劳特性的影响

应用扭转疲劳试验机对退火后的非预应变45#钢及其3种预应变材料进行 实验. 实验结果表明：预应变量小于5%时,与非预应变材料相比疲劳极限降低10\%; 预应变量大于5{%}时,随着预应变量的增加,其疲劳极限有恢复的趋势,当预应变量达到 8%时,预应变材料与非预应变材料的疲劳极限几乎相等;当循环应力达到1*10^7$时,各种试件表面都有明显的停留裂纹存在.     

孔径尺寸对干涉配合铆接件超高周疲劳性能的影响

合理的干涉配合铆接工艺可以有效提高构件疲劳性能,本文通过试验研究与数值模拟相结合分析孔径尺寸对干涉配合铆接件超高周疲劳性能的影响。利用20kHz超声疲劳试验系统测试了三种不同孔径尺寸下干涉配合铆接件的超高周疲劳性能;基于ABAQUS模拟分析了铆接工艺过程以及孔径尺寸对干涉量和孔边残余应力的影响,通过分析高频低幅加载下孔边应力分布,结合超高周疲劳试验及断口形貌观察,分析了孔径尺寸对铆接件超高周疲劳性能的影响。结果表明:不同孔径尺寸铆接件的裂纹萌生扩展方式类似,疲劳裂纹萌生均发生在孔边距表面1.5mm最大残余拉应力处;适当减小孔径尺寸所形成的合理干涉量可以提高铆接件疲劳寿命,φ4.10mm的孔径可以形成0.66%的孔边平均干涉量,铆接件疲劳寿命最高达到3.63×108周。     

A comparative study of crack propagation models for PMMA and PVC

An analysis of examining the validity of a unified approach proposed earlier by the authors for the fatigue crack propagation (FCP) of engineering materials to include PMMA and PVC is described. The proposed formulation has been shown capable of characterizing a diversified range of materials with a master FCP diagram and expressed as da/dN = A(ΔG)^m/(G_c − G_max).An experimental program is undertaken to measure fatigue growth rate with the standard compact tension specimen. The FCP results are for the first instance analysed for each material using the unified formulation. The validity of the formulation for producing a master FCP diagram is verified when the fatigue crack growth rates of the materials are successfully characterized in one master diagram, yielding an excellent coefficient of correlation of 0.993. No such success is attained using a number of conventional FCP laws considered most acceptable to characterize polymeric materials.     

一种基于耗散能计算的高周疲劳参数预测方法

在热力学框架下,基于薄板假设,建立金属材料薄板试样在高周疲劳载荷作用下的热传导方程,将试样温度场数据和实时载荷信号导入,准确计算与高周疲劳损伤相关的单个循环内耗散能. 基于该方法,以316L不锈钢材料为例,通过实时监测试样不同应力水平下高周疲劳破坏全过程中耗散能的变化,拟合出耗散能-疲劳寿命曲线,呈现与传统的应力-疲劳寿命曲线相同的规律;提出一种新的预测高周疲劳极限的能量法,确定的疲劳极限与实验值相近.