壳聚糖的酶法降解

用壳聚糖酶降解壳聚糖,探讨了壳聚糖降解过程中温度、pH值、底物浓度和金属离子对酶促反应的影响。结果表明:酶促反应进行到5 h左右时,即可得到聚合度小于10的壳寡糖。该酶促反应的最适温度为50℃,最适pH=5.5;最适底物浓度为0.02 g/mL;金属离子Ca2+和Mg2+对酶降解有一定的促进作用,而Zn2+、Cu2+对酶降解有较强的抑制作用。该酶促反应符合米氏动力学方程,米氏常数Km=7.80 g/L,最大反应速率Vmax=7.72 g/(min.L)。     

聚羟基烷酸酯酶降解动力学研究

研究了羟基丁酸 羟基戊酸共聚物 (PHBV)在脂肪酶中的降解行为 ,用滴定法测定降解速度并进行酶促反应动力学研究 .探讨了降解速度与酶浓度和底物浓度的数学关系和Michaelis Menten常数 ,从实验上和理论上证实了PHBV的物理形态和几何尺寸对酶降解过程的影响 ,以及实验数据与非均相动力学模型的拟合     

温控相转移配体及催化（XVI）：——Rh／PETPP催化的水／有机两相邻氯硝基苯CO还原反应动力学的研究

首次将具有“温控相转移催化”功能的非离子表面活性水溶性膦／铑配合物用于以CO为还原剂的水／有机两相芳香硝基物选择还原反应，以邻氯硝基苯为底物考察了反应温度、CO压力，底物浓度，催化剂浓度和水／有机两相体积比等对反应转化率和选择性的影响。结果表明，当反应条件为150℃和4MPa，反应32h时，邻氯硝基苯的转化率为98％，邻氯苯胺的选择性接近100％，动力学研究表明，底物浓度和催化剂浓度分别对反应速率呈一级，反应的表观活化能Ea=131.3kJ/mol。     

温控相转移配体及催化(ⅩⅥ)──Rh/PETPP催化的水/有机两相邻氯硝基苯CO还原反应动力学的研究

首次将具有"温控相转移催化"功能的非离子表面活性水溶性膦/铑配合物用于以CO为还原剂的水/有机两相芳香硝基物选择还原反应.以邻氯硝基苯为底物考察了反应温度、CO压力、底物浓度、催化剂浓度和水/有机两相体积比等对反应转化率和选择性的影响.结果表明,当反应条件为150℃和4MPa,反应32h时,邻氯硝基苯的转化率为98%,邻氯苯胺的选择性接近100%.动力学研究表明,底物浓度和催化剂浓度分别对反应速率呈一级,反应的表观活化能E_a=131.13kJ/mol.     

单一粒度法研究固定化酶内扩散限制的酶应动力学

本文提出了用一种粒度的固定化酶,利用在高底物浓度与低底物浓度时分别表现为零级反应与一级反应的特点,研究在连续式反应器中内扩散限制下酶反应动力学的方法。通过在棒条状异构化酶上葡萄糖转化为果糖的反应,测求了酶反应的本征参数以及一级反应速度常数、表观米氏常数、底物扩散系数、效率因子等动力学参数。     

中、碱性条件下L-抗坏血酸自降解非酶褐变过程动力学研究

在中、碱性溶液环境下,对L-抗坏血酸自降解过程非酶褐变反应的化学行为进行了研究。考察了反应温度、时间、pH等对L-抗坏血酸自降解过程的影响,包括对底物消耗、无色中间体及褐色物质生成的影响;分析探讨了褐色物质生成的动力学特征。结果表明:反应体系温度越高,时间越长,溶液越偏向碱性环境,越有利于L-抗坏血酸的自降解及无色中间体和褐色物质的生成。生成褐色物质动力学研究表明:褐色物质的生成只与L-抗坏血酸的降解有关;通过建立褐色物质生成动力学方程发现,褐色物质的生成符合准零级动力学特征。不同pH环境,生成褐色物质的活化能不一样。当溶液pH值为9.5时,褐色物质的生成活化能为27.62 kJ·mol~(-1),均小于其它pH值下的生成活化能。根据L-抗坏血酸降解过程,对L-抗坏血酸降解机理进行了探讨,提出了在中、碱性条件下可能的降解机理。     

介绍一个酶催化反应动力学实验

在恒电位下,通过测定聚苯胺葡萄糖氧化酶电极反应时的电流来测定酶催化反应的速度、底物浓度、表观米氏常数和反应活化能。该实验方法准确、可靠、方便。     

粒度对多相反应动力学参数的影响

以纳米氧化锌与硫酸氢钠溶液为反应体系, 研究反应物粒度对动力学参数的影响规律. 讨论了表观活化能降低的原因. 结果表明：当反应物粒径、反应温度和搅拌速率一定时, 纳米氧化锌与硫酸氢钠溶液的反应速率仅与反应物的浓度有关；反应物粒度对多相反应的反应级数、速率常数、表观活化能和指前因子均有较大的影响；随着反应物粒径的减小, 表观活化能和指前因子减小, 而反应级数和速率常数增大, 并且速率常数和表观活化能与反应物粒径的倒数呈线性关系；反应物粒度是通过摩尔表面积、摩尔表面能和摩尔表面熵三个方面影响多相反应的动力学参数的.     

碱性条件下L-抗坏血酸自降解的非酶褐变研究

在偏碱性溶液环境下,对L-抗坏血酸(ASA)自降解过程的非酶褐变反应进行了研究。考察了反应因素(温度、时间、p H值)对其非酶褐变过程的影响,主要考察了各反应因素对ASA自降解过程中的底物消耗及生成物(挥发性产物、无色中间体和褐色物质)生成的影响;利用经典动力学模型分析了ASA自降解过程中底物消耗、生成无色中间体和褐色物质的动力学特征。结果表明:较高温度、较长时间和较强碱性均会促进ASA的自降解,同时也有利于挥发性物质、无色中间本和褐色物质的生成。在碱性条件下挥发性产物主要为呋喃类化合物。ASA非酶褐变自降解过程的动力学表现为其自降解符合一级动力学特征,而无色中间体和褐色物质的生成符合零级动力学特征。     

羟基磷酸铜催化剂催化羟化苯酚动力学研究

利用初始反应速率动力学方法研究以过氧化氢为氧化剂.羟基磷酸铜为催化剂催化氧化苯酚的动力学.对催化剂的用量、过氧化氢和苯酚浓度以及温度的影响进行了仔细研究.反应物和催化剂对该反应都是一级的,表观活化能为12kJ/mol.在考虑到所有的吸附平衡后.给出了相应的动力学公式.     

肠杆菌Enterobacter sp. S8共代谢生物降解邻苯二甲酸二丁酯的特性研究

邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)是目前应用最为广泛的邻苯二甲酸酯之一,属于难降解有机污染物,具有较强的内分泌干扰性。本文以分离得到的DBP降解菌Enterobacter sp.S8为研究对象,系统考察了共代谢基质类型和共代谢反应条件对S8共代谢生物降解DBP的影响,同时对其反应动力学及酶的稳定性进行了研究。结果表明,在无共基质添加的条件下,S8对DBP的降解率仅为30.2%,而在温度为30℃、pH为7、甲醇投加量为20mg/L以及DBP初始浓度为300mg/L的优化共代谢降解条件下降解率达到最大,为75.6%;其中DBP初始浓度对共代谢降解效果影响最大。本文的结果为采用生物共代谢方式进行DBP污染环境的治理提供了依据。     

辐射交联制备改性CMC水凝胶的溶胀行为研究

利用丙烯酰胺 (AAm)接枝改性纤维素 ,然后进行羧甲基化反应得到高取代度的丙烯酰胺 羧甲基纤维素钠 (AAm CMC Na) .对该材料进行γ射线辐照制备出新型改性CMC水凝胶 .研究了这种水凝胶的溶胀动力学、交联动力学以及温度、pH值和无机盐浓度对水凝胶溶胀行为的影响 ,并与CMC Na水凝胶进行了比较 .结果表明 ,该水凝胶和CMC Na水凝胶相比 ,优点在于辐照交联所用的剂量下降 ,而且所需的CMC浓度减少 .AAm CMC Na水凝胶的溶胀度随温度升高而增大 ,在pH为 6～ 8范围内达到最大值 ,并随无机盐浓度与吸收剂量增加而下降 ,表现出较好的温度敏感性和pH敏感性 ,可望作为吸水材料和水保持剂     

Novel differential refractometry study of the enzymatic degradation kinetics of poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(epsilon-caprolactone) particles dispersed in water

A poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PEO-b-PCL) diblock copolymer was micronized into small micelle-like particles (approximately 80 nm) via dialysis-induced microphase inversion. The enzymatic biodegradation of the PCL portion of these particles in water was in situ investigated inside a recently developed novel differential refractometer. Using this refractometry method, we were able to monitor the real-time biodegradation via the refractive index change (Deltan) of the dispersion because Deltan is directly proportional to the particle mass concentration. We found that the degradation rate is proportional to either the polymer or enzyme concentration. Our results directly support previous speculation on the basis of the light-scattering data that the biodegradation follows the first-order kinetics for a given enzyme concentration. This study not only leads to a better understanding of the enzymatic biodegradation of PCL, but also demonstrates a novel, rapid, noninvasive, and convenient way to test the degradability of polymers.     

Study on degradation characteristics of chitosan by pepsin with piezoelectric quartz crystal impedance analysis technique.

Piezoelectric quartz crystal impedance analysis technique was applied to study the chitosanolytic activity of pepsin. The method is based on the viscosity-density reduction of chitosan solution during the enzymatic degradation process. Experiments examined the time courses of the variations of motional resistance (deltaR1) for a quartz crystal. By comparing the deltaR1 response curves under different degradation conditions, the effects of pH, temperature, enzyme and substrate concentration on the chitosanolytic activity of pepsin was investigated in detail. The results suggest that the optimum pH and temperature were 4.6 and 55 degrees C, respectively. Increasing aptly the enzyme or substrate concentration was in favor of the degradation of chitosan. Moreover, the influence of the degree of deacetylation (DD) on the enzymatic degradation was studied. The result indicates that chitosan with a lower DD was easier to be degrade compared with chitosan with a higher DD. Also, it was found that there was a good linear relationship between the deltaR1 response and the DD value. The regression equation was deltaR1 = 0.058 x DD-6.795 and the correlation coefficient was 0.987.     

Kinetics of adsorption and proteolytic cleavage of a multilayer ovalbumin film by subtilisin Carlsberg

Adsorption and proteolytic activity of the enzyme subtilisin Carlsberg have been studied on an immobilized, multilayer ovalbumin film. The cross-linked multilayer substrate permits protease adsorption to be examined unencumbered by the surface inhomogeneity typically observed in monolayer studies of protease surface kinetics. Decline of the protein film was measured over time using ellipsometry. Resulting kinetic data as a function of aqueous enzyme concentration and temperature were well fit by a Langmuir-Michaelis-Menten model for surface proteolysis. We observed that both the protein degradation kinetics and the in situ adsorption data were well described by the proposed model. The temperature dependence of the kinetic rate parameter yielded an activation energy of 12 kcal/mol. Further, the apparent Langmuir adsorption equilibrium constant of the enzyme at the protein/aqueous interface was 0.11 L/mg at 22 degrees C, 0.034 L/mg at 36 degrees C, and 0.011 L/mg at 50 degrees C. Although enzyme adsorption at a given aqueous enzyme concentration decreased at higher temperature, the enzyme cleaved the substrate more rapidly, leading to a net increase in the ovalbumin film degradation rate. We observed that the maximum enzyme coverage on the immobilized protein surface was approximately 40% of a close-packed monolayer at ambient temperature (22 degrees C).     

Kinetics of Enzymatic Synthesis of Cinnamyl Butyrate by Immobilized Lipase

This work illustrates the enzymatic synthesis of cinnamyl butyrate by esterification of butyric acid and cinnamyl alcohol. Experiments were performed to study the various operating parameters such as molar ratio, enzyme concentration, temperature, and speed of agitation. Also, the suitable kinetic model for esterification reaction was predicted and the various kinetic parameters were determined. It has been observed that the experimental results agree well with the simulated results obtained by following the ping-pong bi-bi mechanism with dead-end inhibition by both the substrate acid and alcohol. The highest 90% conversion of butyric acid was observed after 12 h at the following reaction conditions: substrate molar ratio 1:2 (butyric acid/cinnamyl alcohol), temperature 50 °C, enzyme loading 2% (with respect to the weight of the substrates), and agitation speed 250 rpm. Diffusional mass transfer limitations between substrate and enzyme surface do not show significant effect on reaction kinetics. Enzyme reusability study reveals that it retains 85% of its catalytic activity after five consecutive cycles.     

基于分子机制的蛋白质酶解反应经验修饰动力学模型

蛋白质酶解反应动力学行为的复杂性在于体系中底物与产物的多样性,以及由此决定的动力学常数的可变性.基于此,以酪蛋白(case in)—胰蛋白酶(trypsin)为模式体系,拟合求得动力学常数(Km和kcat)随水解度(DH)值变化的函数表达式,其规律为:随DH值增加,Km增大,kcat减小,kcat/Km减小,证明:酶与底物的亲和力随肽链缩短而减小,即高分子量多肽为蛋白酶的适宜底物,而酶解效率与酶解专一性随反应进行逐渐降低.进一步,根据分子水平的蛋白质酶解作用机制,关联水解实验数据,得到case in-trypsin酶解反应的经验修饰动力学方程(模型平均相对误差<5%),为定量表征复杂酶解历程以及高效制备活性多肽提供了理论基础.     

Laser light-scattering studies of poly(caprolactone-b-ethylene oxide-b-caprolactone) nanoparticles and their enzymatic biodegradation

Water-insoluble triblock poly(caprolactone-b-ethylene oxide-b-caprolactone) (PCL-PEO-PCL) was micronized into narrowly distributed nanoparticles stable in water. Using a combination of static and dynamic laser light scattering (LLS), we characterized the resultant nanoparticles and studied their biodegradation in the presence of enzyme lipase PS. The results revealed that the biodegradation rate was mainly dependent on the enzyme concentration. The scattering intensity decreased as the degradation proceeded, but there was no change in size of the remaining nanoparticles, indicating that the degradation of each particle was fast and the enzyme consumed the nanoparticles individually. We also found that different copolymer compositions, i.e., different PCL–PEO molar ratios, led to different biodegradation rates. The pH and temperature dependence of the biodegradation rate were also studied. All results indicated that the biodegradation rate can be well controlled and the biodegradation essentially involves two processes: adsorption of lipase PS onto the nanoparticles, and enzymatic hydrolysis of the PCL blocks. The biomedical application of the enzymatic biodegradation of the copolymer nanoparticles is also envisioned. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 37: 3288–3293, 1999