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1.
We investigate the electron transmission through a structure of serial mesoscopic metallic rings coupled to two external leads. A set of analytical expressions based on the quantum waveguide transport and the transfer matrix method are derived and used to discuss the effects of geometric configurations on transmission probabilities. It is found that in the contact ring case the existence of an applied magnetic flux is necessary to create transmission gaps, while in the non-contact ring case transmission gaps always appear irrespective of whether there is an applied magnetic flux or not. The transmissions for periodic rings with a defect ring and periodic rings built by two sorts of rings are also briefly studied. It is also found that the transmission periodicity with wave vector must be ensured by the commensurability of two characteristic lengths, i.e., of the half perimeter of a ring and the connecting wire between two adjacent rings. The special points of wave vector and magnetic flux which give rise to the transmission resonance and antiresonance are analyzed in detail.  相似文献   

2.
This Letter describes dynamic self-assembly in a system of stainless steel spheres ( approximately 1 mm in diameter) rolling on a flat dielectric surface under the influence of an external magnetic field that rotates parallel to the plane of the surface. As the spheres move, they charge triboelectrically. Self-assembly is mediated by two types of electrostatic interactions among these charges: (i) attraction between negatively charged regions of the surface and positively charged spheres and (ii) repulsion between the like-charged spheres. The spheres organize into highly ordered rings as a result of these electrostatic interactions.  相似文献   

3.
A new method of analytic solution of the Percus-Yevick equation for the radial distribution functiong(r) of hard-sphere fluid is proposed. The original non-linear integral equation is reduced to non-homogeneous linear integral equation of Volterra's type of the second order. The kernel of this new equation has a polynomial form which allows to find analytic expression forg(r) itself without using the Laplace transformation. In addition, the first three moments of the total correlation function can be found.  相似文献   

4.
The initial decay time of the spectrum and the integrated intensity of depolarized light scattered from a system of interacting spherical and optically isotropic colloidal particles as a function of scattering angle is calculated in the double scattering approximation. These quantities can be reduced in the short-time regime to the static structure factor of single scattering, as observed in polarized scattering for systems of intermediate concentrations of colloidal particles. The results are applied to charged polysterene spheres in solutions and it is shown by numerical calculations that the presence of interactions can modify the angular dependence of initial decay time and integrated intensity considerably.  相似文献   

5.
Young's interference pattern was observed in laser light scattering by spheres on the backside of a glass plate, but not on the frontside of the substrate. This was because that former method eliminated or reduced the influence of light scattering from a substrate on interference fringes. Young's interference makes the prediction of integrated scattering cross section of spheres complicated for the case of high number density of deposited particles. A modified Bohbert-Vlieger model that takes interference effect into consideration is proposed. Analysis shows that this model is reasonable to describe light scattering cross section of spheres.  相似文献   

6.
We use the Sh-matrix formalism that contains the shape-dependent parameters of the T-matrix to derive an analytic solution for the light scattering from two merging spheres at different degrees of merging. The integral expressions for the Sh-matrix elements are simpler than those of the T-matrix elements and, for two merging spheres, these integrals can be solved analytically. Our calculations show that when the spheres merge, the primary fringes that are circular for non-merging spheres become distorted. Secondary fringes due to the interference of the waves emanating from the two spheres begin to appear when the spheres are merged approximately 50%.  相似文献   

7.
S THIRUKKANESH  F C RAGEL 《Pramana》2012,78(5):687-696
We study static spherically symmetric spacetime to describe compact objects with anisotropic matter distribution. We express the system of Einstein field equations as a new system of differential equations using a coordinate transformation, and then write the system in another form with polytropic equation of state and obtain two classes of exact models. The models satisfy all major physical features expected in a realistic star. For polytropic index n?=?2, we obtain expressions for mass and density which are comparable with the reported experimental observations.  相似文献   

8.
We examine the entropy of self-gravitating radiation confined to a spherical box of radiusR in the context of general relativity. We expect that configurations (i.e., initial data) which extremize total entropy will be spherically symmetric, time symmetric distributions of radiation in local thermodynamic equilibrium. Assuming this is the case, we prove that extrema ofS coincide precisely with static equilibrium configurations of the radiation fluid. Furthermore, dynamically stable equilibrium configurations are shown to coincide with local maxima ofS. The equilibrium configurations and their entropies are calculated and their properties are discussed. However, it is shown that entropies higher than these local extrema can be achieved and, indeed, arbitrarily high entropies can be attained by configurations inside of or outside but arbitrarily near their own Schwarzschild radius. However, if we limit consideration to configurations which are outside their own Schwarzschild radius by at least one radiation wavelength, then the entropy is bounded and we find Smax MR, whereM is the total mass. This supports the validity for self-gravitating systems of the Bekenstein upper limit on the entropy to energy ratio of material bodies.  相似文献   

9.
10.
An analytic expression for the angular dependency of light backscattered from turbid suspensions of dielectric spheres that accounts for multiple-scattering effects is developed. The multiple-scattering model expresses backscattered light as a convolution of the phase function and a kernel representing the effects of forward scattering, multiplied by the optical thickness of the slab. Excellent agreement between Monte Carlo simulations and the analytic expressions is demonstrated for optical thicknesses of 0.1-4. The results are important for goniometric sizing measurements of biological cells and cellular organelles using elastically backscattered light.  相似文献   

11.
In this study we present a microcanonical Monte Carlo investigation of one dimensional (1 ? d) self-gravitating toy models. We study the effect of hard-core potentials and compare to the results obtained with softening parameters and also the effect of the topology on these systems. In order to study the effect of the topology in the system we introduce a model with the symmetry of motion in a line instead of a circle, which we denominate as 1 /r model. The hard-core particle potential introduces the effect of the size of particles and, consequently, the effect of the density of the system that is redefined in terms of the packing fraction of the system. The latter plays a role similar to the softening parameter ? in the softened particles’ case. In the case of low packing fractions both models with hard-core particles show a behavior that keeps the intrinsic properties of the three dimensional gravitational systems such as negative heat capacity. For higher values of the packing fraction the ring model behaves as the potential for the standard cosine Hamiltonian Mean Field model while for the 1 /r model it is similar to the one-dimensional systems. In the present paper we intend to show that a further simplification level is possible by introducing the lattice-gas counterpart of such models, where a drastic simplification of the microscopic state is obtained by considering a local average of the exact N-body dynamics.  相似文献   

12.
Theoriginal and theenhanced Maxwell-Garnett estimates for the permittivity of a particulate medium are applied to the reflection of light by a composite dielectric slab. The reflection coefficients for incident s and p polarizations are calculated and some curves are plotted and discussed.  相似文献   

13.
讨论了双相干点光源的三维空间干涉场的一般数学描述,分析了3个不同截面处的干涉强度的空间分布情况,并给出了相干相长点的计算机模拟图样.该结果也适用于其他类型波的相干叠加场分布.  相似文献   

14.
Criteria which guarantee the stability of self-gravitating gaseous and stellar disks toward any localized small perturbations are obtained. These criteria are formulated as inequalities of the form Q>Q c (separately for gas and stars). The latter should be satisfied by the “stability parameter” Q, which is equal, by definition, to unity on the stability boundary of radial perturbations. The critical value of the stability parameter Q c is appreciably greater than (although of the order of) unity, attesting to the great instability of nonaxially symmetric perturbations. It is shown that the stability criterion derived for gaseous disks is valid for disks rotating within a spheroidal component (as in spiral galaxies) or in the field of a central mass (planetary rings and accretion disks). Stellar disks are stabilized with significantly greater difficulty. This is attributable mainly to the anisotropy of the velocity distribution inherent to them, which is favorable for instability. Zh. éksp. Teor. Fiz. 112, 771–795 (September 1997)  相似文献   

15.
16.
A geometric optics approach including surface wave contributions has been developed for homogeneous and concentrically coated spheres. In this approach, a ray-by-ray tracing program was used for efficient computation of the extinction and absorption cross sections. The present geometric-optics surface-wave (GOS) theory for light scattering by spheres considers the surface wave contribution along the edge of a particle as a perturbation term to the geometric-optics core that includes Fresnel reflection–refraction and Fraunhofer diffraction. Accuracies of the GOS approach for spheres have been assessed through comparison with the results determined from the exact Lorenz–Mie (LM) theory in terms of the extinction efficiency, single-scattering albedo, and asymmetry factor in the size–wavelength ratio domain. In this quest, we have selected a range of real and imaginary refractive indices representative of water/ice and aerosol species and demonstrated close agreement between the results computed by GOS and LM. This provides the foundation to conduct physically reliable light absorption and scattering computations based on the GOS approach for aerosol aggregates associated with internal and external mixing states employing spheres as building blocks.  相似文献   

17.
18.
《Nuclear Physics B》2004,683(3):455-466
The equilibrium properties of classical self-gravitating systems in the grand canonical ensemble are studied by using the correspondence with an euclidean field theory with infrared and ultraviolet cutoffs. It is shown that the system develops a first order phase transition between a low and a high density regime. In addition, due to the long range of the gravitational potential, the system is close to criticality within each phase, with the exponents of mean field theory. The coexistence of a sharp first order transition and critical behavior can explain both the presence of voids in large regions of the universe as well as the self-similar density correlations in terms of self-gravity alone.  相似文献   

19.
We investigate the statistical equilibrium properties of a system of classical particles interacting via Newtonian gravity, enclosed in a three-dimensional spherical volume. Within a mean-field approximation, we derive an equation for the density profiles maximizing the microcanonical entropy and solve it numerically. At low angular momenta, i.e. for a slowly rotating system, the well-known gravitational collapse “transition” is recovered. At higher angular momenta, instead, rotational symmetry can spontaneously break down giving rise to more complex equilibrium configurations, such as double-clusters (“double stars”). We analyze the thermodynamics of the system and the stability of the different equilibrium configurations against rotational symmetry breaking, and provide the global phase diagram. Received 8 July 2002 Published online 15 October 2002 RID="a" ID="a"e-mail: demartino@hmi.de  相似文献   

20.
The Standard Model (SM) of Particle Physics is not capable to account for the apparent matterantimatter asymmetry of our Universe. Physics beyond the SM is required and is searched for by (i) employing highest energies (e.g., at LHC), and (ii) striving for ultimate precision and sensitivity (e.g., in the search for electric dipole moments (EDMs)). Permanent EDMs of particles violate both time reversal (T) and parity (P) invariance, and are via the CPT-theorem also CP-violating. Finding an EDM would be a strong indication for physics beyond the SM, and pushing upper limits further provides crucial tests for any corresponding theoretical model, e.g., SUSY. Direct searches of proton and deuteron EDMs bear the potential to reach sensitivities beyond 10?29 e cm. For an all-electric proton storage ring, this goal is pursued by the US-based srEDM collaboration [2], while the newly found Julich-based JEDI collaboration [1] is pursuing an approach using a combined electric-magnetic lattice which shall provide access to the EDMs of protons, deuterons, and 3He ions in the same machine. In addition, JEDI has recently proposed to perform a direct measurement of the proton and/or deuteron EDM at COSY using resonant techniques involving Wien filters.  相似文献   

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