多介质可压缩流体动力学界面捕捉方法

研究多介质流界面捕捉方法的主要目的是消除多介质流体在界面处压力、速度可能出现的非物理振荡现象 ,并通过流体动力学方程和界面捕捉方程的耦合 ,将多介质流体动力学计算形式上转化为单介质流体计算 ,从而可以采用对计算单介质有效的高精度计算方法来处理多介质流动问题。推广了Shyue界面捕捉和其等效方程的推导方法 ,给出的结果可以适用于具有状态方程 p =( ,e,a1 , ,an) +( ,e,b1 , ,bn)e的介质 ,并通过了数值试验验证。     

多介质流体非守恒律欧拉方程组的数值计算方法

对多介质流体在界面处满足的Euler方程进行了探讨 ,方程组中增加了描述材料参数间断性质的对流形式非守恒律方程组。以波传播算法为基础 ,通过Roe方程近似求解Riemann问题 ,同时采用相同的数值差分格式求解流体动力学Euler方程组和界面方程组。该方法可以有效消除多介质流体在界面处压力、速度可能出现的非物理振荡。给出了部分典型一维和二维数值计算结果。     

多介质流体非守恒律欧拉方程组的数值计算方法

对多介质流体在界面处满足的Euler方程进行了探讨,方程组中增加了描述材料参数间断性质的对流形式非守恒律方程组 .以波传播算法为基础,通过Roe方程近似求解Riemann问题,同时采用相同的数值差分格式求解流体动力学Euler方程组和界面方程组.该方法可以有效消除多介质流体在界面处压力、速度可能出现的非物理振荡.给出了部分典型一维和二维数值计算结果.     

水/气多介质问题的界面处理方法

针对不可压缩可压缩水/气多介质问题, 提出一种新的界面处理方法。在可压缩水/气界面处构造Riemann问题, 在水中设音速趋于无穷大, 求解Riemann问题得到不可压缩可压缩水/气界面处流体的准确流动状态; 然后以此状态结合GFM(ghost fluid method)方法分别为2种流体定义界面边界条件, 将两相流问题转化为单相流问题计算, 通过求解level set方程来跟踪界面的位置。对各种不同的界面边界条件定义方法进行了比较, 数值模拟结果表明算法能准确地捕捉各类间断的位置, 证明了算法的有效性和稳健性。     

激波作用下三维涡的形成及其界面捕捉计算

针对三维多介质可压缩流体,给出了可压缩多介质流体三维高精度数值计算方法,以及界面捕捉方程和带重新初始化的三维LevelSet方法,对初始压力间断和密度间断条件形成激波、接触间断以及稀疏波的三维复杂流场相互作用情况进行数值计算,给出流场中涡的形成过程和界面位置。并对计算方法进行理论验证。     

界面不稳定性引起混合过程的二维数值计算

在可压缩多介质流体动力学高精度欧拉计算方法多介质流体分段抛物方法(multi-fluid piecewise parabolic method, MFPPM)基础上,运用算子分裂技术,增加二阶空间中心差方法和两步Rung-Kutta时间推进方法计算动力学黏性以及热流部分对流场的影响,发展适用于NS(Navier-Stokes)方程的可压缩多介质黏性流体计算方法多介质黏性流体分段抛物方法(multi-viscousity-fluid piecewise parabolic method, MVPPM). 文中采用MVPPM对英国AWE(atomic weapons establishment)激波管实验进行二维计算,给出了与实验图像基本一致的计算结果;应用MFPPM和MVPPM分别对二维柱对称内爆动力学界面不稳定性及其后期混合过程进行数值模拟,给出内外界面演化、速度历史以及后期中心气穴不同半径内因RT(Rayleigh-Taylor)界面不稳定性引起的混合量分布情况,从计算结果比较可见黏性对物质界面处混合量的分布影响明显.      

可压缩多介质流动的间断有限元方法

采用间断有限元方法、LS方法和通量装配技术相结合,建立了一种计算可压缩多介质流动的有效 方法。计算中以光滑Heavside函数构造流体比热比和重新初始化方程中的符号距离函数,并采用通量装配 技术抑制界面附近的非物理振荡。为解决可压缩多介质流动提供一种新的手段。     

Mie-Grneisen状态方程可压缩多流体流动的PPM方法

采用流体体积分数的混合型多流体数值模型，将piecewise parabolic method (PPM)方法应用于可压缩多流体流动的数值模拟，拓展了以前提出的模型和数值方法，使它能够处理一般的Mie-Grneisen状态方程。采用双波近似和两层迭代算法求解一般状态方程的Riemann问题；并根据多流体接触界面无振荡原则设计高精度计算格式，对典型的纯界面平移问题可以从理论上证明本算法在接触间断附近压力和速度没有振荡，而且数值模拟结果表明界面数值耗散也被控制在2~3个网格之内。模拟了多种复杂的可压缩多流体流动，算例结果表明本文方法可以有效地处理接触间断、激波等物理问题，且具有耗散小精度高的特点。     

欧拉流体力学数值方法中的界面计算

本文所提算法适用于二维和三维多介质流体力学两步欧拉数值方法中输运计算的混合网格(包括自由面网格)界面处理。在一个混合网格中，界面被近似地看作直线(二维)或平面(三维)。整个方法分为三步：(1)第一步，用混合网格周围的八个网格的介质面积份额(二维)或二十六个网格的介质体积份额(三维)确定界面的法线方向；第二步，用混合网格的本身的介质面积份额(二维)或体积份额(三维)确定界面的方程(位置)；第三步，用此直线方程求出通过网格边界的流以及下一时刻网格的面积份额(二维)或体积份额(三维)。最后给出了用此方法所做的一些数值计算及与SLIC算法的比较。     

自适应网格技术在流体力学界面处理中的应用

自适应网格技术是流体力学数值计算中的重要内容之一．不仅能够处理大变形问题，而且能够大大提高物质界面的计算精度。针对结构网格给出了网格细化结构、误差估计、数据管理、网格产生算法等。通过对强激波双马赫反射及Rayleigh-Taylor界面不稳定性现象进行数值模拟．获得符合精度要求的对激波阵面及物质界面自适应跟踪结果。     

Adaptive thermo-fluid moving boundary computations for interfacial dynamics

In this study,we present adaptive moving boundary computation technique with parallel implementation on a distributed memory multi-processor system for large scale thermo-fluid and interfacial flow computations.The solver utilizes Eulerian-Lagrangian method to track moving(Lagrangian) interfaces explicitly on the stationary(Eulerian) Cartesian grid where the flow fields are computed.We address the domain decomposition strategies of Eulerian-Lagrangian method by illustrating its intricate complexity of the computation involved on two different spaces interactively and consequently,and then propose a trade-off approach aiming for parallel scalability.Spatial domain decomposition is adopted for both Eulerian and Lagrangian domain due to easy load balancing and data locality for minimum communication between processors.In addition,parallel cell-based unstructured adaptive mesh refinement(AMR) technique is implemented for the flexible local refinement and even-distributed computational workload among processors.Selected cases are presented to highlight the computational capabilities,including Faraday type interfacial waves with capillary and gravitational forcing,flows around varied geometric configurations and induced by boundary conditions and/or body forces,and thermo-fluid dynamics with phase change.With the aid of the present techniques,large scale challenging moving boundary problems can be effectively addressed.     

An embedded approach for immiscible multi‐fluid problems

An embedded formulation for the simulation of immiscible multi‐fluid problems is proposed. The method is particularly designed for handling gas–liquid systems. Gas and liquid are modeled using the Eulerian and the Lagrangian formulation, respectively. The Lagrangian domain (liquid) moves on top of the fixed Eulerian mesh. The location of the material interface is exactly defined by the position of the boundary mesh of the Lagrangian domain. The individual fluid problems are solved in a partitioned fashion and are coupled using a Dirichlet–Neumann algorithm. Representation of the pressure discontinuity across the interface does not require any additional techniques being an intrinsic feature of the method. The proposed formulation is validated, and its potential applications are shown. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A high‐resolution method for compressible two‐fluid flows and simulation of three‐dimensional shock–bubble interactions

A high‐resolution method is developed to capture the material interfaces of compressible two‐fluid flows in multiple dimensions. A fluid mixture model system with single velocity and pressure is used, and viscous effect can also be taken into account. A consistent thermodynamic law based on the assumption of pressure equilibrium is employed to describe the thermodynamic behaviors of the pure fluids and mixture of two components. The splitting and unsplit Eulerian formulations of piecewise parabolic method are extended to numerically integrate the hyperbolic part of the model system, whereas the system of diffusion equations is solved using an explicit, central difference scheme. The block‐structured adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) capability is built in the hydrodynamic code to locally improve grid resolution. The resulting method is verified to be at least second‐order accurate in space. Numerical results show that the discontinuities, particularly contact discontinuities, can be resolved sharply. The use of AMR allows flow features at disparate scales to be resolved sufficiently. In addition, three‐dimensional shock–bubble interactions are simulated to investigate effects of Mach number on bubble evolution. The flow structures including those peculiar to three‐dimensional bubble are resolved correctly, and some physical phenomena with increasing Mach number are reported. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fluid–structure interactions of photo-responsive polymer cantilevers

A new class of photomechanical liquid crystal networks (LCNs) has emerged, which generate large bending deformation and fast response times that scale with the resonance of the polymer films. Here, a numerical study is presented that describes the photomechanical structural dynamic behavior of an LCN in a fluid medium; however, the methodology is also applicable to fluid–structure interactions of a broader range of adaptive structures. Here, we simulate the oscillation of photomechanical cantilevers excited by light while simultaneously modeling the effect of the surrounding fluid at different ambient pressures. The photoactuated LCN is modeled as an elastic thin cantilever plate, and gradients in photostrain from the external light are computed from the assumptions of light absorption and photoisomerization through the film thickness. Numerical approximations of the equations governing the plate are based on cubic B-spline shape functions and a second order implicit Newmark central scheme for time integration. For the fluid, three dimensional unsteady incompressible Navier–Stokes equations are solved using the arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) method, which employs a structured body-fitted curvilinear coordinate system where the solid–fluid interface is a mesh line of the system, and the complicated interface boundary conditions are accommodated in a conventional finite-volume formulation. Numerical examples are given which provide new insight into material behavior in a fluid medium as a function of ambient pressure.     

CAD-consistent adaptive refinement using a NURBS-based discontinuous Galerkin method

This study concerns the development of a new method combining high-order computer-aided design (CAD)-consistent grids and adaptive refinement/coarsening strategies for efficient analysis of compressible flows. The proposed approach allows to use geometrical data from CAD without any approximation. Thus, the simulations are based on the exact geometry, even for the coarsest discretizations. Combining this property with a local refinement method allows to start computations using very coarse grids and then relies on dynamic adaption to construct suitable computational domains. The resulting approach facilitates interactions between CAD and computational fluid dynamics solvers and focuses the computational effort on the capture of physical phenomena, since geometry is exactly taken into account. The proposed methodology is based on a discontinuous Galerkin method for compressible Navier-Stokes equations, modified to use nonuniform rational B-Spline representations. Local refinement and coarsening are introduced using intrinsic properties of nonuniform rational B-Spline associated with a local error indicator. A verification of the accuracy of the method is achieved and a set of applications are presented, ranging from viscous subsonic to inviscid trans- and supersonic flow problems.     

High‐order implicit Runge–Kutta time integrators for fluid‐structure interactions

This paper presents an approach to develop high‐order, temporally accurate, finite element approximations of fluid‐structure interaction (FSI) problems. The proposed numerical method uses an implicit monolithic formulation in which the same implicit Runge–Kutta (IRK) temporal integrator is used for the incompressible flow, the structural equations undergoing large displacements, and the coupling terms at the fluid‐solid interface. In this context of stiff interaction problems, the fully implicit one‐step approach presented is an original alternative to traditional multistep or explicit one‐step finite element approaches. The numerical scheme takes advantage of an arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian formulation of the equations designed to satisfy the geometric conservation law and to guarantee that the high‐order temporal accuracy of the IRK time integrators observed on fixed meshes is preserved on arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian deforming meshes. A thorough review of the literature reveals that in most previous works, high‐order time accuracy (higher than second order) is seldom achieved for FSI problems. We present thorough time‐step refinement studies for a rigid oscillating‐airfoil on deforming meshes to confirm the time accuracy on the extracted aerodynamics reactions of IRK time integrators up to fifth order. Efficiency of the proposed approach is then tested on a stiff FSI problem of flow‐induced vibrations of a flexible strip. The time‐step refinement studies indicate the following: stability of the proposed approach is always observed even with large time step and spurious oscillations on the structure are avoided without added damping. While higher order IRK schemes require more memory than classical schemes (implicit Euler), they are faster for a given level of temporal accuracy in two dimensions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Domain decomposition methods in computational fluid dynamics

The divide-and-conquer paradigm of iterative domain decomposition or substructuring has become a practical tool in computational fluid dynamics applications because of its flexibility in accommodating adaptive refinement through locally uniform (or quasi-uniform) grids, its ability to exploit multiple discretizations of the operator equations, and the modular pathway it provides towards parallelism. We illustrate these features on the classic model problem of flow over a backstep using Newton's method as the non-linear iteration. Multiple discretizations (second-order in the operator and first-order in the preconditioner) and locally uniform mesh refinement pay dividends separately and can be combined synergistically. We include sample performance results from an Intel iPSC/860 hypercube implementation.     

A simplified adaptive Cartesian grid system for solving the 2D shallow water equations

This paper presents a new simplified grid system that provides local refinement and dynamic adaptation for solving the 2D shallow water equations (SWEs). Local refinement is realized by simply specifying different subdivision levels to the cells on a background uniform coarse grid that covers the computational domain. On such a non‐uniform grid, the structured property of a regular Cartesian mesh is maintained and neighbor information is determined by simple algebraic relationships, i.e. data structure becomes unnecessary. Dynamic grid adaptation is achieved by changing the subdivision level of a background cell. Therefore, grid generation and adaptation is greatly simplified and straightforward to implement. The new adaptive grid‐based SWE solver is tested by applying it to simulate three idealized test cases and promising results are obtained. The new grid system offers a simplified alternative to the existing approaches for providing adaptive mesh refinement in computational fluid dynamics. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Development of Gas-Particle Euler-Euler LES Approach: A Priori Analysis of Particle Sub-Grid Models in Homogeneous Isotropic Turbulence

A new large eddy simulation (LES) approach for particle-laden turbulent flows in the framework of the Eulerian formalism for inertial particle statistical modelling is developed. Local instantaneous Eulerian equations for the particle cloud are first written using the mesoscopic Eulerian formalism (MEF) proposed by Février et al. (J Fluid Mech 533:1–46, 2005), which accounts for the contribution of an uncorrelated velocity component for inertial particles with relaxation time larger than the Kolmogorov time scale. Second, particle LES equations are obtained by volume filtering the mesoscopic Eulerian ones. In such an approach, the particulate flow at larger scales than the filter width is recovered while sub-grid effects need to be modelled. Particle eddy-viscosity, scale similarity and mixed sub-grid stress (SGS) models derived from fluid compressible turbulence SGS models are presented. Evaluation of such models is performed using three sets of particle Lagrangian results computed from discrete particle simulation (DPS) coupled with fluid direct numerical simulation (DNS) of homogeneous isotropic decaying turbulence. The two phase flow regime corresponds to the dilute one where two-way coupling and inter-particle collisions are not considered. The different particle Stokes number (based on Kolmogorov time scale) are initially equal to 1, 2.2 and 5.1. The mesoscopic field properties are analysed in detail by considering the particle velocity probability function (PDF), correlated velocity power spectra and random uncorrelated velocity moments. The mesoscopic fields measured from DPS+DNS are then filtered to obtain large scale fields. A priori evaluation of particle sub-grid stress models gives comparable agreement than for fluid compressible turbulence models. It has been found that the standard Smagorinsky eddy-viscosity model exhibits the smaller correlation coefficients, the scale similarity model shows very good correlation coefficient but strongly underestimates the sub-grid dissipation and the mixed model is on the whole superior to pure eddy-viscosity model.     

On the composite Riemann problem for multi‐material fluid flows

We develop an Eulerian fixed grid numerical method for calculating multi‐material fluid flows. This approach relates to the class of interface capturing methods. The fluid is treated as a heterogeneous mixture of constituent materials, and the material interface is implicitly captured by a region of mixed cells that have arisen owing to numerical diffusion. To suppress this numerical diffusion, we propose a composite Riemann problem (CRP), which describes the decay of an initial discontinuity in the presence of a contact point between two different fluids, which is located off the initial discontinuity point. The solution to the CRP serves to calculate multi‐material no mixed numerical flux without introducing any material diffusion. We discuss the CRP solution and its implementation in the multi‐material fluid Godunov method. Numerical results show that a simple framework of the CRP greatly improves capturing material interfaces in the Godunov method and reproduces many of the advantages of more complicated interface tracking multi‐material treatments. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.