Studies on lanthanon(III) complexes ofN-methylisatin-β-amidinohydrazone

Summary The consecutive formation constants of 11 and 21 chelate species made by interaction ofN-methylisatin--amidinohydrazone (-MIAG) with tripositive lanthanons were determined potentiometrically at different ionic strengths (0.02, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 M NaClO₄) and at different temperatures (30, 40, 45 and 50 °C) in 50% v/v dioxan-H₂O. The formation constants log _n (calculated by a weighted least-squares method) for the complexes have been found to increase with the atomic number of the lanthanon, with a break at gadolinium. Thermodynamic parameters G, H and S of these complexation reactions were also evaluated.     

CH Acidity of Di- and Trisubstituted Methanes

It is shown that the CH acidity of di- and trisubstituted methanes can be studied using the ap- proaches consisting in singling out the contributions of physically significant factors from the overall acidification mechanisms in the gas phase and in solution. This procedure implies formal decomposition of the calculated gas-phase deprotonation energy Edeprot into the following terms: electrostatic energy of proton detachment from the acid CH bond, with the state of the remainder of the molecule absolutely unperturbed (E ₁); electronic relaxation energy of the resulting molecular residue and formation of a virtual carbanion therefrom (E ₂); the Edeprot component due to displacement of the atomic nuclei on changing from the virtual to real carbanion E ₃. Relationships between the energy components E ₁, E ₂, E ₃, and the commonly used characteristics of the molecular structure were investigated. The parameter E ₁ is selectively sensitive to the inductive effect of the substituent. Imperfect correlation between E ₁ and the sum of the _I constants can be due to the fact that the contributions to the _I constants from the effective charge on the hydrogen atom of the CH bond being deprotonated and from the polarizabilities of the substituents are not taken into account. In contrast to monosubstituted methanes, in di- and trisubstituted methanes there is no correlation between the E ₂ component and the ¹ J(^13CH) constants. The linear dependence linking the sums of the components E ₁ + E ₂ and the pyramidal angle in the carbanions is responsible for the relaxation nature of the effects associated with the E ₂ + E ₃ sum. Comparison of the data obtained with the calculated patterns of redistribution of the effective charges on atoms accompanying conversion of CH acids to carbanions enabled elucidation of the relative contribution of each of the components, E ₂ and E ₃, to the deprotonation energy of selected groups of substituted methanes. The previously developed technique of separating the energy of protolytic equilibrium in the gas from that of solvation processes in solution enabled assessment of the contributions from electrostatic solvation to pK _a in DMSO. The same technique of singling out the solvation component due to intermolecular hydrogen bonds from pK _a(H₂O) was used in studying the acid-base equilibria for substituted methanes in aqueous solution. It was shown that the solvation effects manifested in the liquid-phase CH acidity can be modeled by the effects revealed for analogous hydrogen bonds of ion-molecule complexes in the gas phase. The relationships between the strength of hydrogen bonds and the CH-acidic properties of compounds in the gas phase and liquid water are similar.     

Band structure of even and ions of odd polyenes

The analysis of experimental data for singlet transitions (E _n) of even polyenes (I), cations (II) and anions (III) of odd polyenes show that for infinite chains E (I)/E (II)=E (I)/E (III) = 2:1. It is shown that the energy gap is equal for the three systems. In cases (II) and (III) there is a level (NBMO) in the gap which is vacant in (II) and occupied in (III). That is why the first optical transition in (II) and (III) depends on the semiwidth of the gap.     

Thermal properties of bis- and tris-phenanthroline metal complexes with dicyanoargentate

Ten new complex compounds of general formula [M(Phen)_x][Ag(CN)₂] ·nH₂O (M=Fe, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn and Cd;x=2 or 3;n=1, 2, or 3) were prepared and studied by TG-DTA. A comparison of the thermal stabilities of these compounds showed that the complexes containing three molecules of phenanthroline exhibit lower thermal stability that the corresponding complexes containing two molecules of phenanthroline.

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Zusammenfassung Zehn neue Komplexverbindungen der allgemeinen Formel [M(phen)_x][Ag(CN)₂] ·nH₂O (M=Fe, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd; phen=o-Phenanthrolin;x=2 oder 3;n=1, 2, oder 3) wurden dargestellt und durch TG-DTA untersucht. Ein Vergleich zeigt, dass die Verbindungen mit 3 Phenanthrolin-Molekülen weniger stabil sind als die entsprechenden Komplexe mit 2 Phenanthrolin-Molekülen.

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- M( ) _x ,[g(N)₂]·n₂, M- , , , , , =2 3 n=1, 2 3. , .

     

Die PO-Bindung in den Phosphiten von Alkali- und Erdalkalimetallen

Zusammenfassung Auf Grund der Infrarotspektren der Phosphite von sieben Metallen der I. und II. Hauptgruppe des Periodischen Systems wurden die Werte der die PO-Bindung in den untersuchten Phosphiten charakterisierenden Parameter (Aufspaltung der Absorptionsbande der antisymmetrischen Valenzschwingung , Kraftkonstantenk _PO, Bindungslänger _PO und BindungsordnungN _PO) festgestellt. Es zeigte sich, daß die Kationen in der Abhängigkeit von ihrer Größe das Phosphitanion deformieren. Die Deformation des Anions erweist sich am deutlichsten in den Werten . Die Bindungsordnungen zeigen einen bedeutenden Anteil der -Bindungen in der PO-Bindung der untersuchten Phosphite.

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ThePO-bond in alkali metal phosphites and alkaline earth metal phosphites

The IR absorption spectra of seven phosphites of metals of groups I and II of the periodic table were recorded. From the spectra obtained, the values of the parameters characterizing the PO-bond in the compounds studied (splitting of the absorption band of the antisymmetric stretching vibration , force constantk _PO, bond lengthr _PO and bond orderN _PO) were calculated. It was shown that deformation of the phosphite anion by the cations is a function of the size of the latter. The deformation of the anion is revealed most clearly in the values . The values of the bond orderN _PO reveal a substantial degree of -bonding in the PO-bonds of the phosphites studied.

     

Circulardichroismus. XXX

Zusammenfassung Es wird eine einfache Anordnung beschrieben, die es gestattet, auf einem Zweitschreiber zum Roussel-Jouan-Dichrographen wahlweise direkt oder / aufzuzeichnen. Integration der letzteren Kurve mit einem Planimeter gibt (unter Berücksichtigung der entsprechenden Faktoren) dann die Rotationsstärke der betrachteten CD-Bande, auch wenn diese starke Peinstruktur zeigt.

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Circular dichroism XXX. On the direct determination of the rotatory strength by the roussel-jouan dichrograph

A simple device is described which can be used with the Roussel-Jouan Dichrograph to give direct readings of s and /, resp. Integration of the latter curve with a planimeter yields the rotatory strength of any partial CD-band.

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Der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft danken wir sehr für die großzügige Unterstützung unserer Arbeiten.

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XXIX. Mitteilung: Snatzke, G., u. K. Schaffner [10].

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Herrn Prof. Dr. E. Asmus zum 60. Geburtstag gewidmet.     

Numerische Auswertung von Enzymanalysen

Zusammenfassung Für eine numerische Auswertung von Enzymanalysen erscheint es zunächst naheliegend, in die Meßpunkte eine Ausgleichsgerade einzupassen und deren Steigung als Schätzwert für die gesuchte Anfangsgeschwindigkeit E/t ₀ zu nehmen. Die Steigung der Ausgleichsgeraden liefert aber die mittlere Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit über die gesamte Meßzeit und unterschätzt E/t ₀ immer dann, wenn die Reaktion gegen Ende der Meßzeit etwas langsamer läuft. Bei automatischen Geräten muß das Auswerteverfahren auch in solchen Fällen E/t ₀ richtig schätzen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird eine einfache Möglichkeit, die zu diesem Ziel führt, diskutiert, nämlich die Schätzung von E/t ₀ mit einer Ausgleichsparabel, die dem Reaktionsverlauf folgen kann.

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Numerical evaluation of enzyme analyses

To calculate enzyme concentrations numerically, it seems obvious to fit a straight line into the data points and take the slope as an estimate for the starting velocity E/t ₀. This slope, however, is proportional to the average reaction rate over the total measurement interval and always underestimates E/t ₀ when the reaction is slowing down towards the end. Automatic analyzers must correctly estimate E/t ₀ even in such cases. As discussed in this article, this can be achieved by fitting a second order parabola, that can follow the reaction, into the data points.

     

Relativistic perturbation theory of molecular structure

Summary The recently developed relativistic double perturbation theory is extended to handle relativistic changes of molecular structure more easily. This is achieved by simple coordinate scalings. Accurate higher order mixed perturbation energies for H ₂ ⁺ are calculated. The relativistic changes of bond energy,DE, of bond length,R _e , and especially of force constant,k, and of anharmonicity,a, are large, up to 100%·(Z/c)². The dominant contributions tok anda are due to the indirect change of the nonrelativistick anda connected with the relativistic change of bond length. Accordingly the relativistic changes obey Badger's and Gordy's rules (–RDEk).Dedicated to Prof. Klaus Ruedenberg in appreciation of his fundamental contributions to both formal theory and physical explanations in quantum chemistry     

SCF perturbation theory for unimolecular reactions

A CNDO/2 SCF perturbation theory is presented for interpreting the form of CNDO/2 potential energy surfaces of unimolecular reactions. The analysis is performed by calculating the energy change E arising from a distortion of the molecular geometry along the reaction coordinate. E is decomposed into different perturbational contributions which are appropriate for an interpretation of the perturbation energy E. Moreover, E is resolved into energy parts arising from a single occupied orbital and contributions due to pairwise orbital interactions. In this way one evaluates numerically how the form of the occupied and unoccupied orbitals determines the magnitude of E. If the distortion occurs along a definite symmetry coordinate, group-theoretical arguments can be applied to discuss the magnitude of characteristic components of the perturbation energy. The SCF perturbation theory is used to analyze the isomerization of ethylene, cis-2-butene and cis-2-butenenitrile.This work was partially supported by Nato-Grant No. 1072     

Relative thermodynamic stabilities of isomeric 1,2-dialkoxyethenes

The relative thermodynamic stabilities of the geometrical isomers of a number of 1,2-dialkoxyethenes have been determined by chemical equilibration in the neat liquid and in 1,4-dioxane solution with mercuric acetate as catalyst. From the variation of the value of the equilibrium constant with temperature, the thermodynamic parameters G , H , and S of theE Z isomerization were evaluated. In all cases theZ isomer proved to be thermodynamically the more stable species, its favor increasing with the bulkiness of the alkoxy groups. The thermodynamic data obtained for theEZ isomerization of 1,2-dimethoxyethene differ significantly from those reported in the literature. An attempt to correlate the experimental thermodynamic data with MM2 calculations for the title compounds as well as for 1,2-dimethoxypropenes is presented.     

Thermodynamics of Proton Association of Polyacrylates and Polymethacrylates in NaCl(aq)

Enthalpies of protonation of polyacrylates and polymethacrylates with different molecular weights in aqueous NaCl solutions, 0 I 2 mol-L^–1 were determined by titration calorimetry at 25°C. H values are dependent on both the neutralization degree, , and the molecular weight of polyacids. T S of protonation was obtained using pK values already reported and the present H results. Empirical equations for the dependence on I, , and molecular weight are reported for both H and T S.     

The Influence of Dimerization of Water-Soluble Metalloporphyrins as Photosensitizers on the Efficiency of Generation of Singlet Oxygen

Quantum yields () for the generation of singlet oxygen sensitized by Pd(II) complexes of water-soluble porphyrins: meso-tetrakis(4-N-methylpyridyl)porphine [PdTMPyP]⁴⁺ ( = 0.9), meso-tetrakis(4-N,N,N-trimethylaminophenyl)porphine [PdTTMAPP]⁴⁺ ( = 0.8), meso-tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)porphine [PdTCPP]^4– ( = 0.7), and meso-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphine [PdTSPP]^4– ( = 0.5) were determined using a chemical method. It was found that the dimerization and aggregation of metalloporphyrins greatly influence the value. The quantum yields evaluated for the formation of singlet oxygen sensitized by metalloporphyrin monomeric and dimeric forms are _{, M} 0.9 and _{, D} 0.2, respectively, and do not depend on the porphyrin nature.     

Über die gemeinsame Umsetzung von α-Mercaptoketonen mit Oxoverbindungen und α-Aminocarbonsäureestern

Zusammenfassung Bei der Umsetzung von -Mercaptoketonen mitSchiffschen Basen aus Glykokolläthylester und Oxoverbindungen (Aldehyden, Cyclohexanon) bzw. bei der gemeinsamen Einwirkung derSchiffschen Base-Komponenten Glykokolläthylester und Oxoverbindungen auf -Mercaptoketone entstehen in glatter Reaktion ⁴-Thiazolin-3-yl-essigsäureäthylester.Als cyclische Enamine lassen sich diese ⁴-Thiazoline mit Ameisensäure zu den entsprechenden beständigen Thiazolidinyl-3-essigsäureäthylestern hydrieren.Die ⁴-Thiazolin-3-yl-essigsäureäthylester, die in 2-Stellung monosubstituiert sind, erleiden beim Erhitzen auf etwa 150° Thermolyse, wobei es unter Abspaltung von Essigsäureäthylester zur Bildung von Thiazolen kommt.

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-Mercapto ketones react with aldehydes (or cyclohexanone) and esters of -amino acids (or their hydrochlorides) or with theSchiff bases formed by these compounds to form esters of ⁴-thiazolin-3-ylacetic acids. These esters can be hydrogenated with formic acid to the corresponding thiazolidines.Esters of ⁴-thiazolinylacetic acids which have a H atom in position 2, can be pyrolysed by heating at about 150° to form the corresponding thiazoles and alkyl acetate. These reactions are illustrated for the case of 2-mercaptopentan-3-on as -mercapto ketone, glycinethylester as amine component and various aldehydes or cyclohexanone as oxo compound.

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60. Mitt.:F. Asinger, W. Schäfer, H. Kersten undA. Saus, Mh. Chem.98, 1841 (1967).

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Teil der DiplomarbeitC. Dudeck, Techn. Hochschule Aachen, 1967.     

Marked differences between acetonitrile/water and methanol/water mobile phase systems on the thermodynamic behavior of benzodiazepines in reversed phase liquid chromatography

Summary Two different methods were used to determine the separation factor at different temperatures and the Gibbs-Helmholtz parameters ((H), (S)) of two adjacent benzodiazepines on a chromatogram were obtained from plots of ln versus 1/T. We first studied each factor (fraction of water in the ACN/water mixture and column temperatureT), which controls the retention mechanism, and then we examined the simultaneous variation of all these factors. The changes in (H) and (S) in relation to a volume fraction of water in an ACN/water mixture were examined. In the ACN/water system, (H) was fairly constant in the acetonitrile region of 0.52 and appears to be a roughly linear function of for 0.52. In this system (S) is approximately a parabolic function of with an optimum at 0.52. The retention mechanism of ten benzodiazepines was found to be significantly different in the methanol/water and ACN/water mixtures. The separation optimization of these ten benzodiazepines was then considered. A fraction of water of 0.43 in the ACN/water mixture and a column temperature of 44°C gave the most efficient separation conditions in the ACN/water mixture.     

ESCA study of (Mo+Pt)/SiO2, (W+Pt)/SiO2 and (Re+Pt)/SiO2 catalysts

Supported catalysts obtained from organometallic compounds have been studied by ESCA. The data obtained indicate a decrease in electron density on the Pt atoms as a result of interaction with Mo, W and Re ions bound to silica.

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, . , Mo, W, Re, .

     

Chiroptical detection during liquid chromatography,part 5: On-line measurement of circular dichroism spectra Δε(λ) during stops of chromatographic flow

Summary A procedure is described which serves to measure circular dichrograms () on line during stops of flow in liquid chromatography. Since the concentration of substrate in the spectrometer cell during the stop is not known, the differential absorption coefficients are calculated from the experimental differential absorbances A by means of UV absorption (i. e. photomultiplier voltage) data. Verifications of the procedure are obtained by its application to three substrates (Table 1), the () spectra of which were known. The present on-line technique is compared with a corresponding off-line method.The N,N-dimethylthiobenzamides1 and2 as well as the 9,10-phenanthrenequinone7 consist of interconvertible enantiomers because their planar states are destabilized by steric overcrowding of groups. The unknown dichrograms () of1, 2 and7 are obtained (Figs. 2 and 4) and discussed with reference to the helicities of these molecules.In memory of the late Professor Dr. Dr. h. c. Günther Snatzke.     

Thermal and temperature dependence of electrical conductivity studies on Zn,Cd and Hg hydrazone complexes

The complexes of Zn, Cd and Hg of isatin isonicotinoyl hydrazone were prepared at two differentpHs. Their thermal studies (TG, DTG and DTA) have been made and the DC electrical conductivity of compressed powder samples as a function of temperature was investigated. The activation energies (E) were calculated for the ligand and the complexes which showed that the ligand has a lower value of E than the complexes. The magnitude of E was found to be affected by the nature of the metal and thepH of preparation.

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Zusammenfassung Bei zwei verschiedenenpH-Werten wurden die Zn-, Cd- und Hg-Komplexe von Isatinisonicotinoylhydrazon hergestellt. Diese wurden thermisch untersucht (TG, DTG, DTA) und die Gleichstromleitfähigkeit von gepreßten Pulverproben als eine Funktion der Temperatur untersucht. Sowohl für die Liganden als auch für die Komplexe wurden die Aktivierungsenergien (E) berechnet, wobei sich für die Liganden niedrigere Werte ergaben. Man fand, daß die Größe von E durch die Art des Metalles und denpH-Wert bei der Herstellung beeinflußt wird.

     

Zur Ermittlung und rechnerischen Überprüfung thermodynamischer Daten aus experimentell gefundenen Werten, 6. Mitt.:

Zusammenfassung Durch Hinzunahme von Dampfdruckmessungen, dieSchreinemakers für den Temperaturbereich 50–75° beim System Wasser (1)/Aceton (3) angestellt hat, wurden die in der vorigen Mitteilung gefundenen Resultate erweitert, so daß nunmehr der gesamte Temperaturbereich von 50–200° der Berechnung zugänglich wurde. Die GrenzaktivitätskoeffizientenA undB wurden mit Hilfe desGaußschen Algorithmus unter Verwendung der Kehrmatrix berechnet. Durch Verwendung des Ansatzes vonMusil-Breitenhuber, dessen Brauchbarkeit zur Zerlegung der Totaldrucke in die Partialdrucke für das vorliegende System bereits festgestellt wurde, gelingt, es die thermodynamischen Zusatzfunktionen (excess functions) G ^E , H undTS ^E und hieraus abgeleitet die vierte Zusatzfunktion C _p ^E zu berechnen. Diese Zusatzfunktionen sind graphisch dargestellt, ihr Verlauf wird zur Diskussion der speziellen Verhältnisse des Systems herangezogen.

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Vapor-tension measurements ofSchreinemakers have been combined with data ofGriswold andWong for the water(1)/ acetone (3) binary system. The range of temperature between 50 and 200° has therefore been thrown open for the calculation of the limiting values of the activity coefficients for vanishing concentrationsA andB (Grenzaktivitätskoeffizienten). The Algorithmus ofGauß under application of the inverse matrix gives great savings of calculation. The separation of total vapor pressures in the partial pressures has been made by using of theMusil-Breitenhuber statement which has been turned out to be useful for these purposes. The excess functions G ^E , HTS ^E and C _p ^E are calculated by using this statement. Plotting the values of these excess functions as a function of the concentration shows the special relations of our binary system. These relations are analysed and discussed.

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Mit 5 Abbildungen

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Herrn Dr.R. Domiaty von der Ersten Lehrkanzel für Mathematik an der Technischen Hochschule in Graz sei für seine liebenswürdige Hilfe bei Berechnung der in dieser Abhandlung vorkommenden Kehrmatrix herzlich gedankt.     

Preparation et proprietes physico-chimiques de l'alanate de magnesium Mg(AlH4)2

Résumé L'alanate de magnésium Mg(AlH₄)₂ désolvaté a été obtenu avec une pureté satisfaisante. La décomposition thermique a été étudiée par thermogravimétrie sous pression réduite (10^–3 torr). La capacité calorifique molaire à 298 K ainsi que l'enthalpie de formation ont été déterminées avec un microcalorimètre Calvet.C _p Mg(AlH₄)₂=32.5 cal·mol^–1·K^–1;H _fMg(AlH₄)₂=–19.2 kcal· mol^–1

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Solvent-free Mg(AlH₄)₂ has been prepared with good purity. Thermogravimetry has been used to investigate the thermal decomposition of Mg(AlH₄)₂ under low pressure (10^–3 torr). The molar heat capacity at 298 K and the heat of formation have been measured with a CALVET microcalorimeter.C _p Mg(AlH₄)₂=32.5 cal·mol^–1·K^–1 H _fMg(AlH₄)₂=–19.2 kcal·mol^–1

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Zusammenfassung Lösungsmittelfreies Mg(AlH₄)₂ wurde mit befriedigender Reinheit hergestellt. Scine thermische Zersetzung wurde durch Thermogravimetrie bei niedrigem Druck (10^–3 torr) untersucht. Die molare Wärmekapazität bei 298 K und die Bildungswärme wurden mit einem Calvet Mikrokalorimeter gemessen.C _p Mg(AlH₄)₂=32.5 cal·mol^–1·K^–1;H _f Mg(AlH₄)₂=–19.2 kcal· mol^–1

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Mg(AlH₄)₂, . Mg(AlH₄)₂ (10^–3 ) . 298 . C_pMg(AlH₄)₂=32.5 ^–1. ^–1 H _fMg(AlH₄)₂=–19.2 ^–1.

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Ce travail a été effectué dans le cadre d'un contrat de recherches passé par le Laboratoire de Chimie Minérale avec la Direction des Recherches et Moyens d'Essai. Nous remercions bien vivement cet organisme de l'aide qu'il a nous apportée.     

Gibbs Energy and Entropy of Mixing in the NaNO2-KNO3 System

The activity and activity coefficients of the components of the NaNO₂-KNO₃ system, determined from the experimental data on the saturated vapor pressure at 798, 823, and 848 K, are used to calculate the relative and excess partial molar Gibbs energies (G _i and G _i ^{e x c}), entropies (S _i and S _i ^{e x c}), and integral relative and excess thermodynamic functions (G, G ^{e x c}, S, and S ^{e x c}) of the system.