Amperometry with two polarisable electrodes-XI Determination of bismuth by EDTA titration

Optimum conditions have been found for a highly selective determination of bismuth via EDTA titration with biamperometric indication of the end-point. The influence of the applied potential, pH and stirring on the accuracy and selectivity of the determination has been studied. In a medium of 0.4M nitric acid only high concentrations of iron(III) and copper(II) interfere with the determination of bismuth. Zirconium, thallium(III) and indium interfere even in small concentrations. The average error of the determination of 5-100 mg of bismuth (when titrated with 0.05M EDTA solution) is +/-0-1 % rel. and for the determination of 0.5-10 mg it is +/-0.3% rel. (0.005M EDTA). The method has been verified by the analysis of a Wood's metal of known composition.     

Consecutive indirect titration of periodate and iodate with EDTA

Periodate and iodate (μmol amounts) are determined successively in the same solution by their selective oxidation of iron(II) at pH 2.0 and in acetic acid, respectively. The resultant iron(III) is titrated with EDTA solution to a sulphosalicylic acid end-point. Bromate—iodate mixture can be titrated similarly.     

Dichromate titration of thallium(I)

The formal redox potentials of the thallium(III)-thallium(I) couple in different acids of varying strengths are reported. The minimum concentration of hydrochloric acid required for a direct titration of thallium(I) with potassium dichromate is 5M. Thallium(I) can be titrated directly with the primary standard oxidant, potassium dichromate, at room temperature, with ferroin as indicator, in 6M hydrochloric acid. Atmospheric oxygen must be excluded.     

Vanadium(III) as an analytical reagent: The titrimetric determination of iron, copper, thallium, molybdenum, uranium, vanadium, chromium and manganese

Vanadium(III) solutions can be used in direct titrations of iron(III), copper(II), thallium(III), molybdenum(VI), uranium(VI), vanadium(V), chromium(VI) and manganese(VII) in milligram amounts. The titrations are done at 70-80 degrees for iron(III), copper(II), thallium(III), molybdenum(VI) and at room temperature for vanadium(V), chromium(VI) and manganese(VII). Uranium(VI) is titrated at 70-80 degrees in presence of iron(II). The vanadium(III) solution is prepared by reduction of vanadium(V) to vanadium(IV) with sulphur dioxide, followed by addition of phosphoric acid and reduction with iodide, and is reasonably stable.     

A novel method for the estimation of arsenic(V) in organic compounds

A novel method for the determination of arsenic(V) in organic compounds has been developed by reducing combined arsenic(V) to arsenic(III) in aqueous acetic acid medium with zinc dust. In some cases, addition of ethyl alcohol is necessary to dissolve the compound and to keep the arsenic(III) compound in solution. The arsenic(III) is titrated with iodine and the end-point is detected visually with starch as indicator or potentiometrically.     

Thallimetric oxidations-VI Titrimetric and spectrophotometric methods for the determination of phosphite and analysis of binary mixtures of phosphite and oxalate

Titrimetric and spectrophotometric methods have been developed for the estimation of phosphite at mmole and mumole levels, respectively. Thallium(III) is used as an oxidant and the thallium(I) produced is determined either oxidimetrically with potassium bromate or by measurement of the absorbance of thallium(III) at 260 nm in the presence of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid and 1 M perchloric acid. Based on the fact that phosphite and oxalate are oxidized under different conditions, methods are described for the analysis of binary mixtures of phosphite and oxalate. A method is also described for estimation of thallium(III) with phosphite as reluctant, and is applied for analysis of mixtures of thallium(I) and thallium(III).     

Catalytic end-point indication in redox titrations

The applicability of catalytic end-point indication to redox titrations is demonstrated by the determination of 3–30 μmol of ascorbic acid (in 22.5 ml of solution) with standard dichromate solution; the chromium(VI)-catalyzed oxidation of o-dianisidine with hydrogen peroxide serves as indicator reaction. Oxidizing substances, such as vanadium(V), thallium(III) or cerium(IV) can be determined by addition of excess of ascorbic acid and back-titration.     

Biamperometrische Indikation in der Chelatometrie

Zusammenfassung Der Endpunkt von komplexometrischen Titrationen (mit ÄDTE) kann biamperometrisch besonders gut indiziert werden, wenn man zur Titrationslösung eine geringe Menge Thallium(III)-ÄDTA zusetzt. Auf diese Weise erhält man nach dem Äquivalenzpunkt einen starken Anstieg des Diffusionsstromes. An die Elektroden wird eine Spannung von 1,0 V angelegt. Thallium(III)-ÄDTA ist am wirksamsten im pH-Bereich zwischen 6 und 10.

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Biamperometric indication in chelatometryImprovement of the end-point indication by means of thallium(III)-EDTA

The biamperometric indication of chelatometric titrations with EDTA is greatly improved, if a small amount of thallium(III)-EDTA is added to the solution to be titrated. Thus, an appreciable increase of the diffusion current is obtained after the equivalence point. A voltage of 1,0 V is applied to the platinum electrodes. Thallium(III)-EDTA is most effective in the pH-range between 6 and 10.

     

Evaluation of certain pharmaceuticals with hexa-amminecobalt(III) tricarbonatocobaltate(III)-I Determination of some N-substituted phenothiazine derivatives

Hexa-amminecobalt(III) tricarbonatocobaltate(III) (HCTC) has been used for the determination of six N-substituted phenothiazine derivatives. The drugs in 10% v/v sulphuric acid medium were titrated with 5 x 10(-3)M HCTC with visual or spectrophotometric end-point detection. The stoichiometry of the reaction was assumed and a reaction mechanism suggested. The methods were applied to the analysis of dosage forms with results comparable to those given by the official methods.     

Determination of peroxydiphosphate in acid medium with oxalate (i) with silver(I) as catalyst and (ii) in the presence of excess of manganese(II)

Peroxydiphosphate can be determined with oxalate in acid medium in the presence of silver(I). Excess of oxalic acid along with the sample and silver (I) is heated to boiling and the excess of oxalic acid is titrated against standard permanganate. Another method involves boiling for 2 min a mixture consisting of the sample and excess of manganese(II), followed by titration of the resulting Mn(III) or MnO(2) with standard oxalic acid solution.     

Thallimetric oxidations-V Titrimetric and spectrophotometric determination of hydrogen peroxide

Titrimetric and spectrophotometric methods have been developed for the determination of hydrogen peroxide at mmole and mumole levels respectively. In these methods thallium(III) is used as the oxidant and the reduced thallium(I) is determined oxidimetrically with potassium bromate in the titrimetric method and by measuring the absorbance of thallium(III) at 260 nm in the presence of 0.1M hydrochloric acid and 1M perchloric acid in the spectrophotometric method. Photochemical redox methods for the estimation of hydrogen peroxide in the presence of a number of diverse ions are described.     

Kinetic titration with differential thermometric determination of the end-point

A method has been described for the determination of concentrations below 10(-4)M by applying catalytic reactions and using thermometric end-point determination. A reference solution, identical with the sample solution except for catalyst, is titrated with catalyst solution until the rates of reaction become the same, as shown by a null deflection on a galvanometer connected via bridge circuits to two opposed thermistors placed in the solutions.     

Determination of gold, indium, tellurium and thallium in the same sample digest of geological materials by atomic-absorption spectroscopy and two-step solvent extraction

A rock, soil, or stream-sediment sample is decomposed with hydrofluoric acid, aqua regia, and hydrobromic acid-bromine solution. Gold, thallium, indium and tellurium are separated and concentrated from the sample digest by a two-step MIBK extraction at two concentrations of hydrobromic add. Gold and thallium are first extracted from 0.1M hydrobromic acid medium, then indium and tellurium are extracted from 3M hydrobromic acid in the presence of ascorbic acid to eliminate iron interference. The elements are then determined by flame atomic-absorption spectrophotometry. The two-step solvent extraction can also be used in conjunction with electrothermal atomic-absorption methods to lower the detection limits for all four metals in geological materials.     

The accurate determination of thallium by direct titration with edta using methylthymol blue as indicator

After oxidation with bromine, thallium can be determined accurately by titration with EDTA in alkaline tartrate media of pH 7–10 using methylthymol blue as indicator. The end-point in this titration is considerably sharper than that obtained with xylenol orange as indicator in weakly acidic solution, and is considerably less influenced by the presence of bromide, tartrate and acetate. Up to 2.5 g of ammonium or potassium bromide or chloride and up to 5 g of tartrates, acetates, nitrates or sulphates can be tolerated. About 1 mg of thallium in 75 ml can be determined with an error of about 2 μg by spectrophotometric titration. A selective solvent extraction and an anion-exchange procedure are suggested for the separation of Tl(III) from most other titratable elements.     

Differential titrimetric determination of mixtures of selenium and tellurium

Methods are described for the differential titrimetric determination at room temperature of mixtures of selenium(IV) and tellurium(IV). The test solution in 0.75-3.5M condensed phosphoric acid medium is oxidized with an excess of permanganate and the unreacted permanganate is titrated with iron(n), with ferroin as indicator, to indicate the total content of selenium and tellurium present. Then 10-20 ml of 10M sulphuric acid, 0.4 ml of 0.1% osmium tetroxide solution and an excess of arsenic(III) are added to the same solution and the unreacted arsenic(III) is titrated with permanganate (ferroin as indicator) to indicate the content of tellurium.     

Complexometric determination of thallium(III) in pure solution,alloys, and complexes using semicarbazide hydrochloride as a releasing agent

A simple and accurate complexometric method is proposed for the determination of Tl(III) using semicarbazide hydrochloride as a releasing agent. In the presence of diverse metal ions, thallium is complexed first with a known excess of EDTA, and the surplus EDTA is then titrated with standard zinc sulfate at pH 5.0–6.0 (hexamine) using xylenol orange indicator. An excess of 5% aqueous neutral solution of semicarbazide hydrochloride is then added and the released EDTA is titrated against standard zinc sulfate solution. The method works well in the range 2–50 mg of Tl(III) with relative errors < 0.5%, standard deviations 0.05mg and coefficient of variation 0.4%. The method is applied for the determination of thallium content in complexes and alloy compositions     

Spectrophotometric determination of bismuth in concentrates and non-ferrous alloys by the iodide method after separations by diethyldithiocarbamate and xanthate extraction

A method for determining 0.0001-1% of bismuth in copper, molybdenum, lead, zinc and nickel sulphide concentrates is described. After sample decomposition, bismuth is separated from matrix and other elements, except lead and thallium(III), by chloroform extraction of its diethyldithiocarbamate complex, pH 11.5-12.0, from a sodium hydroxide medium containing citric acid, tartaric acid, EDTA and potassium cyanide as complexing agents. Following back-extraction of bismuth into 12M hydrochloric acid and reduction of thallium to the univalent state, bismuth is separated from co-extracted lead and thallium by chloroform extraction of its xanthate from a 2.5M hydrochloric acid-tartaric acid-ammonium chloride medium. Bismuth is then determined spectrophotometrically, at 337 or 460 nm, as the iodide. Interference from lead, which is co-extracted in mug-amounts as the xanthate and causes high results at 337 nm, is eliminated by washing the extract with a hydrochloric acid solution of the same composition as the medium used for extraction. The proposed method is also applicable to lead-, tin- and copper-base alloys.     

Complexometric titration of thallium(III), by use of 4-amino-5-mercapto-3-propyl-1,2,4-triazole as replacing reagent

A simple and selective EDTA method using a masking and demasking technique is proposed for the determination of thallium(III). The thallium is complexed with excess of EDTA, the surplus being back-titrated (pH 5-6, hexamine buffer) with zinc sulphate solution (Xylenol Orange as indicator). 4-Amino-5-mercapto-3-propyl-1,2,4-triazole is then added and the mixture heated on a water-bath for 5-10 min to displace EDTA from its thallium complex. The EDTA liberated is titrated with zinc sulphate solution. Reproducible and accurate results are obtained in the range 5-75 mg of thallium with both the relative error and coefficient of variation not exceeding 0.4%.     

Potentiometric titration of polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride with potassium poly(vinyl sulfate) solution using a cationic surfactant-selective electrode.

A potentiometric titration method using a cationic surfactant as an indicator cation and a plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) membrane electrode sensitive to the cationic surfactant is proposed for the determination of polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride (PHMB-HCl), which is a cationic polyelectrolyte. A sample solution of PHMB-HCl containing an indicator cation (hexadecyltrimethylammonium ion, HTA) was titrated with a standard solution of an anionic polyelectrolyte, potassium poly(vinyl sulfate) (PVSK). The end-point was detected as a sharp potential change due to an abrupt decrease in the concentration of the indicator cation, HTA, which is caused by its association with PVSK. The effects of the concentrations of HTA ion and coexisting electrolytes in the sample solution on the degree of the potential change at the end-point were examined. A linear relationship between the concentration of PHMB-HCl and the end-point volume of the titrant exists in the concentration range from 2.0 x 10(-5) to 4.0 x 10(-4) M in the case that the concentration of HTA is 1.0 x 10(-5) M, and that from 1.0 x 10(-6) to 1.2 x 10(-5) M in the case that the concentration of HTA is 5.0 x 10(-6) M, respectively. The proposed method was applied to the determination of PHMB-HCl in some contact-lens detergents.     

Direkte komplexometrische eisenbestimmung mit xylenolorange als indikator

The complexometric determination of iron^III, based on a new end-point procedure, has been developed. Xylenol orange was used as the indicator. This forms a stable violet-blue complex. By the addition of iron^II to the titrated solution the usual displacement reaction at the end-point of the titration is replaced by a redox process which gives a very sharp end-point. The new procedure makes possible an accurate and very selective determination of iron^III. Only bismuth, thallium^III and large amounts of copper require to be removed before the titration.

Résumé

L'auteur décrit un dosage par complexométrie du fer(III), basé sur un nouveau procédé de détermination du point équivalent. On utilise comme indicateur l'orangé de xylénol qui forme un complexe violet-bleu stable. En ajoutant du fer(II) à la solution à titrer, la réaction de déplacement usuelle au point équivalent du titrage est remplacée par un processus d'oxydoréduction qui donne un point équivalent très net. Ce nouveau procédé rend possible un dosage du fer(III) précis et très sélectif. Seuls le bismuth, le thallium(III) et de grandes quantités de cuivre doivent être séparés avant le titrage.