The atmospheric corrosion of quaternary bronzes: An evaluation of the dissolution rate of the alloying elements

A comparative evaluation of the corrosion behaviour of a G85 bronze in acid rain solutions was performed. As weathering technique, a wet–dry device was used to simulate a cyclic exposure to stagnant rain. The weathering solutions were a collected natural rain and an artificial solution reproducing the natural rain. The solutions were periodically monitored as concerns pH and metallic ion concentrations. On the aged specimens, surface studies were performed through OM, SEM and Raman analyses. At the end of weathering tests (40 days), weight loss measurements were carried out. The aim of this work was to examine the reproducibility in laboratory of the corrosive conditions determined by a natural acid rain. The final goal of this research is to investigate the dissolution of a quaternary alloy exposed to acid rains. The results showed slightly different corrosion behaviours as a consequence of the exposure to natural or synthetic rain. Concerning the mechanism of corrosion of G85 bronze, the innovative approach adopted in this study allowed one to point out the contribution of each alloying element to the general corrosion. Actually, while Cu and Pb progressively form insoluble corrosion compounds, Zn continuously dissolves, without forming detectable insoluble products. The absence of dissolved tin is remarkable. PACS  82.45.Bb; 82.33.Tb; 92.40.Ea     

降雨对无线激光通信的影响

通过激光信号在雨介质中传输的实验发现,在大雨环境下,激光信号透射率要比在小雨或微雨的情况下大。这说明光信号在小雨时衰减较大,在大雨时衰减较小。这一现象与人们通常所认为的有所不同。针对降雨对激光信号的影响,根据Mie散射理论和Weibull雨滴尺寸分布模型,分析了不同尺寸的粒子对光的散射作用以及对衰减效率因子的影响,推导出单球粒子对光波的衰减公式,得到了衰减与降雨率的确定关系。通过数值计算发现,与小粒子相比大粒子的前向散射光强更大且更加集中;激光信号在雨介质中传输时,衰减系数在小雨时较大,中雨、大雨时较小,暴雨时不断增大。这一结果与实际情况较吻合,为激光在通信系统中的应用提供了一定的理论依据。     

基于星地链路的垂直降雨场反演方法

在分析星地链路几何结构及传播模型的基础上,研究基于联合代数重建技术的星地链路反演二维垂直降雨场的方法.利用实测降雨资料构建3类降雨场,并搭建3条17 GHz垂直极化星地链路进行数值仿真.实验结果表明:单星地链路无法实现二维垂直降雨场的重构,反演场与真实场的相关系数分别为0.556,0.504和0.364;基于双星地链路的反演结果和真实场的相关系数均高于0.98,平均偏差分别为0.122, 0.159和0.537 mm/h,欧式距离均低于0.9 mm/h,熵的相对误差均小于1.6%,基本实现了二维垂直降雨场的反演;三星地链路的应用进一步提升了反演精度,相关系数接近于1,能够精准重构降雨场.实验结果验证了基于星地链路的垂直降雨场反演方法的可行性、准确性和有效性.星地链路的架设和维护简单,探测降雨范围广,易于在高原、山区、海岛等传统地面观测资料缺失的地区使用,可以作为已有降水测量手段的补充.     

The main results of cloud and rain remote sensing by multichannel microwave radiometry

The basic results have been considered for multiwave remote sounding of the troposphere with clouds and rain from ground-based station in the zenith direction. The radio wave scattering by rain drops as well as variation of vapour content in the atmosphere during measurements are taken into account when processing of the experimental data. A separation of the complete attenuation in clouds with rain has been made over three components: due to vapour, cloud and rain. A relation is considered of millimeter and centimeter wave attenuation in clouds with rain between each other and with the rain intensity. A behaviour of the relation of attenuation structural functions is explained. The Diagnostic problems of millimeter wave attenuation are considered.     

基于支持向量机的微波链路雨强反演方法

为提高微波链路雨致衰减反演雨强精度, 在Mie散射理论、气体吸收衰减模型以及Gamma雨滴谱分布的基础上, 将支持向量机引入到微波链路测量降水中, 提出了基于支持向量机的微波链路雨强反演方法, 并开展了15–20 GHz频段的视距微波链路与地面雨滴谱仪的同步观测降雨实验. 实验结果表明, 基于支持向量机的微波链路雨强反演模型的反演雨强与实测雨强的相关系数全部高于0.6, 最高达到0.9674; 雨强的均方根误差最小值为0.5780 mm/h, 累积降雨量的绝对最小误差仅为0.0080 mm; 相对偏差大部分在10%以内, 最小偏差为0.7425%. 实验结果验证了基于支持向量机的微波链路雨强反演方法的有效性、准确性和适用性, 对于进一步提高微波链路反演降雨精度、改善降水监测效果具有重要意义.     

Efficiency and resistance of the artificial oxalate protection treatment on marble against chemical weathering

The artificial oxalate protection method was analyzed in laboratory experiments in order to achieve an optimum treatment application and concentration giving rise to its most effective protective nature. Spectroscopic (Fourier transform infrared, Micro-Raman and UV-vis colorimetry), microscopic (scanning electron microscope) and contact-angle analyses were carried out to characterize Carrara marble samples before and after application of the treatment to validate its efficiency. The resistance effects against chemical weathering were subsequently observed in a lab-controlled weak acid rain experiment. An acid spray at pH 5.5, representative of normal rain was used to provoke degrade of natural marble, marble treated with the artificial oxalate protective at concentrations of 0.4 and 5% and marble treated with a commercial organic silicon product. Run-off solutions sampled at timely intervals were tested for any change in pH followed by ion chromatography measurements for the presence of calcium ions in solution. The chromatography results of the oxalate treatment applied at a 5% concentration are analogous to an organic commercial product indicating its validity as a method for the conservation of carbonate substrates conferring protection to stone materials against acid environments.     

表面微观形貌测量中数字图象处理的应用

应用相移干涉术测量物体表面微观形貌时,由于各种因素的影响,表面形貌的测量会产生失真的现象.本文采用数字信号滤波与平滑技术消除了测量过程中系统误差引起的波纹度及系统噪音,去除了在图象的数字化和传输过程中产生的高频噪音和假轮廓,使得测量结果更接近于实际值.     

Statistical Prediction Modeling of Rain Induced Attenuation and Depolarization

Millimeter wave rain co-polarization attenuation, CPA, and cross polarization discrimination, XPD, measurements have been made at 35GHz and 94GHz over a line-of-sight link. On the basis of these experimental results, a study of this rain medium has been made with the method of link measurements. In this paper, we presented a statistical prediction modeling of rain-induced attenuation and depolarization from the statistical distribution of the rain intensity, and the size, and canting angle of raindrops. Our computational results are in good agreement with data of measurements.     

LD泵浦Nd∶YAG微片激光器异常强度噪声研究

针对实验中发现LD泵浦Nd∶YAG微片激光器的三类异常强度噪声,其强度波动幅度达20%~30%,严重影响了系统的稳定性,从理论和实验上对这三类强度噪声的特性进行了研究,包括外部光回馈引入的功率波动,LD异常噪声向固体激光器的传递,端泵浦偏离引起的模式耦合等。就各类噪声来源分别提出了相应的消除方法,抑制了微片Nd∶YAG激光器输出功率噪声,改善了激光输出特性,满足了频差精密测量的需要。     

Intensity discrimination as a function of level and frequency and its relation to high-frequency hearing

This paper examines how intensity discrimination depends on the test frequency, the level, and the subjects's high-frequency hearing. Three experiments were performed. In the first experiment, intensity discrimination of pulsed tones was measured as a function of level at 1 and 14 kHz in five listeners. Results show less deviation from Weber's law at 14 kHz than at 1 kHz. In the second experiment, intensity discrimination was measured for a 1-kHz tone at 90-dB SPL as a function of the cutoff frequency of a high-pass masking noise in two listeners. Results show that the audibility of very high frequencies is important for frequency discrimination at 1 kHz. The DL increased by a factor between 1.5 and 2.0 as the cutoff frequency of the noise was lowered from 19 to 6 kHz. In the third experiment, thresholds from 6 to 20 kHz and intensity discrimination for a 1-kHz tone was measured in 12 listeners. Results show that the DLs at 80-dB SPL are correlated with the ability to hear very high frequencies. Results of all three experiments are consistent with the multiband version of the excitation-pattern model for intensity discrimination [Florentine and Buus, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 70, 1646-1654 (1981)].     

基于斑点噪声的拖尾Rayleigh分布的合成孔径雷达图像最大后验概率降噪

为了反映合成孔径雷达图像中斑点噪声尖峰厚尾的统计特征，使用拖尾Rayleigh分布来描述斑点噪声.基于Gamma先验分布和斑点噪声的拖尾Rayleigh分布，推导出了合成孔径雷达图像的最大后验概率滤波方程，并给出了它在特定特征参数时的解析形式.使用Mellin变换从观察图像估计拖尾Rayleigh分布的未知参数.给出了在斑点噪声的拖尾Rayleigh分布下的最大后验概率降噪试验和量化指标.为了消除滑动窗大小和噪声强度对降噪结果的影响，给出了降噪能力随滑动窗大小和噪声方差的动态变化关系.结果表明，拖尾Ray 关键词： 斑点噪声 拖尾Rayleigh分布 最大后验概率降噪 Mellin变换     

Noise considerations in the determination of diffusion tensor anisotropy

In this study the noise sensitivity of various anisotropy indices has been investigated by Monte-Carlo computer simulations and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurements in a phantom and 5 healthy volunteers. Particularly, we compared the noise performance of indices defined solely in terms of eigenvalues and those based on both the eigenvalues and eigenvectors. It is found that anisotropy indices based on both eigenvalues and eigenvectors are less sensitive to noise, and spatial averaging with neighboring pixels can further reduce the standard deviation. To reduce the partial volume effect caused by the spatial averaging with neighboring voxels, an averaging method in the time domain based on the orientation coherence of eigenvectors in repeated experiments has been proposed.     

Laboratory investigation of a passive acoustic method for measurement of underwater gas seep ebullition

Passive acoustic techniques are of interest as a low-power means of quantifying underwater point-source gas ebullition. Toward the development of systems for logging natural seep activity, laboratory experiments were performed that exploited the bubble's Minnaert natural frequency for the measurement of gas flow from a model seep. Results show agreement among acoustic, optical, and gas trap ebullition measurements over the range of emission rates from 0 to 10 bubbles per second. A mathematical model is proposed to account for the real gas behavior of bubbles which cannot be approximated as ideal, such as methane at marine depths exceeding 30 m.     

New Phase-Shifting Method Using Two Images

We propose a continuous two-step method (CTSM) to obtain an image from two interference images for the measurement time reduction of optical coherence tomography. Image processing is performed for each pixel in CTSM. The calculated signal intensity has an average and standard deviation after processing since the heterodyne beat signal contains the noise in the measurements. We assume that the heterodyne beat signal contains the random noise in simulations and calculate the influence of the normalized standard deviation (NSD = standard deviation/average) on the random noise intensity for both CTSM and the conventional three-step method (TSM). We found that the NSD of the CTSM is only 1.4 times greater than that of the TSM despite processing only two images.     

关联高斯与非高斯噪声激励的FHN神经元系统的稳态分析

本文主要研究了关联乘性非高斯噪声和加性高斯白噪声共同激励的FHN(Fitz Hugh-Nagumo)神经元系统.利用路径积分法和统一色噪声近似,推导出该系统的定态概率密度函数表达式.通过研究发现,乘性噪声强度D、加性噪声强度Q、噪声自关联时间τ以及互关联系数λ均可以诱导系统产生非平衡相变现象,而非高斯参数q却不可以诱导系统产生非平衡相变现象.此外,我们还发现参数D和λ的增大有利于神经元系统从激发态向静息态转换,Q和τ的增大有利于神经元系统从静息态向激发态转换,q的增大会使得神经元系统停留在静息态的概率增加.     

Application of Tikhonov regularization method to wind retrieval from scatterometer data Ⅱ: cyclone wind retrieval with consideration of rain

According to the conclusion of the simulation experiments in paper I, the Tikhonov regularization method is applied to cyclone wind retrieval with a rain-effect-considering geophysical model function (called GMF+Rain). The GMF+Rain model which is based on the NASA scatterometer-2 (NSCAT2) GMF is presented to compensate for the effects of rain on cyclone wind retrieval. With the multiple solution scheme (MSS), the noise of wind retrieval is effectively suppressed, but the influence of the background increases. It will cause a large wind direction error in ambiguity removal when the background error is large. However, this can be mitigated by the new ambiguity removal method of Tikhonov regularization as proved in the simulation experiments. A case study on an extratropical cyclone of hurricane observed with SeaWinds at 25-km resolution shows that the retrieved wind speed for areas with rain is in better agreement with that derived from the best track analysis for the GMF+Rain model, but the wind direction obtained with the two-dimensional variational (2DVAR) ambiguity removal is incorrect. The new method of Tikhonov regularization effectively improves the performance of wind direction ambiguity removal through choosing appropriate regularization parameters and the retrieved wind speed is almost the same as that obtained from the 2DVAR.     

Practical method to estimate the standard deviation in absorption coefficients measured with THz time-domain spectroscopy

A model of standard deviation in the intensity spectrum of electric field observed with the terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) is proposed to estimate the random error in the transmittance and absorption coefficients from a single or a few measurements of a sample. The proposed standard deviation which is derived on the basis of the statistical standard deviation and noise floor of intensity spectrum of reference fits well to the standard deviation of transmittance as well as absorption coefficient computed statistically. This study contributes the simple and computationally efficient method to demonstrate the accuracy in optical constants like imaginary part of refractive index and absorption coefficients measured using the THz-TDS.     

Natural and laboratory TT-OSL dose response curves: Testing the lifetime of the TT-OSL signal in nature

This study compares natural and laboratory generated thermally transferred optically stimulated luminescence (TT-OSL) dose response curves (DRCs) for fine-grain quartz extracts from the Luochuan loess section in central China. Both DRCs saturate at high doses relative to the quartz OSL signal; the natural TT-OSL DRC saturates at about 2200 Gy and laboratory DRCs saturate at about 2700 Gy. However, the natural and laboratory TT-OSL DRCs deviate from one another at circa 150 Gy resulting in TT-OSL equivalent dose underestimation relative to palaeodoses expected from dose rates and independent age control. The lifetime of the TT-OSL signal at 10 °C, calculated from values of trap parameters E and s, is compared against the value for lifetime of the TT-OSL signal in nature at average burial temperature as determined from the age underestimation caused by deviation of the natural and laboratory generated DRCs. These two independent assessments of TT-OSL signal lifetime at Luochuan give similar values, suggesting that laboratory measurements of thermal stability reflect natural burial lifetimes and can potentially be used to correct TT-OSL ages for the difference between natural and laboratory dose response curves.     

A mass spectrometric line for tritium analysis of water and noble gas measurements from different water amounts in the range of microlitres and millilitres

This paper describes the procedure followed for noble gas measurements for litres, millilitres and microlitres of water samples in our laboratory, including sample preparation, mass spectrometric measurement procedure, and the complete calibrations. The preparation line extracts dissolved gases from water samples of volumes of 0.2?μ l to 3?l and it separates them as noble and other chemically active gases. Our compact system handles the following measurements: (i) determination of tritium concentration of environmental water samples by the (3)He ingrowth method; (ii) noble gas measurements from surface water and groundwater; and (iii) noble gas measurements from fluid inclusions of solid geological archives (e.g. speleothems). As a result, the tritium measurements have a detection limit of 0.012 TU, and the expectation value (between 1 and 20 TU) is within 0.2 % of the real concentrations with a standard deviation of 2.4 %. The reproducibility of noble gas measurements for water samples of 20-40?ml allows us to determine solubility temperatures by an uncertainty better than 0.5?°C. Moreover, noble gas measurements for tiny water amounts (in the microlitre range) show that the results of the performed calibration measurements for most noble gas isotopes occur with a deviation of less than 2 %. Theoretically, these precisions for noble gas concentrations obtained from measurements of waters samples of a few microlitres allow us to determine noble gas temperatures by an uncertainty of less than 1?°C. Here, we present the first noble gas measurements of tiny amounts of artificial water samples prepared under laboratory conditions.     

Subjective evaluation of work environment with special reference to noise

The presence of subjective noise annoyance was investigated among workers in a machine factory and a textile mill by using a questionnaire. The relation between annoyance due to noise and annoyance caused by other factors in the work environment was also investigated. The results show that annoyance due to noise exposure was common in both factories. Apart from the relation to the noise level, other acoustical characteristics, such as frequency spectrum and intensity, as well as differences between background and peak levels seem to determine the extent of annoyance. In the machine factory, the general satisfaction at work was significantly less among workers who had reported annoyance from noise, insufficient natural and artificial daylight and dust. In the textile mill noise and dust as well as monotonous work and fast working pace were of importance for the general satisfaction at work. Headache and tiredness were more common in the textile mill. The techniques used in the study could be applied to obtain further information on other industrial noise exposure criteria than hearing damage to serve as a basis for standards for annoyance.