A method for crack sizing using Laser Doppler Vibrometer measurements of Surface Acoustic Waves

The goal of non-destructive testing (NDT) is to determine the position and size of structural defects, in order to measure the quality and evaluate the safety of building materials. Most NDT techniques are rather complex, however, requiring specialized knowledge. In this article, we introduce an experimental method for crack detection that uses Surface Acoustic Waves (SAWs) and optical measurements. The method is tested on a steel beam engraved with slots of known depth. A simple model to determine the cracks size is also proposed. At the end of the article, we describe a possible application: fatigue crack sizing on a damaged slat track. This technique represents a first step toward a better understanding of the crack growth, especially in its early stages (preferably when the cracks can still be repaired) and when it is possible to assume a linear propagation of the crack front. The ultimate goal of this research program is to develop a useful method of monitoring aircraft components during fatigue testing.     

中能重离子碰撞动力学研究

利用改进的量子分子动力学模型(MQMD),通过研究能够标识中能重离子碰撞动力学过程的物理量:横动量、碰撞数、核物质密度及热化的时间演化过程,了解中能重离子碰撞系统的碰撞动力学和多重碎裂机制;同时对控制和影响这种碰撞动力学的各种动力学因素:状态方程、动量相关势和介质效应进行了分析和探讨.     

A novel optical method in micro drop deformation measurements

A novel method was developed to determine the deformation of a micro drop on a substrate. The principle of the method is based on the scattering of parallel fringes pattern from the deformed droplet. Because only a very few components are needed together with a conventional laser Doppler anemometry (LDA) transmitting unit, the newly developed method is very easy to be implemented. Within the geometrical optics approach, it is possible to reconstruct the profile of a non-spherical micro drop from the scattered interference fringes. The spatial frequency of the fringes was analyzed using fast Fourier transform (FFT). The validation experiments for this method in the determination of micro drop deformation which is affected by gravity, capillary force and surface tension were performed and the results are agreed well with the theoretical analysis.     

有源头靠系统中次级声源和控制电路的参数优化研究

在有源头靠系统中,针对次级声源和控制电路两部分对模拟反馈有源控制系统(ANC)参数进行优化。为了达到更好的噪声抑制效果,次级声源的有效辐射频带应和待控制噪声的主要频谱相近,在使用电动扬声器作为次级声源时,其谐振频率应在要控制噪声频谱的下端。在优化控制电路参数时,根据经典控制理论提出合适的目标函数,通过差分演化算法进行优化。在有源头靠系统中,可通过适当调整两通道间距离,或将两通道间耦合纳入参数优化算法中,以保证系统稳定性和抑制"水床效应"的影响。模拟和实验表明两种方法各有利弊。在实际应用中需根据不同需要采用不同的优化方法。     

Reprint of: Taking laser Doppler vibrometry off the tripod: correction of measurements affected by instrument vibration

Laser Doppler vibrometers (LDVs) are now well-established as an effective non-contact alternative to traditional contacting transducers. Despite 30 years of successful applications, however, very little attention has been given to sensitivity to vibration of the instrument itself. In this paper, the sensitivity to instrument vibration is confirmed before development theoretically and experimentally of a practical scheme to enable correction of measurements for arbitrary instrument vibration. The scheme requires a pair of correction sensors with appropriate orientation and relative location, while using frequency domain processing to accommodate inter-channel time delay and signal integrations. Error reductions in excess of 30 dB are delivered in laboratory tests with simultaneous instrument and target vibration over a broad frequency range. Ultimately, application to measurement on a vehicle simulator experiencing high levels of vibration demonstrates the practical nature of the correction technique and its robustness in a challenging measurement environment.     

黏弹性材料的动态力学特性及其对覆盖层吸声性能的影响

本文利用标准化动态力学测量手段获得了某种高分子聚合物的动态杨氏模量,并根据时温等效原理对动态杨氏模量与声学测量在频段上的差异加以分析和转换,得到了500—7500 Hz频率范围内该黏弹性材料杨氏模量随频率变化的特性.基于所测得动态杨氏模量,采用有限元方法分析了均匀黏弹材料的吸声性能,并将仿真结果与样品声管实验数据进行对比,验证了测试所得参数的准确性.进一步仿真分析了含有局域共振结构的声学覆盖层吸声性能,并讨论了黏弹性材料的动态特性对其吸声性能的影响,提出了改进水声覆盖层低频宽带吸声特性的建议.     

Dynamical Properties of Photo-Induced Spin Disorder in Half-Metal Systems

We have investigated critical relaxation phenomena of photoinduced spin-disorder and transient formation of charge-ordered states in R 0.6 Sr 0.4 MnO 3 (R = La, Nd 0.5 Sm 0.5 and Sm) and La 0.7 Ca 0.3 MnO 3 thin films by means of a pump-probe method. An absorption band at ¨ 1.5 eV is induced upon photo-irradiation, which suggests that CO clusters are transiently formed in the ferromagnetic state. In addition, it is found that the observed temperature variation of the relaxation time of photoinduced spin-disorder near the transition temperature is well interpreted in terms of the dynamical scaling theory based on a three-dimensional Heisenberg model for the second-order phase transition.     

Thermoelectric temperature measurements in laser pulsed heating of metals

Measurements of temperature pulses following focused laser irradiation on metals were performed with a specially designed thermocouple. This detector had a hot junction of an average of 5 μ in size and a rise time of less than 1 μsec. Experimental results are compared to thermal-model predictions calculated numerically. Thermal responses were also measured for laser intensities above the damage threshold of the material, in close vicinity of the damaged area. This demonstrates possible applications of the experimental technique to the investigation of damage mechanisms.     

Simultaneous measurements of multiple flow velocity components using frequency modulated lasers and a single molecular absorption cell

Since unsteady, complex flow phenomena play an important role, optical measurements techniques are required for flow investigations, which provide simultaneous measurements of multiple velocity components. Doppler global velocimetry has this potential. It is a flow measurement technique, where the Doppler shift of scattered light is measured by a molecular absorption cell for frequency-to-intensity conversion. However, novel Doppler global velocimeters with laser frequency modulation were only used for single component measurements yet. In order to enhance such a system for the simultaneous measurement of multiple components, a concept based on frequency division multiplexing is introduced for the first time. Besides multiple lasers, only a single molecular absorption cell and a single detector unit is required. Two-component measurements of velocity profiles from nozzle flows are presented as a proof of principle. The designed measurement system provides high measurement rates of up to 20 kHz, which is three orders of magnitude higher than for typical Doppler global velocimetry setups.     

Dynamical behaviors of inter-out-of-equilibrium state intervals in Korean futures exchange markets

A recently discovered feature of financial markets, the two-phase phenomenon, is utilized to categorize a financial time series into two phases, namely equilibrium and out-of-equilibrium states. For out-of-equilibrium states, we analyze the time intervals at which the state is revisited. The power-law distribution of inter-out-of-equilibrium state intervals is shown and we present an analogy with discrete-time heat bath dynamics, similar to random Ising systems. In the mean-field approximation, this model reduces to a one-dimensional multiplicative process. By varying global and local model parameters, the relevance between volatilities in financial markets and the interaction strengths between agents in the Ising model are investigated and discussed.     

Research on heterodyne efficiency of laser Doppler velocimeter

Heterodyne efficiency is a very important factor in a laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV). Gaussian-Airy mode is put forward to analyze the heterodyne efficiency. And the calculate formulas and results of simulation of heterodyne efficiency are given. The results of numerical analysis show that heterodyne efficiency of LDV depends on the parameters—x₀, A, θ and x_a. Heterodyne efficiency can reach 81.45%, when x₀ = 3.59, A = 5.04 and θ = x_a = 0. At last, the antenna theorem of LDV is derived, and a defocused telescope system is used to adjust the waist's position and radius of the reference beam to match the signal beam.     

Granular gas of viscoelastic particles in a homogeneous cooling state

Kinetic properties of a granular gas of viscoelastic particles in a homogeneous cooling state are studied analytically and numerically. We employ the most recent expression for the velocity-dependent restitution coefficient for colliding viscoelastic particles, which allows us to describe systems with large inelasticity. In contrast to previous studies, the third coefficient a₃ of the Sonine polynomials expansion of the velocity distribution function is taken into account. We observe a complicated evolution of this coefficient. Moreover, we find that a₃ is always of the same order of magnitude as the leading second Sonine coefficient a₂; this contradicts the existing hypothesis that the subsequent Sonine coefficients a₂,a₃…, are of an ascending order of a small parameter, characterizing particles inelasticity. We analyze evolution of the high-energy tail of the velocity distribution function. In particular, we study the time dependence of the tail amplitude and of the threshold velocity, which demarcates the main part of the velocity distribution and the high-energy part. We also study evolution of the self-diffusion coefficient D and explore the impact of the third Sonine coefficient on the self-diffusion. Our analytical predictions for the third Sonine coefficient, threshold velocity and the self-diffusion coefficient are in a good agreement with the numerical finding.     

光在二维无序介质中的动态传播过程

用有限时域差分 FDTD 法研究了光在二维无序介质中的动态传播过程.数值模拟了某一高斯脉冲光束入射到无序介质中光场的空间分布随时间的演化,结果表明：在光束入射的初期,能量从光源区向外传播并出现了清晰的波前传播的特点;经过一定的时间后,有部分能量从光源区向外扩散,而大部分能量逐渐聚集在介质中的一些小区域内,这与整体散射模型关于无序介质中光子局域化的研究相吻合,而且更清晰地呈现了形成光子局域化过程中的物理现象及整体散射干涉效应的重要机理作用.     

Theoretical investigation of effects of flow oscillations on ultrasound Doppler velocity measurements

Effects of flow oscillations on spectrum of Ultrasound Doppler Velocimetry (UDV) signals were investigated theoretically and numerically. A laminar pipe flow with a superimposed oscillating component was considered. Negative impact of oscillation on the ultrasound signal hence on the flow images was observed in the form of spreading of spectral ultrasound signal energy around mean component, leading to image artifacts. Both analytical and numerical results revealed the strong effect of a group of parameters including Doppler frequency, flow oscillation amplitude and frequency. Exceeding a particular value of the group, 1.45, resulted in artifacts in the flow images. Revealing the mechanisms involved in the deteriorations associated with the flow oscillations is potentially useful in UDV studies involving random flow fluctuations such as turbulence.     

Dynamical behaviors of an exciton in an asymmetric double coupled quantum dot

Dynamical behaviors of an exciton in an asymmetric double coupled quantum dot and an alternatingcurrent (ac) electric field have been analyzed based on the two-level approximation theory, and the conditions under which dynamical localization occurs are obtained. It shows that when the amplitude of the ac electric field is small, the Coulomb interaction plays an important role. The dynamical behaviors of the exciton are mainly confined in the low-level subspace. When the ratio of the field intensity to frequency is the root of Bessel function, electron and hole are localized in one dot, and they can be divided with the increasing amplitude of the ac electric field. __________ Translated from Chinese Journal of Semiconductors, 2005, 26(6) (in Chinese)     

Measurement of acoustic particle velocities in enclosed sound field: Assessment of two Laser Doppler Velocimetry measuring systems

The performances of two Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) systems adapted for measuring the acoustic particle velocities are assessed in enclosed sound field. This assessment is performed by comparing the acoustic velocities measured by means of LDV to reference acoustic velocities estimated from sound pressure measurements. The two LDV systems are based on a single optical bench which delivers an optical signal called Doppler signal. The Doppler signal, which is frequency modulated, is analyzed by means of two signal processing systems, the BSA (Burst Spectrum Analyser from Dantec) on the one hand, and a system specifically developed for the estimation of the acoustic velocity on the other hand. Once the experimental setup has been optimized for minimizing the errors made on the reference velocities, the assessment is performed and shows that both systems can measure the acoustic velocity in enclosed field in two the frequency ranges [0-4 kHz] and [0-2 kHz] respectively for acoustic velocity amplitudes of 10 mm/s and 1 mm/s.     

The research on mechanical effect etching Si in pulsed laser micromaching under water

To explore further the influencing of mechanical effects on laser machining in the liquid, in the process of great-energy and short-pulsed laser irradiating matter in the liquid, the experiments of 248 nm laser etching n-Si under water were carried out. The removal mechanism of brittle material etched by mechanical effects, which is induced during high-energy and short-pulsed laser machining in the liquid, was discussed. In the paper, the approximate mechanics model of indentation fracture was used to analyze the mechanical effects for removing brittle materials of silicon when laser machining in the liquid. Based on this, a theoretical model of material removal rate was proposed; the experiment of laser machining under water was adopted to validate the model. The experimental results indicate that the removal rate of brittle material caused by shock forces is relatively great.     

基于PASCO数据采集装置的激光测速实验探究

探究了基于光多普勒效应和PASCO数据采集装置的激光测速实验,分别获取了液体流速和固体(光纤探针)运动速度的多普勒信号,利用多普勒信号可以测定它们的速度,并用“双光纤测速法”对比说明了测固体运动速度的精度.     

Signal processing of double-beam and double-scattering laser Doppler velocimeter

The common method of laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) signal processing is fast Fourier transform (FFT). Because of the restraint of spectral interference, fence effect and spectrum leakage, the precision of FFT is not high. In order to improve the accuracy of double-beam and double-scattering laser Doppler velocimeter signal processing, an algorithm based on spectral refinement and interpolation is put forward. First, high-pass filter is adopted to remove the baseplate of LDV signal. Second, FFT is adopted to get the estimate of Doppler frequency and then Zoom-FFT is used to refine the local range of Doppler frequency. Third, four-term fifth derivative Nuttall windowed interpolation is used to correct the refined spectrum. Then the accurate estimate of Doppler frequency can be obtained. Simulations and experiments based on the LDV system built in laboratory show that Zoom-FFT can improve the resolution of spectrum and four-term fifth derivative Nuttall windowed interpolation can further increase the precision of signal processing.     

激光双光栅法测微小位移中光拍信号波形改进

通过理论分析和计算机模拟方法,对激光双光栅法测微小位移实验中出现的不规则光拍信号波形,即“毛刺”现象进行讨论,提出了改进双光栅微振动实验的方法,并获得了好的结果