Primary discussion on speech intelligibility of Chinese and the speech transmission index

The relation between the speech intelligibility of Chinese and thespeech transmission index(STI)is discussed,which is based on some useful proper-ties of the modulation transfer function(MTF)and the result obtained by articula-tion tests under different signal-to-noise ratios.     

The influence of doping on ultimate performance of photodiodes for the 8–14 μm spectral range

The zero-bias resistance-area product (R_oA) of LN₂ temperature Cd_xHg_1−xTe 8–14 μm range photodiodes has been calculated. The influence of the types: the Auger and the radiative recombination in p- and n-type regions was taken into account.It was shown that the photodiode ultimate performance is determined by the Auger 7 recombination in p-type material. The ultimate value of (R_oA) is about 8 Ω cm² and it is much lower than calculated in recent works.     

The effects of pulsed laser injection seeding and triggering on the temporal behavior and magnitude of laser-induced incandescence from soot

The effect of sub-nanosecond fluence fluctuations and triggering on time-resolved laser-induced incandescence (LII) from soot has been studied using an injection-seeded pulsed Nd:YAG laser that produces a smooth laser temporal profile. Without injection seeding, this multi-mode laser generates pulses with large intensity fluctuations with sub-nanosecond rise times. The experimental results described here demonstrate that at fluences below 0.6 J/cm² LII signals are insensitive to fluence fluctuations on nanosecond time scales. At fluences above 0.6 J/cm² fluctuations in the laser profile cause the rising edge of the LII profile to move around in time relative to the center of the laser pulse causing a broader average profile that shifts to earlier times. Such fluctuations also lead to a decrease in the average LII temporal profile by up to 12% at a fluence of 3.5 J/cm². A timing jitter on the trigger of the data acquisition, such as that produced by triggering on the laser Q-switch synchronization pulse, has a negligible effect on the shape and temporal maximum of the LII signal. Additional jitter, however, considerably reduces the peak of the LII temporal profiles at fluences as low as 0.15 J/cm². Neither fast fluence fluctuations nor trigger jitter have a significant effect on gated LII signals, such as those used to infer soot volume fraction.     

The effects of laser and electric field on sprouting of rice seeds

There is a number of reports on the laser-treatment of rice in these years.But wedidn't see any report about treating rice seeds with laser plus DC electric field.This paper re-ports the initial result of the strengthened seed vitality,having been treated by laser plus elec-tric field.     

Lithium-rich layered nickel–manganese oxides as high-performance cathode materials: the effects of composition and PEG on performance

Lithium-rich layered nickel–manganese oxide (LRL-NMO) as a cathode material for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries was successfully prepared using an oxalic acid co-precipitation method, with polyethylene glycol (PEG1000) as an additive. The effects of the Ni/Mn ratio and of PEG on the phase purity, morphology, and electrochemical performance of LRL-NMO were investigated with X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and charge/discharge testing. Li[Li_0.167Ni_0.25Mn_0.580]O₂ delivered the best electrochemical performance among the various Li[Li_1/3?2x/3Ni _x Mn_2/3?x/3]O₂ (0?<?x?<?0.5) materials. Furthermore, the sample to which an appropriate amount of PEG had been added showed much smaller and more uniform particle size, higher discharge capacity and energy density, better cycling stability, and lower resistance. The material prepared by adding 9 wt% PEG exhibited high discharge capacity and stability; after 100 cycles at 2 C, it still delivered a discharge capacity of 125.6 mAh g^?1, which was 50 % higher than that of a sample prepared without PEG.     

The effects of smoking on temporary threshold shift

1 IntroductionEXPosure to high levels of noise leads to temporary and/or permanent threshold shift(PTS). Both of them are extremely vaxiable between different listeners even the physical padrameters of the noise are the same (Melnick, 1978)[']. Deng6rink at al.[2] denoted that thevaxiability implies that noise may interact with other variables in producing its effects on auditory system. Some of the interactive factors which might influence the noise susceptibility inexposed workers are amb…     

The effects of physical parameters on the gain and efficiency of Cherenkov type FEL

In this paper, the effects of physical parameters on the gain and efficiency of Cherenkov type FEL are studied through simulative compute. The results show that the permittivity ε and periodic length λ_(?) of wiggler magnetic filed are two important parameters which influence the properties of laser. The magnitude ε has effect on the properties of gain, and the choice of wigger λ_(?) can increase gain and efficiency of the laser. The calculation results show that the gain and efficiency of Cherenkov type FEL are considerably higher than those of Compton-Raman type FEL under some conditions with proper parameters.     

The effect of rubber dampers on engine’s NVH and thermal performance

Fins as extended surfaces are attached to the internal combustion engine surfaces for enhancing the heat transfer. However, these fins vibrate at various frequencies, which produce undesirable radiated noise. To mitigate this effect, automobile industry inserts rubber dampers between these fins. These rubber dampers reduce the fins’ amplitude of vibration and thus reduce the radiated noise from the fin surfaces. Investigations on the effect of rubber dampers on the engine’s NVH (Noise–Vibration–Harshness) and thermal performance using numerical (FEM and CFD) and experimental measurement have been presented in this paper. Experiments were conducted in the semi-anechoic chamber on an engine with and without rubber dampers to measure the radiated noise from the fins. It was found that rubber dampers assist in reducing engine high frequency noise signals at higher engine speeds. Modal and harmonic response analysis was carried out on various designs for NVH characteristics improvement. Prototypes of the final design was made and tested for the NVH performance. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were performed on engine with and without rubber dampers to investigate the thermal performance. It was found that rubber dampers increase engine temperature by about 10%. Effect of rubbers dampers on the cost and environmental impact has also been discussed. This paper provides a systematic procedure to investigate the effect of rubber dampers and a method to eliminate these dampers from the engines with the same NVH and better thermal performances.     

The effects of Raman self-pumping and fiber loss on the transmission of fiber dark soliton

In this paper,the effects of Raman self-pumping and fiber loss on the transmis-sion of fundamental dark soliton and small-amplitude one are discussed with the perturbationmethod of energy-momentum and inverse scatter theory.It is demonstrated that the amplitudeof fundamental dark soliton will decay exponentially,while that of small amplitude dark soli-ton depends strongly on its propagation direction.     

The effects of doubly excited states on ionization balance

The effects of highly doubly excited states on ionization balance are investigated. In the calculation, A Collisional-Radiative model in Detailed-Conflguration-Accounting （DCA） is applied to population calculations for NLTE pl＆smas. Configuration-averaged rate coefficients that needed in the rate equations are obtained based onthe first order perturbation theory. The Hatree-Fock-Slater self-consistent-field method is used to calculate theelectron wave functions. The mean ionization stage of high-Z plasma Lu is presented. The comparison shows thatthe mean ionization stage increases more than 3 stages when doubly excited states 5l6l＇ and 5l5l＇ are not included in the population calculations.     

The effects of electron–phonon interaction on anisotropic RKKY interaction in graphene nanoribbon

We study the Ruderman–Kittle–Kasuya–Yosida (RKKY) interaction in doped armchair graphene nanoribbon. The effects of both external magnetic field and electron-Holstein phonon on RKKY interaction have been addressed. RKKY interaction as a function of distance between localized moments has been analyzed. It has been shown that a magnetic field along the z-axis mediates an anisotropic interaction which corresponds to a XXZ model interaction between two magnetic moments. In order to calculate the exchange interaction along arbitrary direction between two magnetic moments, we should obtain both transverse and longitudinal static spin susceptibilities of armchair graphene nanoribbon in the presence of electron-phonon coupling and magnetic field. The spin susceptibility components are calculated using the spin dependent Green’s function approach for Holstein model Hamiltonian. The effects of spin polarization on the dependence of exchange interaction on distance between moments are investigated via calculating correlation function of spin density operators. Our results show the influences of magnetic field on the spatial behavior of in-plane and longitudinal RKKY interactions are different in the presence of magnetic field.     

The effects of deviations from Lorentz–Berthelot rules on the properties of a simple mixture

Generally, the parameters in the interaction potential between like molecules in a mixture can be determined in a relatively straightforward manner from the properties of the pure components. However, the determination of the parameters in the interaction potential between the unlike pairs in the mixtures is more difficult. As a result, these parameters are usually estimated from averages of the like parameters. The most common recipes are the Lorentz–Berthelot mixing rules, where the energy and molecular size parameters are presumed to be geometric and arithmetic averages, respectively. There have been some studies of the consequences of deviations from the energy rule but almost no studies of the consequences of deviations from the size rule. Here, we study the effects of deviations from both rules on the radial distribution functions of a simple mixture. We find from simulations that, for this mixture, the effect of deviations from the energy rule on the radial distribution function are rather small but that the effect of deviations from the size rule can be significant and are interesting.     

The effects of high-energy ion irradiations on the I–V characteristics of silicon NPN transistors

The silicon NPN rf power transistors were irradiated with different linear energy transfer (LET) ions such as 50?MeV Li³⁺, 80?MeV C⁶⁺ and 150?MeV Ag¹²⁺ ions in the dose range of 1–100?Mrad. The SRIM simulation was used to understand the energy loss and range of these ions in the transistor structure. The different electrical parameters such as Gummel characteristics, excess base current (ΔI_B), DC current gain (h_FE), displacement damage factor (K) and output characteristics were systematically studied before and after irradiation. The ion irradiation results were compared with ⁶⁰Co-gamma irradiation result in the same dose range. A considerable increase in base current (I_B) and a decrease in h_FE and I_CSat were observed after irradiation. The degradation in the electrical parameters was comparably very high for Ag¹²⁺ ion-irradiated transistor when compared to other ion-irradiated transistors, whereas the degradation in the electrical parameters for Li³⁺ and C⁶⁺ ion-irradiated transistors was comparable with gamma-irradiated transistor. The isochronal annealing study was conducted on the 100?Mrad irradiated transistors up to 500°C to analyze the recovery in different electrical parameters. The h_FE and other electrical parameters of irradiated transistors were almost recovered after 500°C for 50?MeV Li³⁺, 80?MeV C⁶⁺ ion and ⁶⁰Co-gamma-irradiated transistors, whereas for 150?MeV Ag¹²⁺ ion-irradiated transistor, the recovery in electrical characteristics is not complete.     

The effects of doubly excited states on ionization balance

The effects of highly doubly excited states on ionization balance are investigated. In the calculation, A Collisional-Radiative model in Detailed-Configuration-Accounting (DCA) is applied to population calculations for NLTE plasmas. Configuration-averaged rate coefficients that needed in the rate equations are obtained based on the first order perturbation theory. The Hatree-Fock-Slater self-consistent-field method is used to calculate the electron wave functions. The mean ionization stage of high-Z plasma Lu is presented. The comparison shows that the mean ionization stage increases more than 3 stages when doubly excited states 5l6l' and 5l5l' are not included in the population calculations.     

A comparative study on the effects of salt and filler on transport and structural properties of organic–inorganic hybrid electrolytes

Organic–inorganic hybrid electrolytes based on the reaction of tri-block copolymer poly(propylene glycol)-block-poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(propylene glycol) bis(2-aminopropyl ether), poly(ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether, and (3-glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane doped with LiClO₄ and SiO₂ nanoparticles were synthesized by a sol–gel process. The structural and dynamic properties of the materials thus obtained were systematically investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, alternate current impedance, and ¹³C solid-state NMR measurements. A maximum ionic conductivity of 3.2?×?10^?5 S cm^?1 was obtained at 30 °C for the solid hybrid electrolyte with a [O]/[Li] ratio of 16 and 7 wt% of SiO₂ nanoparticles. A Vogel–Tamman–Fulcher-like temperature dependence of ionic conductivity was observed for the hybrid electrolytes, implying that the diffusion of charge carriers was assisted by the segmental motions of the polymer chains.     

The design and dynamic performance of a moment actuator

I.IntroductionMachinenoiseisanenvironmcnta1po11utantanditscontrolremainsamajorunresolvedprob1cm.Inadditiontoair-bornesound,machinesimpartvibrationalenergyintosupportingandconnectedstructuresbybothtrans1ationa1androtationa1motions.Translationa1compo-nentsarerelative1yeasytoestimatesinccnearpureforcescanbegeneratedandmeasured.ThisisnotthecaseforrotationalcomponentSsincemomcntsaremoredifficu1ttogenerateandmeasure.Suchmeasurementswould1eadtoafu11undcrstandingofthis1ittleunderstoodbutoftenimporta…     

The effects of pitch and duration on the perception of the neutral tone in standard Chinese

The research aim is to investigate that how pitch and duration affect the perception of the neutral tone in standard Chinese and that which one of the two factors is more important. A psycho-acoustic experiment was conducted, in which the listening stimuli consisted of 15 groups of disyllabic words, and the pitches and durations of the two syllables in each of the words were artificially controlled. Thirty-three standard Chinese native speakers participated in a forced-choice task to judge if the second syllables of the words they heard carried the neutral tone or the normal tones. The results of the experiment indicated that, (1) the effects of both pitch and duration on the perception of the neutral tone are significant; (2) the effect of pitch is larger than that of duration; (3) both the F0 values of the high point in the pitch contour and the pitch contour pattern have influence on the perception. The results of the experiment were correspondent to some extent to those of the previous acoustic analyses on the neutral tone. The diversity between the results of the presented perceptual study and those of the acoustical studies implies that the acoustic features of the neutral tone that exist in natural speech while do not affect the perception may be phonologically redundant.     

Effect of spin–orbit coupling on spectral and transport properties of tubular electron gas in InAs nanowires

We constructed the Hamiltonian of spin–orbit splitting for carriers of a tubular electron gas in InAs nanowires. The spectral problem is solved using an exact numerical diagonalization. It is shown that the contribution of k-linear Dresselhaus-like spin–orbit (SO) coupling leads to renormalization of the so-called SO-gaps and appearance of anticrossings in subband spectrum. These features can be detected in ballistic transport.     

The effect of oil on the performance of heat pumps and refrigerators—II. Experimental results

The results of a prolonged investigation of the influence of the lubricating oil Shell Clavus 68 on the performance of an R12-based refrigeration-heat pump system are presented. The strategy is discussed for deciding if a given series of data collected at 10s intervals adequately represents the chosen experimental conditions and results are presented under both transient and steady state conditions. The effects of oil on evaporator capacity, coefficient of performance, heat transfer rates, evaporator outlet superheat stability, refrigerant mass flow rate, evaporator pressure drop and compressor discharge temperature are discussed, and the experimental results are compared with a theoretical analysis. Finally, it is shown that under certain (albeit unlikely) conditions, it is possible for both the evaporator and condensor to act as heat rejectors.