苯甲酰肼在多壁碳纳米管修饰玻碳电极上的电催化氧化及其电化学动力学性质

研究了苯甲酰肼(BH)在MWCNT/GCE上的电化学行为。实验结果表明,BH在GCE上的直接电化学氧化十分迟缓,无氧化峰出现,但在MWCNT/GCE上BH在0.20 V处出现了一个不可逆氧化峰,且峰电流大幅度增大,表明MWCNT/GCE对BH电化学氧化具有良好的催化作用。同时用计时库仑法(Chro-nocoulometry,CC)和计时电流法(Chronoamperometry,CA)测定了电极过程动力学参数:扩散系数D=8.73×10-5cm2.s-1,电子转移系数α=0.85,电极反应速率常数kf=1.45×10-3s-1。稳态电流-时间实验结果表明,电流响应信号随其浓度成比例增长,响应时间小于6 s,最低响应浓度为1×10-6mol/L。该方法可用于BH电化学定量测定。     

甲氧苄啶在多壁碳纳米管-Nafion修饰电极上的电催化氧化及电分析方法

用循环伏安法(CV),计时库仑法(CC),计时电流法(CA),线性扫描伏安法(LSV)及电流-时间曲线研究了甲氧苄啶(trimethoprim, TMP)在碳纳米管-Nafion修饰电极(MWCNTs-Nafion/GCE)上的电化学行为,电化学动力学性质以及电分析方法.结果表明,TMP在GCE上有一个极弱的氧化峰,而在MWCNTs-Nafion/GCE上出现一个敏锐的氧化峰,表明MWCNTs-Nafion/GCE对TMP电化学氧化具有良好的催化作用.在扫描速度为10～800 mV/s时其氧化峰电流与扫描速度平方根(v1/2)呈良好线性关系,表明TMP在MWCNTs-Nafion/GCE上的伏安行为是受扩散控制的电化学过程.TMP在MWCNTs-Nafion/GCE上氧化峰电流与浓度在5.0×10-6～1.0×10-3 mol/L范围内呈良好线性关系;检出限为6.6×10-7 mol/L;RSD在0.75%～1 69%之间;加标回收率在98.1%～101.1%之间.本方法简便快捷,测定结果令人满意,可用于TMP的电化学定量测定.     

氮氧自由基电催化氧化盐酸伪麻黄碱的电化学行为及其电化学动力学性质

运用循环伏安法(CV)、计时电流法(CA)在玻碳电极(GCE)上研究了以氮氧自由基(4-羟基-2,2,6,6-四甲基-哌啶-1-氧自由基,TEMPOL)为均相电子转移媒体电催化氧化盐酸伪麻黄碱(PEH)的电化学行为及其电化学动力学性质.研究结果表明,PEH在GCE上的电化学氧化过程十分迟缓,不易直接发生电化学氧化反应.而在TEMPOL存在时PEH在0.641 V处出现了一个不可逆的氧化峰,且峰电流大幅度增加,表明TEMPOL对PEH的电化学氧化具有良好的电催化作用.在5～1 000 mV/s扫描速度范围内,氧化峰电流(Ipa)与扫描速率平方根(v1/2)呈线性关系,此催化氧化反应是一受扩散控制的电极过程.测定了电催化氧化反应动力学参数:电子转移系数α为0.72,催化反应速率常数k为(2.26±0.05)×103(mol/L)/s.催化体系氧化峰电流与PEH浓度在2.0×10-5～2.0×10-3mol/L范围内呈良好的线性关系,检出限为1.0×10-5mol/L.     

香兰素在AB/PABSA/GCE修饰电极上的电化学行为及测定

采用电聚合和滴涂法制备了乙炔黑/聚对氨基苯磺酸修饰电极(AB/PABSA/GCE),并用交流阻抗法(EIS)进行了表征,运用循环伏安法(CV)对实验条件进行优化后,研究了香兰素(Van)在AB/PABSA/GCE上的电化学行为。结果表明,在p H 7.0的PBS溶液中,Van在该修饰电极上有1个氧化峰,无还原峰,在40~300 m V/s扫速范围内,Van氧化峰电流与扫速呈线性关系,说明Van在该电极上的电化学反应过程是受吸附控制的不可逆过程。该反应过程中电子转移数及参加反应的质子数均为2,电极有效面积A=0.065 7cm2,扩散系数D=1.557×10-3cm2/s,反应物吸附量Γ=2.249×10-8mol/cm2。采用计时电流法(CA)对不同浓度的Van进行测定,结果发现在5~460μmol/L浓度范围内,氧化峰电流与浓度呈良好的线性关系(r=-0.998 5),检出限为2.09×10-7mol/L。运用该方法对巧克力样品进行了检测,回收率为93.0%~114.2%。     

循环伏安法研究利福平的电化学行为

采用循环伏安法研究了利福平在多壁碳纳米管修饰电极(MWCNT′s/GCE)上的电化学行为。结果表明:在pH 1.2的0.2mol.L-1硫酸-硫酸钠溶液中,修饰电极对利福平有良好的电催化作用,能够显著提高氧化还原峰电流,还原峰电流与利福平浓度分别在6.6×10-8～6.8×10-6 mol.L-1,6.8×10-6～4.8×10-5 mol.L-1范围内呈线性关系,检出限(3S/N)为3.0×10-8 mol.L-1。对利福平在修饰电极(MWCNT′s/GCE)上的电化学动力学性质进行了研究。     

核酸碱基鸟嘌呤在聚溴甲酚绿修饰电极上的电化学行为及其动力学研究

制备了聚溴甲酚绿修饰玻碳电极(PBG/GCE/CME),用循环伏安法(CV)、线性单扫描伏安法(LSV)、计时电量法(CC)、计时电流法(CA)等研究了核酸碱基鸟嘌呤(Gua)在PBG/GCE/CME上的电化学行为及其动力学性质,实验表明:Gua在该修饰电极上的电极过程为2电子2质子的不可逆反应,传递系数α=0.302,电极活化面积A为0.52 cm2,扩散系数D为3.3353×10-5cm2/s。在HAc-NaAc缓冲溶液(pH=4)中,Gua在PBG/GCE/CME上于0.9V(vs.SCE)出现一灵敏不可逆氧化峰,氧化峰电流与其浓度在5.0×10-6~1.0×10-4mol/L范围内呈良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.9950;检出限为1×10-6mol/L;Gua样品测定平均回收率为100.8%。     

邻苯二胺在L-酪氨酸功能化的玻碳电极上的聚合及其性能

首先在非水介质中通过电化学氧化将L-酪氨酸以C-N键共价键合在玻碳电极表面,形成L-酪氨酸接枝单层膜.再在L-酪氨酸功能化的玻碳电极上对邻苯二胺进行电化学聚合,从而制备了聚邻苯二胺/L-酪氨酸复合膜修饰玻碳电极(聚-o-PD-Tyr/GCE).研究发现聚-o-PD-Tyr/GCE在pH 6.8的磷酸缓冲溶液(PBS)中对抗坏血酸的电化学氧化具有催化作用,其氧化电位为0.35 V,比在裸玻碳电极上(0.58 V)降低了0.23 V,峰电流也明显升高.抗坏血酸在修饰电极上响应电流与其浓度在2.5×10-4～1.5×10-3mol·L-1范围内呈线性关系,检出限(3s/k)为43.64μmol·L-1.经修饰的电极保存在0.1 mol·L-1PBS中,可至少稳定5d.对5×10-4mol·L-1抗坏血酸溶液连续测定10次,测得此电极的相对标准偏差为3.2%.     

尿酸在石墨烯修饰玻碳电极上的电化学行为及测定

以抗坏血酸为还原剂,采用微波水热法化学还原氧化石墨烯合成了石墨烯纳米片,制备了石墨烯修饰的玻碳电极(RGO/GCE),并采用循环伏安法、计时电量法、交流阻抗法等电化学技术研究了尿酸在该修饰电极上的电化学行为及其影响因素。结果表明,在PBS缓冲溶液中,尿酸(UA)在石墨烯修饰电极上的电极反应是一个受扩散控制的不可逆氧化过程。电极反应的转移电子数n=2,有效面积A=0.182 cm2,扩散系数D=1.51×10-6 cm2.s-1。UA的氧化峰电流与其浓度在5.0×10-6～1.5×10-4 mol/L范围内呈良好线性,r=0.995 7。利用该RGO/GCE修饰电极可以快速准确地测定UA,检出限为2.7×10-7 mol/L,加标回收率为98%～100%。     

百草枯在碳纳米管与离子液体复合修饰电极上的电化学行为及测定

制备了碳纳米管(MWCNTs)和疏水性离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐(BMIMPF6)复合修饰电极(MWCNTs-BMIMPF6/GCE),并采用红外光谱(IR)分别对MWCNTs、BMIMPF6及MWCNTs-BMIMPF6进行了表征。运用循环伏安法研究了百草枯(PQ)在该修饰电极上的电化学行为。结果表明,在pH7.0的PBS缓冲溶液中,PQ在MWCNTs-BMIMPF6/GCE上出现2对明显的氧化还原峰,在20~200 mV/s扫描速率范围内,其氧化还原峰电流均与扫描速率平方根(v1/2)呈线性关系,表明该电极过程受扩散控制。计算了电极过程的部分动力学参数:电极有效面积A=0.156 4 cm2,百草枯在pH7.0的PBS缓冲液中的扩散系数D=7.0×10-5cm2/s。优化了方波溶出伏安法(SWSV)的实验参数,发现峰电流Ipa1与PQ浓度在7.729×10-7~9.660×10-5mol/L范围内呈线性关系,检出限为1.576×10-7mol/L。采用该方法对实际水样进行检测,增敏回收率为93%~104%。     

更昔洛韦在碳纳米管-离子液体修饰电极上的电催化氧化及电分析方法

将疏水性离子液体与多壁碳纳米管修饰在玻碳电极上,制备了多壁碳纳米管-离子液体修饰玻碳电极(MWCNTs-IL/GCE).运用循环伏安法进一步研究了更昔洛韦(GCV)在MWCNTs-IL/GCE上的电化学行为.结果表明,GCV在GCE电极上于1.06 V处有一不可逆氧化峰.与GCE相比,GCV在MWCNTs-IL/GCE上的峰电位约负移100 mV,峰电流明显增强,表明MWCNTs-IL/GCE对GCV具有良好的电催化氧化作用.在40 ～400 mV/s范围内,其氧化峰电流与扫描速率呈良好的线性关系,表明GCV在MWCNTs-IL/GCE上的电极反应受吸附控制.测定了GCV在MWCNTs-IL/GCE上的电荷转移系数α、电极反应速率常数K′s.采用微分脉冲伏安法测得GCV氧化峰电流与其浓度在2.0×10-7 ～2.5×10-5 mol/L范围内呈良好的线性关系,检出限为5.4×10-8 mol/L.该法用于GCV药物的含量测定,RSD为2.4% ～3.6%,加标回收率为96% ～101%.     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.