Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Fermentation of Pretreated Cashew Apple Bagasse with Alkali and Diluted Sulfuric Acid for Bioethanol Production

The aim of this work was to optimize the enzymatic hydrolysis of the cellulose fraction of cashew apple bagasse (CAB) after diluted acid (CAB-H) and alkali pretreatment (CAB-OH), and to evaluate its fermentation to ethanol using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Glucose conversion of 82?±?2 mg/g CAB-H and 730?±?20 mg/g CAB-OH was obtained when 2% (w/v) of solid and 30 FPU/g bagasse was used during hydrolysis at 45 °C, 2-fold higher than when using 15 FPU/g bagasse, 44?±?2 mg/g CAB-H, and 450?±?50 mg/g CAB-OH, respectively. Ethanol concentration and productivity, achieved after 6 h of fermentation, were 20.0?±?0.2 g L^?1 and 3.33 g L^?1 h^?1, respectively, when using CAB-OH hydrolyzate (initial glucose concentration of 52.4 g L^?1). For CAB-H hydrolyzate (initial glucose concentration of 17.4 g L^?1), ethanol concentration and productivity were 8.2?±?0.1 g L^?1 and 2.7 g L^?1 h^?1 in 3 h, respectively. Hydrolyzates fermentation resulted in an ethanol yield of 0.38 and 0.47 g/g glucose with pretreated CAB-OH and CAB-H, respectively. Ethanol concentration and productivity, obtained using CAB-OH hydrolyzate, were close to the values obtained in the conventional ethanol fermentation of cashew apple juice or sugar cane juice.     

颗粒粒径与硫酸处理对竹碳电极电化学性能的影响

将竹碳进行球磨和硫酸处理,比较颗粒粒径和硫酸处理时间对竹碳电极电化学性能的影响.结果表明,平均粒径5μm的竹碳电极具有较好的充放电效率,而硫酸处理可有效提高材料的放电容量.硫酸处理18 h的竹碳电极首次放电比容量可达328.2 mAh·g-1,50次循环后其比容量仍保持302.3 mAh·g-1,显示出优异的循环寿命.     

浓硫酸性质实验的整合创新设计

对浓硫酸的几个性质(吸水性、脱水性、强氧化性、遇水放热性、催化性)实验进行了整合创新设计, 解决了教材实验中的药品耗量大、不易操作、药品易撒落、易污染水源、耗时长、不适合学生分组实验等缺点。整合创新后设计的实验不仅操作简便、体现绿色实验理念, 而且操作安全, 适合中小学生开展课外活动。     

吸附树脂对山梨酸的吸附作用及其热力学性质

大孔吸附树脂;吸附树脂对山梨酸的吸附作用及其热力学性质     

柠檬酸色谱分离过程的吸附性质研究

 提出了一种通过在分析型柱上测定和模拟不同温度时的柱床空隙率和吸附等温线等热力学性能的变化行为 ,来筛选和研究用于从发酵液中以色谱法分离提纯柠檬酸的固定相结构的方法。     

铅镧和铅钐合金在硫酸溶液中生长的阳极膜性质的研究

应用交流伏安法和线性电位扫描法研究了Pb ,Pb 1.0at%La和Pb 1.0at%Sm电极在硫酸溶液中以 0 .9V(vs .Hg/Hg2 SO4 )生长的阳极Pb(Ⅱ )膜增长率和膜的阻抗实部变化 ,并采用循环伏安法研究了它们在 0 .6～ 1.6V(vs.Hg/Hg2 SO4 )间的循环伏安特性 ,结果表明 :在铅中添加Sm有利于抑制铅的阳极腐蚀和降低阳极Pb(Ⅱ )膜的阻抗 ,La亦可降低阳极Pb(Ⅱ )膜的阻抗 ,但其作用不如Sm明显     

乙酰柠檬酸丁酯增韧竹粉/聚乳酸生物质复合材料的制备与性能

以竹粉(bamboo flour,BF)为生物质填料,乙酰柠檬酸丁酯(acetyl tributyl citrate,ATBC)为增韧剂,通过与聚乳酸(polylactic acid,PLA)熔融共混制备了BF/PLA增韧复合材料,并采用红外光谱、热重分析、转矩流变仪、扫描电镜及力学性能测试等考察了ATBC添加对BF/PLA复合材料结构与性能的影响。结果表明,ATBC可改善BF/PLA复合材料的加工流变性,降低复合材料玻璃化转变温度、冷结晶温度及熔融温度,但对复合材料的热稳定性没有影响。FTIR分析显示,ATBC的加入可使BF/PLA复合材料C—O红外吸收峰位增大,表明ATBC与PLA之间存在一定相互作用。当ATBC用量为15%时,BF/PLA复合材料断裂伸长率由增韧前的8.1%增加到35.6%,提高了339.5%。SEM图片显示,此时复合材料断面粗糙,表现出韧性断裂形貌。该研究结果可为进一步探索增韧竹纤维/聚乳酸复合材料制备及应用,提供试验数据和理论参考。     

Acetylation and Formylation of Alcohols in the Presence of Silica Sulfuric Acid

Alcohols are converted to esters in a mild, clean, and efficient reaction with acetic and formic acids in the presence of silica sulfuric acid. All reactions were performed under mild and completely heterogeneous conditions in refluxing n-hexane.     

Mechanism and Activation Parameters of the Reactions of Arenes with VO+ 2 in Sulfuric Acid

The gas/solution distribution coefficients, the rate constants of the first stage, the activation parameters of the reactions of benzene, monoalkyl- and polymethylbenzenes, and the products from toluene coupling in the HVO₃ – H₂SO₄ (59.7 wt.%) system were studied. A compensation effect involving the number of substituents in the benzene ring was found. A reaction scheme is proposed.     

Reexamination of the Bromination of 2-Nitrobenzaldehyde with NBS or NaBr-NaIO4 in Sulfuric Acid

Two literature procedures for selective bromination of 2-nitrobenzaldehyde using N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) or NaBr-NaIO₄ in sulfuric acid were examined. In contrast to the reports that 4-bromo-2-nitrobenzaldehyde is formed as a single product in good yield, reactions using NBS gave a number of isomeric mono- and dibrominated products identified by spectroscopical methods and by sodium borohydride reduction to the corresponding benzyl alcohol, and reactions using NaBr-NaIO₄ did not furnish any product.

[Supplementary materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Synthetic Communications® for the following free supplemental resource(s): Full experimental and spectral details.]     

Iodination and Chlorination of Aromatic Polycyclic Hydrocarbons with Iodine Monochloride in Aqueous Sulfuric Acid

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons when treated with iodine monochloride in water solutions of sulfuric acid afford iodo- and chloroderivatives. Biphenyl, fluorene, acenaphthene, 1-nitronaphthalene undergo iodination. Naphthalene furnishes a mixture of iodo- and chloroderivatives, prevailing the latter. Anthracene and phenanthrene provide only chlorinated products. The iodine monochloride in the sulfuric acid is a stronger iodinating agent than in acetonitrile.     

吸附聚丙烯酸对纳米碳管表面特征影响的研究

利用低温氮气吸附法系统研究了吸附聚丙烯酸 (PAA)的量对纳米碳管表面特征的影响 .分析结果表明 :当PAA吸附量增加到 2 68 98mg·g-1时 ,纳米碳管的比表面积下降了 46 97% ;虽然吸附PAA后的纳米碳管在 1 8nm以上的孔径分布特征基本上与原样一致 ,但孔容减少 ,这部分孔对比表面的贡献明显降低 ,同时出现 1 8nm以下的孔 ;通过氮气吸附等温线利用热力学方法计算的纳米碳管的表面分维值 (surfacefractaldimension)dSF由原样的 2 5 4下降至吸附后的 2 48,表明吸附PAA分子能够降低纳米碳管的粗糙度 .这些说明堵孔效应和屏蔽效应是纳米碳管表面特征改变的主要因素 ,这一研究对纳米碳管在吸附、催化等方面的应用有着非常重要的意义 .     

Effect of Support Nature on Physicochemical Characteristics and Catalytic Properties of B-P-V-W-Ox Oxide Compositions in the Condensation Reaction by Acetic Acid with Formaldehyde

Theoretical and Experimental Chemistry - The influence of the support nature on physicochemical characteristics (surface acidity, porous structure) of complex oxide compositions B-P-V-W-Ox and...     

Improvement in the Physicochemical Properties of Ketoconazole through Complexation with Cyclodextrin Derivatives

Highly-soluble cyclodextrin derivatives, such as hydroxypropyl--cyclodextrin(HP--CD) and methyl--cyclodextrin (MEB), were tested as solubilizingagents for ketoconazole, with the aim of improving the physicochemical andbiopharmaceutical properties of this lipophilic imidazole antifungal agent. Productswere prepared in four molecular ratios by physical mixing, kneading and spray-dryingmethods. The kneaded products in a ratio of 1:2 and the spray-dried products exhibitedthe highest dissolution rates. The phase solubility diagrams of ketoconazole with thesecyclodextrins at 25 °C in water and in simulated intestinal medium wereconstructed. A solubility diagram of A_L type was obtained with HP--CD, and one of A_P type with MEB. The complexes were characterized by thermal methods(DSC, TG, DTG and DTA). Multicomponent systems were prepared with tartaric acid.The effects of water-soluble polymers, e.g., polyvinylpyrrolidone, on the aqueous solubility of ketoconazole were investigated. Particle size distribution, surface area, partition coefficient, heat of dissolution and wettability studies were also carried out. The formation of inclusion complexes was observed by means of thermoanalytical studies.     

Effects of Samarium on the Properties of the Anodic Pb（Ⅱ） Oxides Film Formed on Pb in Sulfuric Acid Solution

The effects of samarium on the properties of the anodic Pb(II) oxides films formed on lead at 0.9 V (vs. Hg/Hg₂SO₄) in 4.5 mol/L H₂SO₄ solution were studied using linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and scanning electron micrographs (SEM). The experimental results show that adding Sm to lead metal can inhibit the growth of the Pb(II) oxides film effectively, and reduce the resistance of the PbO oxides film obviously. The addition of Sm increases the porosity of the anodic film, which may cause the increase of the ionic conductance produced by the interstitial liquid among the PbO particles in the film and lead to the decrease of the resistance of the anodic film.     

Effects of Samarium on the Properties of the Anodic Pb(II) Oxides Film Formed on Pb in Sulfuric Acid Solution

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＡｎｔｉｍｏｎｙ ｆｒｅｅＰｂ Ｃａａｌｌｏｙｓｈａｖｅｃｏｍｍｏｎｌｙｂｅｅｎｕｓｅｄｉｎｔｈｅｍａｎｕｆａｃｔｕｒｅｏｆｇｒｉｄｓｉｎｏｒｄｅｒｔｏｍｉｎｉｍｉｚｅｇａｓｓｉｎｇｉｎｅｉｔｈｅｒｌｏｗ ｍａｉｎｔｅｎａｎｃｅｏｒｖａｌｖｅ ｒｅｇｕｌａｔｅｄｌｅａｄａｃｉｄｂａｔｔｅｒｉｅｓ .Ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ ,ｔｈｅｓｅａｌｌｏｙｓｃａｎｃａｕｓｅｏｔｈｅｒｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓｓｕｃｈａｓｐｒｅｍａｔｕｒｅｃａｐａｃｉｔｙｌｏｓｓ ,ｌｏｗｃｈａｒｇｅ ａｃ ｃｅｐｔａｎｃｅａｎｄ…     

GDX树脂和二氧六环的理化性质对水中酚类污染物富集洗脱性能的影响

以9种一元酚为吸附质,系统讨论了GDX-502和二氧六环的理化性质对酚类富集及洗脱性能的影响。结果表明,GDX-502使用前的溶剂预处理具有净化树脂和改变树脂的孔结构的双重功能,用本文方法对GDX-502进行溶剂预处理,可使树脂获得有利于酚类富集与洗脱的孔结构,该树脂对水中酚类的富集作用是以Van der Waals力和较氢键弱的π-键合作用力为基础的物理吸附,而二氧六环洗脱酚类的实质是氢键作用。     

pH/酶/光热多重响应的金纳米笼/透明质酸核壳结构纳米载体的制备与性能

以金纳米笼(AuNC)为核, 巯基化改性的透明质酸(LC-HA)为壳, 盐酸阿霉素(DOX)为药物模型, 通过简单的一锅法制备了核壳结构载药纳米粒子DOX@AuNC@HA(DAH). 金纳米笼为药物装载提供容器且赋予载体光热性能, 改性的透明质酸对金纳米笼进行包封并提供pH/酶响应及靶向介导功能. 对DAH的结构进行了表征, 并进行了载药、 控释性能以及细胞摄取和细胞毒性的研究. 结果表明, 核壳结构纳米微粒DAH具有较高的载药能力, 在激光源的照射下具有较好的循环稳定性和较高的光热转换率. 在pH=7.4的磷酸盐缓冲液中, DAH具有较高的稳定性, 20 h的药物泄露率低于20%; 而在酸性环境、 透明质酸酶(HAase)及光热作用下, DAH均能较快地释放出装载的药物, 展现出较好的刺激响应性. 此外, DAH能够更多地被肿瘤细胞摄取, 表现出一定的靶向性; 当化疗与光热疗法共同作用时, 肿瘤细胞的活性大大减弱, 展现出了联合疗法的优势及潜力.     

Regiospecific Positioning of Palmitic Acid in Triacylglycerol Structure of Enzymatically Modified Lipids Affects Physicochemical and In Vitro Digestion Properties

Tripalmitin-(PPP, 81.2%), 1,3-dipalmitoyl-2-oleoylglycerol-(POP, 64.4%), 1,2-dipalmitoyl-3-oleoylglycerol-(PPO, 86.5%), and 1,3-dioleoyl-2-palmitoylglycerol-(OPO, 50.2%)-rich lipids with different regiospecific positions of palmitic acid (P) were synthesized via acetone fractionation and lipase-catalyzed acidolysis, and their physicochemical and hydrolytic characteristics were compared. Triacylglycerols (TAGs) with higher content of P, wherein P was at the sn-1 (or 3) position, had higher melting points, crystallization temperatures, and packing densities of fat crystals compared to those with a lower content of P, and with P at the sn-2 position. The in vitro digestion degree calculated as released fatty acid (FA) (%) at 30, 60, and 120 min was in the following order: OPO-rich > PPO-rich > POP-rich lipids. At 120 min, in vitro digestion of the OPO-rich lipid released 92.6% of fatty acids, resulting in the highest digestibility, while 89.7% and 87.2% of fatty acids were released from the OPO-rich and PPO-rich lipids, respectively. Over the digestion period, the TAG and monoacylglycerol (MAG) contents decreased, while the diacylglycerol (DAG) content initially increased and then decreased, and the 1,2-DAG content exceeded the 1,3-DAG content. Therefore, the content and stereospecific position of P attached to a specific TAG affected the physicochemical and in vitro digestion characteristics of the lipids.