Application of time-resolved spectroscopy to concentration measurements in gas mixtures

Concentration measurements using femtosecond Raman Induced Polarization Spectroscopy (RIPS) are performed in binary gas mixtures CO₂–N₂ and CO₂–N₂O at room temperature. The principle of these measurements is based on the nonlinear rotational time response of each molecular component of the mixture. The general form of this molecular response is a series of periodic transients with a period related to the rotational constant B_e. The relative strength of the individual responses allows an accurate determination of the concentration. Two techniques are presented using either two pulses (one pump and one probe) or three pulses (two pumps and one probe).     

Non-linear effects in the spectrum of 90° scattered laser light from gas breakdown plasmas

Laser radiation scattered at 90° from gas breakdown plasmas induced by focussed 10 nsec, 1.06 μm wavelength laser pulses was simultaneously spatially and spectrally analysed. The scattered spectra showed non-linear, side band generation, smearing out of spectral structure and Doppler shifts. The side bands are attributed to a non-linear refractive index n₂ = 0.6 × 10^-12 e.s.u. which causes phase modulation when a weak side band frequency beats with a strong centre frequency. The observations suggest a fast response non-linearity such as would arise from the near resonant non-linear polarizability of excited atoms.     

The scattered radiation spectrum of a laser and the measurement of the electron concentration in a pulse plasma

The scattered radiation spectrum obtained in probing a high-frequency (hf) pulse plasma with a laser beam is discussed. The presence of satellites is attributed to Raman scattering at plasma vibrations occasioned by electron drift. The procedure, and results of measuring the electron density on the basis of the intensity of scattered radiation are described. Preliminary calibration of the apparatus was carried out by comparison with Rayleigh scattering in air and in argon.In conclusion we should iike to thank Dr. R. A. Demirkhanov for his interest in our study and Dr. I. A. Akhiezer for his useful comments on the results.     

Prediction of gas tungsten arc welding properties in mixtures ofargon and hydrogen

A theory of gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) arcs that treats the tungsten electrode, the arc, and the workpiece as a unified system has been applied to make predictions in two dimensions of the temperature distributions in the arc, the tungsten cathode, and the workpiece, for any given arc current and gas mixture. Predictions of arc temperatures, radii, and voltages are compared for argon and mixtures of argon and hydrogen. It is found that arcs in gas mixtures containing hydrogen are more constricted and have a higher maximum temperature and arc voltage than arcs in pure argon. The addition of hydrogen also significantly increases the volume of molten material in the weld pool due to the higher thermal conductivity of argon-hydrogen mixtures at temperatures at which molecules of hydrogen dissociate. Predictions are also compared for workpieces of steel and aluminum. The volume of molten material is very much less for aluminum, despite its lower melting point, because of the higher thermal conductivity of aluminum. Predicted arc voltages as a function of current for a mixture of 10% hydrogen in argon are in good agreement with experimental results     

Photoacoustic system for on-line process monitoring of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) concentration in natural gas streams

A dual-channel hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) concentration measuring system based on photoacoustic spectroscopy is described. The system uses a single-mode, fiber-coupled, room-temperature-operated, telecommunication-type diode laser with a wavelength of 1574.5 nm and an output optical power of 40 mW and two identical resonant photoacoustic cells to achieve minimum detectable H₂S concentration at 0.5 ppm (3σ) in both measured natural gas streams. The instrument features excellent long-term stability and unattended automatic on-line monitoring even when operated in harsh industrial environments. The potentially deteriorating effect of temporal variation in the natural gas composition was successfully suppressed by applying a spectral baseline correction method and by introducing an additional measurement phase with measurement of a reference gas from which the H₂S has been removed. Various tests of the instrument demonstrate its reliable performance and suitability for process-control application. PACS 82.80.Kq; 42.62.Fi; 07.07.Df     

Fluctuations in doubly scattered laser light

Fluctuations in laser light, doubly scattered by brownian particles, were analysed by measuring the spectral noise power of the photodetector current. Scattering took place at two spatially separated systems of spherical particles. Analytic expressions for the field and intensity correlations are derived. The analytic expressions for the spectrum of the intensity fluctuations of the doubly scattered laser light demonstrate that the frequency dependence of the spectrum depends strongly of the geometry of the experimental arrangement. This is not the case for singly scattered light where in good approximation the spatial and temporal correlations can be separated analytically.Our measurements show that the noise spectrum of the doubly scattered radiation may have the same frequency dependence as the spectrum of the singly scattered light. However, there are conditions where the frequency dependence of the noise of the doubly scattered light diverges markedly from that of the singly scattered light.     

平面反射镜表面散射光干涉

激光束照射到表面被粘污的反射镜上会产生干涉环,入射光束和反射光束在被粘污表面产生散射光干涉.随着入射角的变化,光束在反射镜玻璃片内光程改变,引起干涉环从中心冒出或缩进,干涉环级数的变化与入射角的平方成正比.     

Food monitoring based on diode laser gas spectroscopy

Food is frequently packed in a controlled environment of gas, in order to extend shelf life. It is of great importance to be able to monitor the status of the packed food to ensure quality. We demonstrate a technique to monitor the gas inside packages non-intrusively by using a laser spectroscopic method in scattering solid materials. The technique named GASMAS (GAs in Scattering Media Absorption Spectroscopy) is based on tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy and relies on the fact that free gas inside solid materials absorbs much sharper spectrally than the bulk material. Results from time dependent measurements of molecular oxygen and water vapour in packages of minced meat, bake-off bread, and the headspace of a milk carton are presented. We show that the technique allows gas measurements inside the food through the package, and assessment of the integrity of the package.     

Propagation of coherently combined flattened laser beam array in turbulent atmosphere

The analytical expression for the propagation of a flattened laser beam array in a turbulent atmosphere is derived based on extended Huygens–Fresnel principle. The influence of beam order and turbulent atmosphere on beam quality is studied. It is revealed that the beam quality of a coherently combined laser beam array with higher order is better than its lower order counterpart when propagating in free-space, weak and medium turbulence (i.e. C_n²<10^?13 m^?2/3). The beam quality of higher order beam arrays degrades faster as the intensity of turbulence gets stronger. In the case of propagating in strong turbulence, the beam order has no influence on coherently combined beam quality.     

Rapid measurements of hydrogen cyanide concentration in combustion gas via terahertz spectroscopy

The development of a real-time measurement system to determine the concentrations of combustion gases mixed with smoke particles in fire environments is an essential technical issue in the fire safety field. In this study, the absorption line for the J = 8–7 rotational transition at 708.9 GHz of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) produced by the combustion of silk is rapidly measured in a 1 m cell during repeat scans (seven times a minute) via terahertz spectroscopy. The obtained time profile of HCN concentrations agrees well with the time profile obtained via Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The maximum concentrations derived via terahertz spectroscopy are consistent with those derived via FT-IR within an accuracy of 10%. The minimum sensitivity of HCN is 100 ppm as detected via terahertz spectroscopy. The repetition rate, the accuracy, and the sensitivity for the scans demonstrate the potential of terahertz spectroscopy to rapidly diagnose combustion gas flow concentrations in fire environments.     

Spectroscopic studies of UV production from ARC sources in iodine laser gas mixtures

Time-integrated spectral measurements of the light from multiple arc sources in iodine laser gas mixtures (He:SF₆:i-C₃F₇I and Ar:SF₆:i-C₃F₇I) are described. Copious soft-UV output, fully sufficient as a pump source, is observed with no adverse decrease in UV production for i-C₃F₇I concentrations as high as 3% by volume. Conversion efficiencies of 3–4% for stored electrical energy into UV radiation within the iodide compound band were determined.     

The spectrum of depolarized light scattered from critical mixtures

The temperature dependence of the spectrum of depolarized light scattering in a uniform phase of critical mixtures of n-dodecane-ββ' dichlorodiethyl ether and n-hexane-nitrobenzene is studied experimentally. The depolarized light scattering spectrum was found to narrow dozens of times in the temperature interval from 30 to 1°C from the critical temperature of exfoliation in both mixtures. The results obtained are discussed.     

Ground state of a Bose-Einstein condensate which scatters coherently laser radiation

We present a self-consistent method of taking into account back action of a laser radiation to a Bose-Einstein condensate of neutral atoms. The light is coherently scattered inside the degenerate atomic sample, thus its intensity and, consequently, the atomic ground level AC Stark shift are spatially varying. This leads to a small deformation of the atomic cloud and, if the external radiation is abruptly switched off, to generation of collective excitations. Received 8 May 1999 and Received in final form 11 October 1999     

Angular distributions of scattered excited muonic hydrogen atoms

Coulomb deexcitation differential cross sections of excited muonic hydrogen in collisions with the hydrogen atom are studied for the first time. In the fully quantum-mechanical close-coupling approach, both the differential cross sections for the nl → n′l′ transitions and l-averaged differential cross sections have been calculated for the initial exotic atom states with n = 2–6 at kinetic energies of E _cm = 0.01–15 eV and for scattering angles of ϑ_cm = 0°–180°. The vacuum polarization shifts of the ns states are taken into account. The differential cross sections of the elastic and Stark scattering obtained in the same approach are also presented. The main features of the calculated differential cross sections are discussed, and a strong anisotropy of Coulomb deexcitation cross sections is predicted. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

气体浓度激光光谱检测温度影响修正研究

基于激光吸收光谱技术的气体检测手段具有非接触,分辨率高,灵敏度高等优势,然而激光在线检测气体过程易受温度变化导致其浓度测量偏差增大。以氨气为研究对象,探究了温度对氨气吸收谱线线强的影响规律及影响机制,搭建了非常温条件（298 K至323 K）氨气激光检测实验平台,提出了气体吸光度-温度关联式法对浓度反演结果进行修正处理。结果表明:浓度一定时,总配分函数比值rQ是氨气分析吸收线强随温度升高过程中的主导控制因素,总配分函数比值与温度的负相关关系造成氨气光谱吸光度随温度升高而降低;修正前浓度反演值随着温度升高而降低,温度达到323 K时,浓度反演值为3.13%,与标准浓度值相比其误差高达37.4%,经过修正后的浓度反演值与标准浓度值的相对误差在0.2%～1.4%范围内。