激光烧蚀金属Al诱导发光的动力学研究

利用时间分辨的光谱测量技术,测定了XeCl紫外激光在不同条件下烧蚀金属Al诱导产生光谱线及其强度随时间的分布.结果表明：等离子体辐射光谱线由原子光谱线、一价离子光谱线及连续辐射背景光组成.Al原子光谱线的辐射强度与持续时间为最大,一价离子光谱线次之,以连续辐射背景光为最小.对激光烧蚀金属诱导发光的机理进行了探讨.等离子体中连续辐射背景光来自高能电子的韧致辐射和电子与离子的复合,原子光谱线和一价离子光谱线主要来自等离子体中电子与离子的复合.用此机理定性地解释了所观察到的实验现象. 关键词： 激光烧蚀 时间分辨光谱 辐射机理 金属Al     

类锂离子O%5＋的电子碰撞电离

此文采用扭曲库仑波函数描述碰撞电子，用Ｒ─矩阵密耦波函数处理被电离电子与剩余离子构成的系统初末态，在库仑玻恩各级近似下计算了类锂离子Ｏ５＋的电子碰撞电离截面及相应速率系数，这是文献中首次使用密耦方法，在考虑通道相互作用情形下得到的结果。     

低能He2+-He碰撞体系转移电离机理的实验研究

利用冷靶反冲离子动量谱仪,对低能He²⁺-He碰撞反应中产生的反冲靶离子和炮弹离子进行了符合测量,根据反冲靶离子的动量,研究了转移电离过程中的电荷转移机理.实验结果表明：在20—40 keV能量范围内,靶原子上的一个电子俘获到炮弹离子的基态,另一个电子直接发射到靶的连续态的直接电离及另一个电子俘获到炮弹离子的连续态的过程(ECC)是最主要的转移电离机理,且ECC过程主要发生在大碰撞参数条件下;炮弹离子俘获两个电子处在双激发态的自电离过程的贡献很小. 关键词： 冷靶反冲离子动量谱仪 转移电离机理 离子原子碰撞     

Variational treatment of continuum orbitals for Auger electrons emitted from neon

A variational method is applied to obtain the wave function of the continuum Auger electron emitted from an ionized neon atom. The trial function is taken to depend on several adjustable parameters, and the wave function of the electrons in different orbitals, such that all possible virtual states of the quantum mechanical system composed of the Auger electron and the ion are represented. The continuum wave function is improved iteratively by increasing the number of terms.Auger transition rates are then calculated applying the angular momentum average scheme, and are compared with other theoretical and experimental results. Agreement with the latest experiment is achieved.     

Chiral multi-electron emission

In this report we review recent progress in the understanding of the role of chirality in the multi-electron emission. A brief account of the chiral single-electron photoemission is given. In this case the chirality of the experimental set-up is brought about by an initial orientation of the target or/and by specifying a certain projection of the photoelectron spin. The dependence of the photoelectron spectrum on the chirality of the experiment is probed by changing the initial orientation of the target or by inverting the photoelectron spin projection. In a further section we envisage the direct transition of chiral electron pairs from an isotropic bound initial state into a double-continuum state following the absorption of a circularly polarised photon. We work out the necessary conditions under which the spectrum of the correlated photoelectron pair shows a chiral character, i.e. a dependence on the chirality of the exciting photon. The magnitude and the general behaviour of the chiral effects are estimated from simple analytical models and more elaborate numerical methods are presented for a more quantitative predictions. As a further example for the chiral multi-electron emission we study the photoelectron Auger-electron coincidence spectrum. The Auger hole is created by ionising a randomly oriented target by a circular polarised photon. We investigate how the helicity the photon is transferred to the emitted photoelectron pair. The theoretical findings are analysed and interpreted in light of recent experiments. In a final section we focus on the emission of correlated electrons where the initial state is already oriented, e.g. via optical pumping by circularly polarised light. The initial orientation of the atom is transferred to the continuum states following the ionisation of the target by low-energy electrons. We formulate and analyse the theoretical concepts for the transition of the screw sense of the initially bound atomic electron to the continuum electron pair. Numerical methods for the calculations of the cross-sections for the electron-impact ionisation of oriented atoms are presented and their results are contrasted against recent experimental data.     

Self-Consistent Solutions for the Scattering State with Two Free Electrons

Wave functions for the scattering states with two free electrons in the field of an ion core are explicitly calculated by the self-consistent, continuum Hartree–Fock (CHF) theory. Typically, such states are associated with the three-body recombination, collisional ionization and photo-double ionization, but have never been directly studied previously. The calculated continuum orbitals are found to be predominantly of the plane-wave forms, as though the system is translation invariant, in the context of many-body HF theory. The symmetry is mildly broken by the presence of the core ion, at about fifteen-percents level, indicating that the orbitals are largely delocalized and the effect of the core potential is an important but minor perturbation. The properties of channel orthogonality and completeness are preserved by the nearly plane wave forms. To test the validity of this finding and the CHF, the continuum orbitals are used to evaluate the amplitudes for the electron impact ionization, and the amputation procedure, that is crucial in the theory, is also critically re-examined.     

电子碰撞原子(e,2e)反应的复极化势

研究包括连续通道等非处理通道的复极化势对(e,2e)碰撞过程三重微分截面的影响,即将耦合通道光学势方法得到的复极化势附加到畸变波玻恩近似方法的畸变势中,在靶态的HF近似下,计算了Ar原子和Ne原子在非共面对称几何条件下(e,2e)反应的三重微分截面.对于较高的入射能量,在实验的误差范围内,计算结果与电子动量谱的实验数据符合较好,复极化势的影响很小;对于较低的入射能量,复极化势的作用明显增大. 关键词： 复极化势 (e;2e)反应 三重微分截面 电子动量谱     

Relativistic Distorted-Wave Collision Strengths of Ni-, Cu- and Zn-like Au Ions

Excitation energies and electron impact excitation strengths from the ground states of Ni-, Cu- and Zn-like Au ions are calculated. The collision strengths are computed by a 213-levels expansion for the Ni-like Au ion, 405- levels expansion for the Cu-like Au ion and 229-levels expansion for the Zn-like Au ion. Configuration interactions are taken into account for all levels included. The target state wavefunctions are calculated by using the Grasp92 code. The continuum orbits are computed in the distorted-wave approximation, in which the direct and exchange potentials among all the electrons are included. Excellent agreement is found when the results are compared with previous calculations and recent measurements.     

质子轰击钨靶表面时的电子发射产额与靶温度的相关性研究

在中国科学院近代物理研究所兰州重离子加速器国家实验室测量了能量为50～250 keV的质子入射不同温度下钨靶表面的电子发射产额。实验结果发现,不同能量的质子引起的电子发射产额均随着靶温度的升高而降低;利用功函数对温度的依赖性定性地解释了该结果。在不同靶温度下,总电子发射产额与电子能损的比值随着质子能量的增加而逐渐变小;利用靶原子不同壳层中电子之间的电离竞争机制来解释实验结果。     

Gd靶激光等离子体光源离带辐射及其等离子体演化的研究

利用脉冲宽度为10 ns,输出波长为1 064 nm的Nd∶YAG激光器作用金属Gd以及纳米粒子掺杂的低密度Gd玻璃等两种形式靶所产生等离子体光源的离带辐射进行了研究,发现等离子体所发出的连续辐射是离带辐射的主要成分,光谱分布与温度为5 eV的普朗克曲线相匹配。此外,相对于金属Gd靶而言,采用纳米粒子掺杂的低密度Gd玻璃靶可大幅度降低等离子体光源的离带辐射。利用光谱法,对激光作用纳米粒子掺杂的低密度Gd玻璃靶所形成光源的等离子体羽的电子温度和电子密度进行了时空分辨研究。实验结果表明,在打靶结束125 ns时,距靶面6 mm位置处等离子体的电子温度约为4 eV,电子密度约为1.2×1018 cm-3。同时发现在激光打靶结束后等离子体羽的电子温度和电子密度随延时的变化而呈指数下降,在120～250 ns时间范围内,两者下降较快,之后其幅度下降缓慢。另一方面,当打靶脉冲结束约200 ns时,在距离靶面1～10 mm的空间内等离子体的电子温度及密度均经历先上升后下降的变化过程。在距靶材表面6 mm位置处,电子温度和电子密度均达到最大值,电子温度约为2.6 eV,电子密度为8.5×1017cm-3。     

Calculations of total ionization cross sections of Ne,Ar, Kr,and Xe atoms in the born approximation allowing for electron perturbations in the continuous spectrum

Electron impact ionization cross sections of Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe atoms are numerically calculated. The electron perturbation in the continuous spectrum in the target field is taken into account. The matrix elements are calculated in many-electron, nonrelativistic approximation with allowance for the superposition of configurations and relaxation effect. The radial part of the electron wave function in the continuum is calculated by solving the single-configuration Hartree-Fock equation. The wave functions of electrons in the continuum are orthogonalized with respect to the core orbital functions. The calculated cross sections are compared to the experimental data and calculations made using the plane-wave Born approximation and that involving generalized oscillator strengths.     

Electron excitation of hydrogen atom by ions impact in the energy range 20–1000 keV/amu

We have calculated the electron excitation cross sections of hydrogen atom by the impact of protons, alpha particles and He⁺ ions using the boundary corrected continuum intermediate state approximation in the intermediate and high energies. The calculated results are compared with other theoretical and experimental results. The angular influence of excitation to the H atom at the intermediate energy is also discussed. The distortion effects due to the projectile charges in reactions of electron excitation to bound states of the target H atom are shown in the intermediate and high collision energy.     

State selective electron capture in partially stripped ion-atom interaction at intermediate and high energies

Post form of “boundary corrected continuum intermediate state (BCIS)” approximation has been employed to study charge transfer cross-sections in collision of C^q+, N^q+ and O^q+ (q=1–5) with ground state atomic hydrogen in the energy range of 50–200 keV/amu. In this formalism we have adopted model potential for the interaction of the active electron with the projectile ion. Calculated results for total charge transfer cross-sections have significant improvement over other existing theoretical results in their comparison to the available experimental findings except for singly charge ions. Sub-shell distribution for total charge transfer cross-section has also been reported in graphical form. Predictions suggested by Olson in connection with the sub-shell distribution of total charge transfer cross-section has been reaffirmed. However, an oscillatory structure of charge state dependence of the total charge transfer cross-sections has not been found in the present investigation.     

Bremsstrahlung spectrum of nonrelativistic electrons scattered in metallic target: Theory and experiment

This work is devoted to theoretical and experimental investigation of the bremsstrahlung (BrS) spectrum of electrons with an energy of 10–30 eV scattered in a copper plate. Modeling of the photon yield from a target has been carried out taking into account the polarization BrS channel, elastic and inelastic electron scattering by medium atoms, photon absorption in the target material, and coherent effects when electrons interact with a polycrystalline structure of metal. An FEI Quanta 200 scanning electron microscope with a supplement for X-ray microanalysis was used. Good agreement between experimental and theoretical results has been obtained.     

电子碰撞Ne和类Ne离子电离的三重微分截面理论研究

采用扭曲波玻恩近似理论计算了共面对称几何条件下类Ne离子2p轨道电子在不同出射电子能量下的(e,2e)反应三重微分截面,出射电子能量分别为3,5,7.5,10,15,20,30和50 eV.计算结果表明,随着出射电子能量的增大和核电荷数Z的增大,三重微分截面的幅度逐渐减小.除Ne以外,对其他离子,在出射电子角度为150?附近出现了一个新的结构,对比不同出射电子能量时的(e,2e)反应三重微分截面,发现这个结构的幅度随着出射电子的能量先增大后减小,文中用一种两次两体碰撞过程对这些现象进行了解释.     

Ionization of atoms by charged particles

Ionization of hydrogen atom by charged particle impact are studied at different collisional energies and the total and differential cross sections are calculated. In case of light particle impact the final-state wave function here considers all three two-body interactions on an equal footing and satisfies the exact Coulomb boundary conditions. The spin asymmetries are also found and the values are compared with other existing results. For heavy particle impact a final continuum state wave function which incorporates distortion due to the Coulomb fields of both the projectile and the target nuclei is employed. In this case the target hydrogen atom is considered in its ground as well as metastable 2s state. The results thus obtained are compared with the existing experimental findings as well as other theoretical predictions.     

脉冲离子束作用下靶面次级电子的抑制

论述了离子束作用下固体表面次级电子产生的机制,介绍了特种真空器件中次级电子抑制的各种方法及其优缺点,提出了脉冲离子束作用下靶面次级电子抑制的自偏势法和曲面靶法等设计思路,并在实验上进行了初步验证。实验结果表明,自偏势电压大于80 V后,次级电子得到很好的抑制。在相同束流情况下,曲面靶较平面靶的次级电子产额少。利用实验结果进行估算得到了近似的次级电子产额约为0.67,比文献中的结果(0.58)偏大。对实验中自偏势法抑制反峰电子电流的效果进行了分析和讨论,结果表明:自偏势法不但能够有效抑制离子打靶产生的次级电子,还能抑制由功率源不稳定带来的入射反峰电子流。     

A self-consistent particle model for the simulation of RF glowdischarges

A self-consistent particle model of an argon RF glow discharge has been developed. Electric field and charged-particle density profiles determined from simulations with the RF glow discharge model are consistent with results obtained from continuum models. The average ion energy is found to vary greatly between the bulk of the discharge and sheaths, contrary to the assumption that the ion energy is uniform, as is assumed in some continuum models. The accuracy of the particle cross sections and collision representation used in the model is verified with a simplified DC model which calculates swarm parameters. Electron swarm parameters determined with this model are in excellent agreement with experimental data taken from the literature     

Dispersion relation and growth rate for a corrugated channel free-electron laser with a helical wiggler pump

The effects of corrugated ion channels on electron trajectories and spatial growth rate for a free-electron laser with a one-dimensional helical wiggler have been investigated. Analysis of the steady-state electron trajectories is performed by solving the equations of motion. Our results show that the presence of a corrugated channel shifts the resonance frequency to smaller values of ion channel frequency. The sixth-order dispersion equation describing the coupling between the electrostatic beam mode and the electromagnetic mode has also been derived. The dispersion relation characteristic is analyzed in detail by numerical solution. Results show that the growth rate of instability in the presence of corrugated ion channels can be greatly enhanced relative to the case of an uniform ion channel.     

Particle‐in‐cell simulation of the effect of curved magnetic field on wall bombardment and erosion in a hall thruster

A curved, convex towards the channel bottom magnetic field is an important feature of an advanced Hall thruster that allows confining the plasma flow in the channel center, reducing the divergence angle of the ejected ion beam, and improving the discharge performance. In this article, the discharge behaviour of a Hall thruster in magnetic fields with different degrees of curvature is simulated with a particle‐in‐cell numerical method, and the effect of curved magnetic field on the ion bombardment and wall erosion and the associated mechanisms are studied and analysed. The results show that, as the curvature of the magnetic field increases, the propellant ionization becomes more confined at the channel center, the potential drop inside the channel decreases, and the acceleration region shifts outside the channel, which lead to the attenuation of the ion energy bombarding the wall and the deviation of the bombardment angle from the optimal sputtering angle. Conversely, the ion flux bombarding the wall near the channel exit increases. Nevertheless, the bombardment energy and angle are the dominant factors for the wall erosion, and the wall erosion rate clearly decreases with the increasing curvature of the magnetic field. These findings are closely related to the behaviour of electron conduction under a curved magnetic field; the relevant mechanisms are clarified in this article.