Development of Central Collective Flow in 100MeV/u Au+Au Central Collisions

Using QMD model the time evolution of Au+Au system at 100MeV/u is studied.For very central collisions the conditions for freeze-out and how the different physical quantities approaching equlibrium are investigated.The calculated results show that for 100MeV/u Au+Au at b=0fm,the maximum density can reach 1.6ρ₀ and after that the system expands to a low density region.A position correlated central flow is developed during the expansion stage.By studying the two pamicle reladve momentum spectrum it is able to separate central flow from random thenmal motion.The dependence of this central flow on E.O.S.is also discussed.     

Charged particle production in proton-, deuteron-, oxygen- and sulphur-nucleus collisions at 200 GeV per nucleon

The transverse momentum and rapidity distributions of net protons and negatively charged hadrons have been measured for minimum bias proton–nucleus and deuteron–gold interactions, as well as central oxygen–gold and sulphur–nucleus collisions at 200 GeV per nucleon. The rapidity density of net protons at midrapidity in central nucleus–nucleus collisions increases both with target mass for sulphur projectiles and with the projectile mass for a gold target. The shape of the rapidity distributions of net protons forward of midrapidity for d+Au and central S+Au collisions is similar. The average rapidity loss is larger than 2 units of rapidity for reactions with the gold target. The transverse momentum spectra of net protons for all reactions can be described by a thermal distribution with ‘temperatures’ between MeV (p+S interactions) and MeV (central S+Au collisions). The multiplicity of negatively charged hadrons increases with the mass of the colliding system. The shape of the transverse momentum spectra of negatively charged hadrons changes from minimum bias p+p and p+S interactions to p+Au and central nucleus-nucleus collisions. The mean transverse momentum is almost constant in the vicinity of midrapidity and shows little variation with the target and projectile masses. The average number of produced negatively charged hadrons per participant baryon increases slightly from p+p, p+A to central S+S,Ag collisions. Received: 28 October 1997 / Published online: 10 March 1998     

Near-side high-p T correlations: the ridge

An overview of results on near-side high-p _T triggered correlations in heavy-ion collisions at RHIC energy is presented. These correlations reveal a novel, long-range pseudo-rapidity correlation, commonly referred to as the ridge which is not present in p+p or d+Au collisions. The centrality, collision system, energy, transverse momentum, path length dependence as well as particle composition of the ridge will be discussed and compared with the properties of the jet-like component at near side. The data are also confronted with theoretical calculations.     

Centrality dependence of charged-hadron transverse-momentum spectra in d+Au collisions at sqrt[s(NN)]=200 GeV

We have measured transverse momentum distributions of charged hadrons produced in d+Au collisions at sqrt[s(NN)]=200 GeV. The spectra were obtained for transverse momenta 0.25相似文献   

Thermal source parameters in Au+Au central collisions at 35 A MeV

Central Au+Au collisions at 35 A MeV are analyzed to find the characteristics of a thermal source, in the framework of the statistical multifragmentation model SMM. A recently introduced backtracing protocol provides an effective comparison of theory and experiment. For the first time the distributions of the central source parameters (density, mass number, excitation energy) are found. The collective energy of primary fragments is also deduced. It is shown that the backtracing procedure allows an estimation of the pre-equilibrium emission.     

Initial and Final State Temperatures of Antiproton Emission Sources in High Energy Collisions

The momentum or transverse momentum spectra of antiprotons produced at mid-rapidity in proton-helium (p+He), gold-gold (Au+Au), deuton-gold (d+Au), and lead-lead (Pb+Pb) collisions over an energy range from a few GeV to a few TeV are analyzed by the Erlang distribution, the inverse power-law (the Hagedorn function), and the blast-wave fit, or the superposition of two-component step function. The excitation functions of parameters such as the mean transverse momentum, initial state temperature, kinetic freeze-out temperature, and transverse flow velocity increase (slightly) from a few GeV to a few TeV and from peripheral to central collisions. At high energy and in central collisions, large collision energy is deposited in the system, which results in high degrees of excitation and expansion.

     

Out-of-plane emission of nuclear matter in Au+Au collisions between 100 and 800 AMeV

We present new experimental results concerning the azimuthal distributions of proton-likes, light and intermediate mass fragments at midrapidity for Au(100–800 A MeV) +Au collisions measured with the FOPI phase-I detector at GSI in Darmstadt. The azimuthal distributions are investigated as a function of the collision centrality, the incident energy, the fragment charge and transverse momentum. The azimuthal anisotropy is maximum for impact parameters around 7 fm. Intermediate mass fragments present a stronger out-of-plane emission signal than light fragments and a saturation is reached for Z ⩾ 4. The azimuthal anisotropy increases with the fragment transverse momentum and decreases as the incident energy increases. The azimuthal anisotropy of Z = 2 particles investigated as a function of the scaled fragment transverse momentum follows an universal curve for bombarding energies between 250–800 A MeV. A signature for a transition from in-plane to out-of-plane emission is evidenced at the lowest beam energies.     

RHIC能区Au+Au碰撞中集合径向流的研究

利用相对论量子分子动力学模型RQMD,对RHIC能区s=200A GeV Au+Au碰撞的集体膨胀效应进行了研究,对散射粒子的横质量谱进行了分析.研究表明,在RHIC能区的重离子反应中存在有强的集合径向流.对单粒子谱的拟合结果给出Au+Au的源冻结温度为160MeV,平均径向流速度为0.6c.     

Rho0 production and possible modification in Au+Au and p+p collisions at square root [sNN] = 200 GeV

We report results on rho(770)(0)-->pi(+)pi(-) production at midrapidity in p+p and peripheral Au+Au collisions at sqrt[s(NN)]=200 GeV. This is the first direct measurement of rho(770)(0)-->pi(+)pi(-) in heavy-ion collisions. The measured rho(0) peak in the invariant mass distribution is shifted by approximately 40 MeV/c(2) in minimum bias p+p interactions and approximately 70 MeV/c(2) in peripheral Au+Au collisions. The rho(0) mass shift is dependent on transverse momentum and multiplicity. The modification of the rho(0) meson mass, width, and shape due to phase space and dynamical effects are discussed.     

On the origin of the radial flow in low energy heavy-ion reactions

The average transverse energy of nucleons and intermediate mass fragments observed in the heavy-ion reaction Xe(50A MeV) + Sn shows the same linear increase as a function of their mass as observed in heavy-ion collisions up to the highest energies available today and fits well into the systematics. At higher energies this observation has been interpreted as a sign of a strong radial flow in an otherwise thermalized system. Inverstigating the reaction with quantum molecular dynamics simulations we find in between 50A MeV and 200A MeV a change in the reaction mechanism. At 50A MeV the apparent radial flow is merely caused by in-plane flow and Coulomb repulsion. The average transverse fragment energy does not change in the course of the reaction and is equal to the initial fragment energy due to the Fermi motion. At 200A MeV, there are two kinds of fragments: those formed from spectator matter and those from the center of the reaction. There the transverse energy is caused by the pressure from the compressed nuclear matter. In both cases we observe a binary event structure, even in central collisions. This demonstrates as well the non-thermal character of the reaction. The actual process which leads to multifragmentation is rather complex and is discussed in detail.     

Centrality dependence of charged hadron transverse momentum spectra in Au+Au collisions from sqrt[s(NN)]=62.4 to 200 GeV

We have measured transverse momentum distributions of charged hadrons produced in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[s(NN)]=62.4 GeV. The spectra are presented for transverse momenta 0.25相似文献   

Baryon deceleration and partonic plasma creation by strong chromofields in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions

Strong chromofields generated at early stages of ultrarelativistic nuclear collisions may explain not only creation of the quark-gluon plasma but also collective deceleration of net baryons. This is demonstrated by solving classical equations of motion for baryonic slabs under the action of a time-dependent chromofield. We have studied sensitivity of the slab trajectories and their final rapidities to the initial strength and decay time of the chromofield, as well as to the back reaction of the produced plasma. By proper choice of the initial chromofield energy density we can reproduce significant baryon stopping, an average rapidity loss of about two units, observed for Au + Au collisions at RHIC. Using a Bjorken-like hydrodynamical model with the particle production source, we also study the evolution of partonic plasma produced as the result of the chromofield decay. Due to the delayed formation and expansion of plasma its maximum energy density is significantly lower than the initial energy density of the chromofield. It is shown that the fluctuations of the chromofield due to the stochastic distribution of color charges help to populate the midrapidity region in the net-baryon distribution. To fit the midrapidity data we need the chromofields with initial energy densities in the range of 30 to 60 GeV/fm³. Predictions of baryon stopping for Pb + Pb collisions at LHC energies are made.     

RHIC和LHC能区两粒子关联函数研究

应用多源热模型研究了相对论性重离子对撞机（RHIC）上PHENIX合作组测得的每核子对质心能量√sNN=200 GeV的氘-金（d+Au）碰撞中快度长程方位角关联,和大型强子对撞机（LHC）上CMS合作组测得的质心能量√s=0.9,2.36,7 TeV的质子质子（p+p）碰撞中高多重数短程赝快度关联,在误差范围内模型结果很好地重现了实验数据。用4个参数分析了长程方位角关联,结果表明,参数可以清楚地显示出脊结构的变化趋势,说明脊结构与集体效应、流体力学流效应、粒子对的横动量及信号等有关。用3个参数分析了小系统高多重数短程赝快度关联,结果表明,参数σ和c₃与能量相关,能量越大,两粒子越靠近,关联越强。The multi-source thermal model is used in this paper to analyze the long-range azimuth correlation in deutron-gold (d+Au) collisions at center-of-mass energy per nucleon pair √sNN=200 GeV measured by the PHENIX Collaboration at the relativistic heavy ion collider (RHIC), and the short-range pseudorapidity correlation in high multiplicity event in proton-proton (p+p) collisions at center-of-mass energy √s=0.9, 2.36, 7 TeV measured by the CMS Collaboration at the large hadron collider (LHC). The modeling results are in approximately agreement with the experimental data in error ranges. Four parameters are used in the analysis of long-range azimuth correlation, which show that the parameters describe the change trend of ridge structure. The ridge structure is related to the collective effect, hydrodynamic flow effect, transverse momentum and signal of particle pair, and so forth. Three parameters are used in the analysis of the short-range pseudorapidity correlation in high multiplicity event in small system, which show that the parameters σ and c3 are related to collision energy. Large collision energy results in strong correlation due to close distance between particles.     

Hadron Pt spectra from 0.03 to 6 GeV/c from PHOBOS

We review some of the latest results on identified and non-identified particle spectra for d+Au and Au+Au collisions at √s _NN =200 GeV from the PHOBOS Experiment at RHIC. No enhancement of hadron yields at very low PT is observed. Analysis of the high-PT spectra in d+Au and Au+Au collisions reveal the strong final state effects for central Au+Au collisions. The first measurements of identified particle spectra and particle ratios from the PHOBOS Time of Flight (ToF) detector are presented for d+Au collisions. Detailed results on centrality and pseudorapidity dependence of transverse momentum spectra, which may have important physics implications. are also shown.     

Multiplicity and pseudorapidity distributions of charged particles from32S induced heavy ion interactions at 200A GeV

Multiplicity and pseudorapidity distributions have been measured for³²S+Al, Cu, Ag and Au at 200A GeV. The widths of the pseudorapidity distributions increase from central to peripheral collisions. The main contribution is assumed to come from the increasing fraction of charged particles stemming from the fragmentation of the target for peripheral collisions as compared to central collisions. On the average 170–180 charged particles per unit of pseudorapidity are attained for the most central³²S+Au events at the maximum of the distribution. The target dependence of the yield of charged particles for central collisions is investigated. In the target rapidity region the yield is directly proportional to the target mass. The transverse energy per charged particle has been studied as a function of centrality and pseudorapidity. The experimental results are compared to the results from the Monte-Carlo model VENUS 3.11 which includes rescattering among secondaries. A comparison between different centrality triggers is made.     

Diffusion model for relativistic heavy-ion collisions

A transport model is formulated in order to represent the nonequilibrium-statistical nature of heavy-ion collisions at relativistic and ultra-relativistic energies. The time evolution of macroscopic variables such as transverse energyE _? and longitudinal energyE _‖, or rapidityY, is described by means of a diffusion equation. Analytical solutions for mean values and fluctuations ofE _? andE _‖ are derived and evaluated at impact-parameter dependent values of the interaction times. Agreement with the available data on transverse energy distributions in ultra-relativistic reactions fromp+Au to Au+Au is obtained, and calculated rapidity distributions are found to agree with the data. A prediction for Pb+Pb at SPS-energies is compared with recent experimental results, and a possible signature of quark-gluon plasma formation is discussed.     

Energy dependence of transverse quark flow in heavy ion collisions

Energy dependence of quark transverse flow carries information about dynamical properties (equation of state, initial conditions) of deconfined matter produced in heavy ion collisions. We assume quark-antiquark matter formation in Pb+Pb collisions at CERN SPS and Au+Au collisions at RHIC energies and determine quark transverse flow at the critical temperature of the quark-hadron phase transition. Coalescence of massive quarks is calculated in the MICOR hadronization model and hadronic final state effects are considered using the GROMIT cascade program. Comparing theoretical results to data, transverse flow values are determined and energy dependence is discussed.     

Multiplicity distribution and spectra of negatively charged hadrons in Au+Au collisions at square root of (sNN) = 130 GeV

The minimum-bias multiplicity distribution and the transverse momentum and pseudorapidity distributions for central collisions have been measured for negative hadrons ( h(-)) in Au+Au interactions at square root of ([s(NN)]) = 130 GeV. The multiplicity density at midrapidity for the 5% most central interactions is dN(h(-))/d(eta)/(eta = 0) = 280+/-1(stat)+/-20(syst), an increase per participant of 38% relative to pp collisions at the same energy. The mean transverse momentum is 0.508+/-0.012 GeV/c and is larger than in central Pb+Pb collisions at lower energies. The scaling of the h(-) yield per participant is a strong function of p( perpendicular). The pseudorapidity distribution is almost constant within /eta/<1.