Variable Order and Distributed Order Fractional Operators

Many physical processes appear to exhibit fractional order behavior thatmay vary with time or space. The continuum of order in the fractionalcalculus allows the order of the fractional operator to be considered asa variable. This paper develops the concept of variable and distributedorder fractional operators. Definitions based on the Riemann–Liouvilledefinition are introduced and the behavior of the new operators isstudied. Several time domain definitions that assign different argumentsto the order q in the Riemann–Liouville definition are introduced. Foreach of these definitions various characteristics are determined. Theseinclude: time invariance of the operator, operator initialization,physical realization, linearity, operational transforms, and memorycharacteristics of the defining kernels.A measure (m ₂) for memory retentiveness of the order history isintroduced. A generalized linear argument for the order q allows theconcept of `tailored' variable order fractional operators whose m ₂ memory may be chosen for a particular application. Memory retentiveness (m ₂) andorder dynamic behavior are investigated and applications are shown.The concept of distributed order operators where the order of thetime based operator depends on an additional independent (spatial)variable is also forwarded. Several definitions and their Laplacetransforms are developed, analysis methods with these operators aredemonstrated, and examples shown. Finally operators of multivariable anddistributed order are defined and their various applications areoutlined.     

A Class of High Order Nonlocal Operators

We study a class of nonlocal operators that may be seen as high order generalizations of the well known nonlocal diffusion operators. We present properties of the associated nonlocal functionals and nonlocal function spaces including nonlocal versions of Sobolev inequalities such as the nonlocal Poincaré and nonlocal Gagliardo–Nirenberg inequalities. Nonlocal characterizations of high order Sobolev spaces in the spirit of Bourgain–Brezis–Mironescu are provided. Applications of nonlocal calculus of variations to the well-posedness of linear nonlocal models of elastic beams and plates are also considered.     

Higher Order Entropies

Higher order entropies are kinetic entropy estimators for fluid models. These quantities are quadratic in the velocity and temperature derivatives and have temperature dependent coefficients. We investigate governing equations for higher order entropies and related a priori estimates in the natural situation where viscosity and thermal conductivity depend on temperature. We establish positivity of higher order derivative source terms in these governing equations provided that is small enough. The temperature factors renormalizing temperature and velocity derivatives then yield majorization of lower order convective terms only when the temperature dependence of transport coefficients is taken into account according to the kinetic theory. In this situation, we obtain entropic principles for higher order entropies of arbitrary order. As an application, we investigate a priori estimates and global existence of solutions when the initial values log(T ₀/T _∞) and are small enough in appropriate spaces.     

Cosserat elastic lattices

Meccanica - Lattices composed of cubic and triangular prismatic unit cells with polymeric Sarrus linkage rib elements are designed, fabricated via 3D printing and studied experimentally. Size...     

Global Compensated Compactness Theorem for General Differential Operators of First Order

Let A ₁(x, D) and A ₂(x, D) be differential operators of the first order acting on l-vector functions ${u= (u_1, \ldots, u_l)}$ in a bounded domain ${\Omega \subset \mathbb{R}^{n}}$ with the smooth boundary ${\partial\Omega}$ . We assume that the H ¹-norm ${\|u\|_{H^{1}(\Omega)}}$ is equivalent to ${\sum_{i=1}^2\|A_iu\|_{L^2(\Omega)} + \|B_1u\|_{H^{\frac{1}{2}}(\partial\Omega)}}$ and ${\sum_{i=1}^2\|A_iu\|_{L^2(\Omega)} + \|B_2u\|_{H^{\frac{1}{2}}(\partial\Omega)}}$ , where B _i  = B _i (x, ν) is the trace operator onto ${\partial\Omega}$ associated with A _i (x, D) for i = 1, 2 which is determined by the Stokes integral formula (ν: unit outer normal to ${\partial\Omega}$ ). Furthermore, we impose on A ₁ and A ₂ a cancellation property such as ${A_1A_2^{\prime}=0}$ and ${A_2A_1^{\prime}=0}$ , where ${A^{\prime}_i}$ is the formal adjoint differential operator of A _i (i = 1, 2). Suppose that ${\{u_m\}_{m=1}^{\infty}}$ and ${\{v_m\}_{m=1}^{\infty}}$ converge to u and v weakly in ${L^2(\Omega)}$ , respectively. Assume also that ${\{A_{1}u_m\}_{m=1}^{\infty}}$ and ${\{A_{2}v_{m}\}_{m=1}^{\infty}}$ are bounded in ${L^{2}(\Omega)}$ . If either ${\{B_{1}u_m\}_{m=1}^{\infty}}$ or ${\{B_{2}v_m\}_{m=1}^{\infty}}$ is bounded in ${H^{\frac{1}{2}}(\partial\Omega)}$ , then it holds that ${\int_{\Omega}u_m\cdot v_m \,{\rm d}x \to \int_{\Omega}u\cdot v \,{\rm d}x}$ . We also discuss a corresponding result on compact Riemannian manifolds with boundary.     

Higher Order Terms in Extended Thermodynamics

Extended Thermodynamics is an elegant and powerful material theory which yields, when applied, a symmetric hyperbolic system of evolution equations for the independent field variables. This system is obtained by imposing general physical principles, such as that of material objectivity and the entropy principle. With respect to thermodynamic equilibrium, the latter is carried through to second order. However, the following question arises: If this principle is imposed to even higher order terms, could it then yield restrictions also on the lower order terms, beyond those previously obtained in the literature? In this paper the entropy principle is applied to fourth order so that constitutive functions up to this order are obtained. In the process of computations many complicated equations involving only the lower order terms are deduced, which must be satisfied as identities. These equations, after long and tedious calculations, turn indeed out to be identically satisfied. This fact cannot be casual, thus confirming that this theory is trustworthy. Received October 28, 1997     

Stability of Cosserat fluid motions

We obtain criteria of stability of the unsteady motion of an incompressible Cosserat fluid in an arbitrary time-dependent domain, employing a general energy method due to J. Serrin. It is shown that the original motion is stable if R _e ² 80 + 12800 C ₀ or if R _e80 + 6400 C ₀. The quantities R _e and C ₀ are the Reynolds number and Cosserat number, respectively, and - is the lower bound for the eigenvalues of the strain rate tensor D _ij.The theorems established for the stability criteria are universal in the sense that they do not depend either on the shape of the domain or on the distribution of the basic field variables. Finally an experimental scheme is proposed to determine the upper bound of the Cosserat number and consequently the characteristic length of a Cosserat fluid.     

Torsion of chiral Cosserat elastic rods

This paper is concerned with the torsion of isotropic chiral Cosserat elastic cylinders. First, the generalized plane strain problem is defined and an existence result is presented. Then, the three-dimensional problem is reduced to the study of some generalized plane strain problems. In general, the torsion of the cylinder is accompanied by bending and extension. The method is applied to study the torsion of a circular cylinder.     

Algebra of Transversely Isotropic Sixth Order Tensors and Solution to Higher Order Inhomogeneity Problems

In this paper we provide a complete and irreducible representation for transversely isotropic sixth order tensors having minor symmetries. Such tensors appear in some practical problems of elasticity for which their inversion is required. For this kind of tensors, we provide an irreducible basis which possesses some remarkable properties, allowing us to provide a representation in a compact form which uses two scalars and three matrices of dimension 2, 3 and 4. It is shown that the calculation of sum, product and inverse of transversely isotropic sixth order tensors is greatly simplified by using this new formalism and appears to be appropriate for deriving new various solutions to some practical problems in mechanics which use such kinds of higher order tensors. For instance, we derive the fields within a cylindrical inhomogeneity submitted to remote gradient of strain. The method of resolution uses the Eshelby equivalent inclusion method extended to the case of a polynomial type eigenstrain. It is shown that the approach leads to a linear system involving a sixth order tensor whose closed form solution is derived by means of the tensorial formalism introduced in the first part of the paper.     

Variational principles for Cosserat body

Two variational principles are derived for the mixed boundary value problem of Cosserat solid. These principles are a generalization of the stationary principle of potential energy and the stationary principle of complementary energy from non-linear theory of elasticity.     

Micro-macro homogenization of gradient-enhanced Cosserat media

Based on the Hill’s lemma for classical Cauchy continuum, a generalized Hill’s lemma for micro-macro homogenization modeling of heterogeneous gradient-enhanced Cosserat continuum is presented in the frame of the average-field theory. In this context not only the strain and stress tensors defined in classical Cosserat continuum but also their gradients at each macroscopic sampling point are attributed to associated microstructural representative volume element (RVE). The admissible boundary conditions required to prescribe on the RVE for the modeling are extracted as a corollary of the presented generalized Hill’s lemma and discussed to ensure the satisfaction of the enhanced Hill–Mandel energy condition and the average-field theory.     

Deformation of porous Cosserat elastic bars

This paper is concerned with the linear theory of porous Cosserat elastic solids. We study the equilibrium of a cylindrical bar which is subjected to resultant forces and resultant moments on the ends, to body loads and to surface tractions on the lateral surface. The Almansi problem, where the body loads and the surface loading on the lateral surface are polynomials in the axial coordinate, is considered. The bar is made of an inhomogeneous and isotropic material whose constitutive coefficients are independent of the axial coordinate. The problem is reduced to the study of two-dimensional problems. The results are used to study two practical applications concerning the deformation of a circular rod. It is shown that a uniform pressure on the lateral surface produces an extension, a uniform change of the porosity, and a plane deformation. The bending by terminal couples produces a non-uniform variation of the porosity and a microrotation of the material particles.     

Resonant properties of moment Cosserat continuum

Using highly effective parallel calculations, it is shown that in a moment elastic medium, there is a resonant frequency which corresponds to the eigenfrequency of rotational motion of particles and does not depend on the size of the region studied.     

带外挂二元翼极限环颤振的高次线化分析

本文针对在外挂上带有初偏间隙型非线性刚度的二元翼带外挂系统的极限环颤振,进行KBM法二次渐近解等效线化分析.结果表明,在某些情况下,用二次渐近解等效线化分析极限环颤振,其结果与数值积分结果基本一致,而一次渐近解等效线化分析则得不出满意的结果.这就是说,二次解等效线化比一次解等效线化更为可靠.     

Simpler problems for elastic Cosserat surfaces

For elastic Cosserat surfaces, we discuss an attempt to characterize cases where the equations can be reduced to a system of ordinary differential equations.

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Résumé Pour les surfaces élastiques de Cosserat, on decrira les different cas où les equations peuvent être rameneés a un system d'equations différentielles ordinaires.

     

A general theory of a Cosserat surface

This paper is concerned with a general dynamical theory of a Cosserat surface, i.e., a deformable surface embedded in a Euclidean 3-space to every point of which a deformable vector is assigned. These deformable vectors, called directors, are not necessarily along the normals to the surface and possess the property that they remain invariant in length under rigid body motions. An elastic Cosserat surface and other special cases of the theory which bear directly on the classical theory of elastic shells are also discussed.     

A Theory of Chiral Cosserat Elastic Plates

The mechanical behaviour of chiral materials is of interest for the investigation of carbon nanotubes, honeycomb structures, auxetic materials and bones. This paper is concerned with a theory of chiral Cosserat elastic plates. In this theory, in contrast with the case of achiral plates, the stretching and flexure cannot be treated independently of each other. First, we derive the basic equations which characterize the deformation of chiral plates. Then we establish a uniqueness result in the dynamical theory. In the equilibrium theory we establish conditions under which the Neumann problem admits solutions. Finally, the deformation of an infinite plate with a circular hole is studied. It is shown that, in contrast with the theory of Cosserat achiral plates a uniform pressure acting on the boundary of the hole produces a microrotation of the material particles.     

强厚度叠层板的一种高阶单元

提出一种新的八节点平板元用于分析复合材料叠层厚板的静力问题,板的位移场在板面内采用抛物线型插值,而在板厚方向采用Maclaurin级数展开,使得厚度方向的插值为任意阶多项式,相当于厚板中的高阶理论,取不同的级数项数,可得到不同精度的解。该单元满足C^0连续条件,不需增加新的网络,也不需增加新的输入数据,只要增加多项式级数的项数,便可得到较高精度的解。文中研究了算法的收敛性及计算精度,并与已有结果作了比较。     

Variational principle for a special Cosserat rod

In this paper, we describe the nonlinear models of a rod in three-dimensional space based on the Cosserat theory. Using the pseudo-rigid body method and variational principle, we obtain the motion equations of a Cosserat rod including shear deformations.