防晒霜防晒指数的光谱分析研究

防晒指数SPF是反映防晒用品防晒效果的主要指标,文章采用ASD公司的便携式光谱仪研究了防晒指数与光谱特性之间的关系。选用丁家宜SPF15,SPF20,SPF30三种品种防晒霜共75个样本进行了光谱分析,将样本分为60个试验样本和15个预测样本,用光谱仪获取样本的反射光谱数据。采用主成分分析法对400～960 nm范围内光谱数据进行处理,表明主成分1和主成分2的累计可信度达91%,再用偏最小二乘回归方法建立了校正模型,并用该模型对剩余15个样本进行预测。结果表明,预测相关系数为0.967 7,得到了较好的预测结果。说明文章提出的光谱分析方法具有很好的分类和鉴别作用,为防晒霜SPF值的检测提供了一种新方法。     

葡萄糖溶液近红外光谱分析中两种常用化学计量学方法的比较

采用主成分回归和偏最小二乘法分别对葡萄糖溶液近红外光谱分析 ,建立数学校正模型。主成分回归模型的相关系数为 0 .9780 ,偏最小二乘法模型相关系数为 0 .9986。对两种方法进行比较 ,确定对葡萄糖溶液近红外光谱分析的方法。     

多元散射校正预处理波段对近红外光谱定标模型的影响

利用近红外光谱对非均匀样品进行分析时,所得样品光谱中包含由光散射导致的干扰信息,通常需要借助多元散射校正算法(multiple scattering correction, MSC)对光谱进行预处理。由于不同波段光谱中所包含的散射信息、噪声水平、基线漂移程度等存在差异,利用MSC方法对光谱进行预处理时,基于不同波段的光谱数据会得到不同的校正结果,进而影响所得定标模型的可靠性。以60个全麦粉样品为研究对象,确定定标区间后,对包含定标区间的不同波段的原始光谱分别进行MSC处理,并利用固定区间内的光谱数据结合偏最小二乘回归(partial least square regression, PLSR)方法建立分析样品中蛋白质含量的定标模型,研究了MSC光谱预处理波段对定标模型的影响,并对MSC光谱预处理波段进行了优化,使定标模型的相关系数由0.96提高到0.98,交互验证均方根误差(root mean squares error of cross validation, RMSECV)由0.37%降低到0.32%。结果表明：利用MSC方法对样品光谱预处理时,光谱预处理波段会影响多元散射校正对光谱中非化学吸收信息的校正能力,确定合适的预处理波段是获得可靠分析结果的一个前提条件。     

一种结合直接正交信号校正与蒙特卡罗的波长选择方法

在近红外光谱数据分析中,全光谱数据具有波长点多、冗余量大、共线性关系严重的特点,导致了部分波长点对建立校正模型没有积极作用,甚至还会降低模型的预测能力.波长选择被证明是有效避免上述问题的重要方法.针对近红外光谱的特性,提出了一种基于直接正交信号校正(DOSC)与蒙特卡罗方法(Monte Carlo,MC)结合的波长选择...     

校正集选择方法对于积雪草总苷中积雪草苷NIR定量模型的影响

近红外光谱定量分析中,采用合适的校正集选择方法是建立预测性能良好的近红外定量模型的关键技术之一。校正集选择方法有RS法、CS法、KS法和SPXY法等,但是对以上校正集选择方法缺乏系统地比较。本文以积雪草总苷中积雪草苷NIR定量模型为载体,对NIR定量模型的7个评价指标进行分类和筛选,比较了CS法、KS法和SPXY法三种校正集选择方法对NIR定量模型的准确性和稳健性两类评价指标的影响。结果表明,SPXY法与CS法、KS法选择校正集样本后所建近红外模型的RPD和RSEP两个准确性评价指标存在显著性差异,模型的稳健性评价指标RMSECV和|RMSEP-RMSEC|不存在显著性差异。因此,建立积雪草总苷近红外光谱的积雪草苷偏最小二乘定量模型时,SPXY校正集选择方法能显著提高该定量模型的预测准确度,但对模型稳健性的评价指标没有显著影响,以上结论为中药固体体系建立近红外定量模型确定校正集选择方法提供参考。     

近红外光谱法同时快速测定五种抗结核药物的主成分含量

20世纪80年代以来,全球的结核病形势急剧恶化,利福平片、异烟肼片、吡嗪酰胺片、异福片和异福酰胺片是目前比较有效的抗结核药物.文章采用近红外光谱技术(NIRS)结合偏最小二乘法(PLS)建立了同时测定上述五种抗结核药物中的利福平(RMP)、异烟肼(INH)和吡嗪酰胺(PZA)含量的定量分析模型.实验结果表明,采用原始光谱建立模型测定以上抗结核药物中各组分含量时,测定RMP含量的最有效的波长范围为1 981～2 195啪,测定INH含量的最有效波长范围分别是1 540～1 717nm和2 086～2 197 nm,测定PZA含量的最有效波长范围分别是1 460～1 537 nm,1 956～2 022 nm和2 268～2 393 nm,最优模型测定RMP,INH和PZA含量的交互验证均方根误差(RMSECV)分别为0.049 4,0.025 7和0.030 7,模型对预测集样品中的RMP,INH和PZA含量预测,预测均方根误差(RMSEP)分别为0.034 9,0.016 6和0.013 4,预测相关系数(rp)分别达到0.986 4,0.998 9和0.999 3,表明模型预测准确可靠,该研究对抗结核药物生产中质量检验和在线检测有重要的意义.     

基于光谱分析技术的黄瓜与茎叶识别研究

为了能够快速实时地识别温室中的黄瓜,研究了黄瓜和其茎叶的近红外反射光谱特性。利用近红外光谱仪在室内共采集138个样本(黄瓜46个,茎46个,叶46个)的反射光谱,进行Savitzky-Golay平滑后,抽取光谱中的108个样本作为校正集,采用偏差权重法选择信息量较大的光谱波段690~950 nm进行研究。在主成分分析(PCA)的基础上,结合马氏距离建立识别模型,剔除了7个异常样本。用剩余的101个样本进行偏最小二乘法建模,对校正集之外的30个样本进行预测。结果显示预测值和实际值的相关性达0.994 1,正确识别率达100%。说明黄瓜、茎和叶的近红外反射光谱特性之间有一定差异,可以用近红外光谱技术进行鉴别,为黄瓜识别提供了一种新的方法和思路。     

去除乘性噪音的主成分分析算法

雷达成像系统的进一步应用依赖于对图像中噪音的有效抑制.在目前现有消除噪音方法的基础上,基于图像的局部相似性,结合主成分分析法,提出一种新的有效去除乘性噪音的滤波算法.乘性噪音经对数变换后可转化为加性噪音处理.分析了对数域中噪音的类型.首先在图像的对数域,通过非局部方法选取局部相似块作为训练样本,利用主成分分析法提取出信...     

去除乘性噪音的主成分分析算法

雷达成像系统的进一步应用依赖于对图像中噪音的有效抑制.在目前现有消除噪音方法的基础上,基于图像的局部相似性,结合主成分分析法,提出一种新的有效去除乘性噪音的滤波算法.乘性噪音经对数变换后可转化为加性噪音处理.分析了对数域中噪音的类型.首先在图像的对数域,通过非局部方法选取局部相似块作为训练样本,利用主成分分析法提取出信号的主要特征.然后基于统计理论中最小均方误差估计法给出了一种适用于图像信息的阈值原则.最后分析了变换过程引起的偏差,由对数域的偏估计得到滤波图像.数值实验验证了新算法的有效性.对比于目前提出的变分方法,新算法处理后的图像有更高的信噪比和更好的视觉效果,且具有一定的实用性.     

采用主成分分析结合相关系数法提高苯及其同系物含量预测结果的准确度

采用短波近红外光谱法对苯及其同系物进行了检测,研究了多组分近红外光谱主成分的特点和物理意义。指出前几个主成分和此多组分混合物的相关系数曲线十分相似,给予理论证明并指出了成立的条件。主成分结合相关系数法可以鉴别出系统高频噪声,扣除这部分噪音可有效地提高预测模型的预测准确度。     

A modified interval subdividing based geometric calibration method for interior tomography

The interior tomography is commonly met in practice, whereas the self-calibration method for geometric parameters remains far from explored. To determine the geometry of interior tomography, a modified interval subdividing based method, which was originally developed by Tan et al.,[11]was presented in this paper. For the self-calibration method, it is necessary to obtain the reconstructed image with only geometric artifacts. Therefore, truncation artifacts reduction is a key problem for the self-calibration method of an interior tomography. In the method, an interior reconstruction algorithm instead of the Feldkamp–Davis–Kress(FDK) algorithm was employed for truncation artifact reduction. Moreover, the concept of a minimum interval was defined as the stop criterion of subdividing to ensure the geometric parameters are determined nicely. The results of numerical simulation demonstrated that our method could provide a solution to the selfcalibration for interior tomography while the original interval subdividing based method could not. Furthermore, real data experiment results showed that our method could significantly suppress geometric artifacts and obtain high quality images for interior tomography with less imaging cost and faster speed compared with the traditional geometric calibration method with a dedicated calibration phantom.     

Effective charges in sulfur nitrides from ESCA spectra: A test of the method of internal calibration

A method for internal calibration of solid-state ESCA spectra is described that permits the use of the simple relation between binding energy E_b and charge q:E_b = kq + E_b0 for a surprisingly large number of elements. In order to test these relations for S and N, a procedure is suggested that allows the calculation of the effective charges on S and N in S₄N₄, S₂ N₂ and (SN)_x from gas-phase or uncalibrated ESCA data. The agreement with theoretically calculated values is good.     

基于频谱主成分分析的音素摩擦性音质研究

摩擦性音质的量化研究是音素量化研究的重要部分,其关键环节是提取有价值的声学参数。本文利用统计学的主成分分析的方法研究了汉语普通话的六个擦音。研究过程是在频谱的2000Hz至16000Hz的频率范围内,等间隔地选取162个频率点,以每个频率点信号的强度作为变量,分析它们的主成分,经过计算之后的结果是只需要三组主成分就可以表征摩擦性音质的94.786%的信息,而三组主成分对应的因子的得分可作为摩擦性音质的量化分析的依据,能够有效地呈现六个擦音的语音系统模式。计算结果证明高频主成分跟擦音发音部位的前后有一定的相关性,在普通话的六个擦音中,擦音[s]的摩擦性音质最为显著。     

一种星敏感器主点和焦距的加权在轨标定方法

星敏感器作为卫星姿态测量装置,其在轨服役过程中,主点和焦距的标定精度是影响其姿态输出精度的主要因素。针对标定过程中含有随机测量噪声偏大的星像点,导致星敏感器主点和焦距的标定结果产生较大偏差的问题,提出了一种星敏感器主点和焦距的加权在轨标定方法。该方法首先建立了星敏感器在轨标定模型,然后引入合理的标定权值,加入到最小二乘估计主点和焦距的过程中,寻找并剔除随机测量噪声偏大的星点,最后将加权估计出的结果作为测量,采用扩展卡尔曼滤波对星图进行处理。仿真结果表明,在星点位置存在较大误差的情况下,该方法能剔除随机测量噪声偏大的坏点。星内角距统计偏差约为传统方法的1/10,与真值相比标定参数精度分别为0.219 9像素、0.148 7像素、3.38 μm。     

用于光谱分类的光谱峰谷沿匹配算法

针对超短脉冲激光与气体相互作用产生的非线性荧光光谱的特点,提出了一种新的光谱去噪、特征提取、特征匹配的有效方法.通过对三种气体不同浓度的荧光光谱进行小波压缩去噪,得到5层664个小波系数,重构后获得除噪效果满意而特征信息保持不变的光谱.对重构后的光谱进行光谱峰/谷沿相似度的分析,构造了三种气体的特征谱.在此基础上,经对三种气体光谱进行特征峰/谷沿的匹配分析,提出一种利用同种物质不同浓度下的光谱总体相似度来构造标准特征谱新方法,通过与标准特征谱的匹配分析得到分类结果.实验结果表明,该算法的分类结果受浓度变化影响小,对低至0.05%浓度条件下的全部27条光谱均获得100%的分类识别结果.     

A background elimination method based on linear programming for Raman spectra

In this paper, we consider a new background elimination method for Raman spectra. As a background is usually slowly varying with respect to wavelength, it could be approximated by a slowly varying curve. However, the usual curve‐fitting method cannot be applied because there is a constraint that the estimated background must be beneath a measured spectrum. To meet the requirement, we adopt a polynomial as an approximating function and show that background estimation could be converted to a linear programming problem which is a special case of constrained optimization. In addition, we present an order selection algorithm for automatic baseline elimination. According to the experimental results, it is shown that the proposed method could be successfully applied to experimental Raman spectra as well as synthetic spectra. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A fast and accurate calibration method for the structured light system based on trapezoidal phase-shifting pattern

Calibration plays an important part in the structured light system. It used to be regarded as time-consuming, expensive and hard to implement. In this paper, we introduce a novel and fast method to calibrate the structured light system by using the camera to control the projector to “capture” images. Firstly, we projected just six trapezoidal grayscale pattern to establish the corresponding pixel between the camera and the projector, then we converted the camera image to its corresponding projector image. Thus the structured light system can be easy controlled by the camera calibration. Experiments showed that the present calibration method is fast, easy and accurate.     

一种显示器颜色特性的反向查找新方法

根据实验的数据建立了CRT的设备颜色空间(RGB空间)与标准颜色空间(CIELAB空间)之间的颜色特性转换模型。通过分析大量的实验测量数据,以改进的三维查找表形式建立了RGB和L*a*b*之间的正逆转换关系。其中正向查找表的建立是按照三维线性的插值方法,逆向查找表的建立则利用一种插值和迭代相结合的新方法,使L*a*b*查找到较为准确的RGB值。通过用标准图像的的随机误差检验,其转换的平均色差ΔE为0.9286色差单位。     

A model of head-related transfer functions based on principal components analysis and minimum-phase reconstruction.

Free-field to eardrum transfer functions (HRTFs) were measured from both ears of 10 subjects with sound sources at 265 different positions. A principal components analysis of the resulting 5300 HRTF magnitude functions revealed that the HRTFs can be modeled as a linear combination of five basic spectral shapes (basis functions), and that this representation accounts for approximately 90% of the variance in the original HRTF magnitude functions. HRTF phase was modeled by assuming that HRTFs are minimum-phase functions and that interaural phase differences can be approximated by a simple time delay. Subjects' judgments of the apparent directions of headphone-presented sounds that had been synthesized from the modeled HRTFs were nearly identical to their judgments of sounds synthesized from measured HRTFs. With fewer than five basis functions used in the model, a less faithful reconstruction of the HRTF was produced, and the frequency of large localization errors increased dramatically.     

A novel acquisition method for nuclear spectra based on pulse area analysis

A novel simple method based on pulse area analysis (PAA) is presented for acquisition of nuclear spectra by a digitizer. The PAA method can be used as a substitute for the traditional method of pulse height analysis (PHA). In the PAA method a commercial digitizer was employed to sample and sum in the pulse, and the area of the pulse is proportional to the energy of the detected radiation. The results of simulation and experiment indicate the great advantages of the PAA method, especially as the count rate is high and the shaping time constant is small. When the shaping time constant is 0.5 μs, the energy resolution of PAA is about 66% better than that of PHA.