Determination of water in organic solvents by flow-injection analysis with Karl Fischer reagent and a biamperometric detection system

A flow-injection system with a biamperometric flow-through detector provided with two platinum plate electrodes was tested for the determination of water with a two-component pyridine-free Karl Fischer reagent. The response was shown to be linear in the concentration range 0.03-0.11% water in methanol, ethanol or 2-propanol, with methanol as the carrier solvent. The maximum sampling frequency was about 150 samples per hr. It appeared to be possible to introduce a membrane separation step, thus allowing for the determination of water in fouled process streams. To avoid direct contact between the Karl Fischer solution and the pumping tubes, and thus extend the lifetime of the tubes, an indirect delivery system, based on replacement of the solution by pumped silicone oil, was also applied.     

Determination of trace water in organic solvents by a spectrofluorimetric method

A new method for the spectrofluorimetric determination of water in organic solvents has been developed. It is based on formation of the exciplex of pyridoxal with water. The procedure is sensitive, reproducible and useful for the determination of trace water in cyclohexane, petroleum ether, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, dioxan, etc. The solubility of water in benzene at various temperatures has been determined.     

Determination of mercury in saliva with a flow-injection system

A simple, fast and reliable method, with a low detection limit, has been developed for the determination of total mercury in saliva samples. The method uses a brominating reagent, followed by on-line addition of KMnO₄ at room temperature to convert organically bound mercury to inorganic mercury ions, and determines mercury by flow-injection cold-vapour atomic absorption spectrometry. Using the method described, complete recoveries of five mercury compounds from saliva were attained. Results obtained on real samples using the new method were comparable to that obtained using the established method with batch system. The detection limit of this method, based on three standard deviations of the blank, is 0.05 μg l⁻¹ Hg in a saliva sample of 500 μl. A sample throughput of 80 measurements per hour is possible with the method. The calibration curves are linear up to 20 μg l⁻¹ and the dynamic range extends to 40 μg l⁻¹ Hg. At a concentration of 1μg l⁻¹ mercury in saliva, the relative standard deviation is about 2% for 11 replicates; a total volume of 0.5 ml saliva is required for three replicates.     

Reactions of zirconium tetrachloride with pivalic acid in organic solvents under heating

Reactions of zirconium tetrachloride with pivalic acid in benzene, toluene, m- and o-xylene, and in excess pivalic acid at the boiling temperature of a solvent were studied. The product of reactions in aromatic solvents was found to have the composition corresponding to the formula Zr₂O(Piv)₆. The reaction in excess pivalic acid resulted in the formation of the compound Zr(Piv)₄. The reaction products were investigated by X-ray powder diffraction, IR and NMR spectroscopy, and their physicochemical properties were compared with those of zirconium tetrapivalate synthesized by a mechanically activated solid-phase reaction between ZrCl₄ and sodium pivalate.     

光度法测定有机溶剂中微量水

对于水的分析,国内外普遍使用卡尔·费休法[1 ] 。该方法的适用范围较宽,能够满足多种液体及固体化合物中水的测试要求,但试剂耗费大,毒性较强,容易造成环境污染。7,7,8,8 四氰基对二次甲基苯醌(TCNQ) [2 ] 是一种很强的平面性电子接受体,可与富电子有机物反应形成荷移络合物。水能与TCNQ结合形成兰绿色络合物。本文探讨有机溶剂中TCNQ与水的反应,利用该反应测定醇中微量水的条件。方法简便、快速,重现性好,结果令人满意。1　实验部分1 .1　主要仪器与试剂UV 2 4 0 1PC型紫外可见光光度计(日本岛津) ;HHS·2 1 Ni型电恒温水浴(北京…     

Determination of antimony and tin in tin dioxide whiskers by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

A procedure for the determination of antimony and tin in tin dioxide whiskers, which were grown from a gas phase by the vapor-liquid-solid mechanism, was developed. The problem was difficult because the single whiskers are irregularly small in size and have a small weight (about 10^?5 g). The procedure is based on the decomposition of a solid sample by cementation on zinc followed by the determination of analytes with the use of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The procedure developed is characterized by the detection limits of antimony of 0.01–0.03 μg/L and an RSD of 10%. An approach was proposed to estimate the antimony content of single whiskers.     

Determination of antimony in tin by radiochemical neutron activation analysis

New types of correction for chemical yield and counting geometry in conjunction with the comparator method provide significant improvements in reproducibility and sensitivity compared to direct neutron activation analysis.     

Determination of l-alanine in a flow-injection system with an immobilized enzyme reactor

A flow-injection system for the determination of l-alanine is described. Alanine dehydrogenase is immobilized on poly(vinyl alcohol) beads and used in a packed-bed enzyme reactor. The system responds linearly to injected samples (50 μl) in the concentration range 0.5–500 μM. The maximum throughput was 40 samples per hour. The immobilized enzyme reactor was stable for at least 6 weeks. Its usefulness for assay of l-alanine in serum and beverages is described.     

Platinum- and palladium-catalysed Kocheshkov redistribution of dialkyltin dichlorides or tetraalkyltins with tin tetrachloride

The Kocheshkov redistribution reaction of tetraalkyltin or dialkyltin dichlorides with tin tetrachloride is effectively catalysed by platinum(II) or palladium(II) phosphine complexes, yielding alkyltin trichlorides in high yield and with high selectivity.     

Determination of viscosity with an open-closed flow-injection system

A flow-injection configuration for the determination of the viscosity of water-miscible samples is proposed. The method is based on the use of an open-closed flow-injection system involving a trapped sample (carrier) and injection of a dye plug. The behaviour of the plug is monitored photometrically by a detector included in the circuit. The parameters of the multipeak recording obtained are related to the viscosity, which can be determined in the range 1-28 cp with an r.s.d. of about +/- 1 %.     

Dual-mode of assembly of anthracene-based imidazolium salts both in non-polar organic solvents and in aqueous solution

Amphiphilic anthracene derivatives showed solvent-polarity-dependent fluorescence. Monomer emission and aggregation-induced emission (AIE) were observed in polar and non-polar organic solvents, respectively. AIE became predominant in aqueous solution in the case of hexafluorophosphate as a counter anion.     

Complexation of 6-hydroxyquinoline with trimethylamine in polar and non-polar solvents

Spectral characteristics of 6-hydroxyquinoline (6-HQ) in presence of trimethylamine (TMA) were investigated in polar and non-polar solvents. The steady-state absorption, emission and excitation spectra along with the transient parameters reveal a strong ground state hydrogen-bonded complex formation between the 6-HQ and TMA molecules in both the media. A large Stokes shifted emission due to the formation of contact ion-pairs is observed in these media. However, in acetonitrile the longer decay time (≈12 ns) with relatively broadened emission spectra can be attributed to the presence of solvent separated ion-pairs in addition to contact ion-pairs. The ground state equilibrium constant for complex formation has been determined. The observed quenching behaviour of the fluorescence emission from the normal molecule with TMA appears to be static in nature.     

Synthesis and spectroscopic study of complexes of antimony pentachloride with some benzonitrile derivatives

The complexes SbCl₅ · L (L = 2,3 and 4-chlorobenzonitriles and 2,3 and 4-aminobenzonitriles) have been isolated and investigated by conductivity and IR and Raman spectral measurement. From the IR spectra it is inferred that in all complexes, coordination of the ligands to the Sb takes place through the nitrogen atom of the nitrile group. In addition, the spectral data are in full accord with a molecular adduct of local C_4v symmetry for the SbCl₅N moiety.     

C13 NMR investigation of solutions of organic bases in tin and antimony halides

Theoretical and Experimental Chemistry -     

Spectrophotometric determination of water in organic solvents with solvatochromic dyes

The correlation between the absorbance at a fixed wave-length of a betaine dye in an organic solvent and the water content of the same solvent has been investigated. The betaine dyes investigated are 2,4,6-triphenyl-N-(3,5-diphenyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)pyiidinium betaine (I), 1-methyl-8-hydroxyquinolinium betaine (II), 1-methyl-6-hydroxyquinolinium betaine (III) and 2-methyl-5-isoquinolinium betaine (IV), and the organic solvents are ethanol, isopropanol, acetone, dioxan, acetonitrile and pyridine. The possibility of determining a trace amount of water in an organic solvent is demonstrated. The sensitivity of the method depends on solvent and dye but for example, 0.06 mg of water in 1 ml of acetonitrile can be detected with III with an ordinary spectrophotometer. The limitations of practical applications are discussed.     

Spectrophotometric determination of water in organic solvents with solvatochromic dyes-II

The correlation between the absorbance of a merocyanine dye in an organic solvent and the water content of the solvent has been investigated. The merocyanine dyes investigated are 1-methyl-4-[(4-oxocyclohexa-2, 5-dienylidene)-ethylidene]-1,4-dihydropyridine (I), 1-methyl-4-[(2-oxocyclohexa-3,5-dienylidene)-ethylidene]-1, 4-dihydropyridine, 1-methyl-2-[(4-oxocyclohexa-2,5-dienylidene)-ethylidene]-1, 2-di-hydropyridine and 1-methyl-2-[(oxocyclohexa-3,5-dienylidene)-ethyl-idene]-1, 2-dihydropyridine, and the organic solvents are isopropanol, acetone, acetonitrile and pyridine. The possibility of determining a trace amount of water in an organic solvent is demonstrated, and a procedure is proposed for the determination of trace water in pyridine. The sensitivity of the method depends on the solvent, being more sensitive in an aprotic solvent than in a protic one ; for example, 0.05 or 0.27 mg of water in 1 ml of acetonitrile or of isopropanol respectively can be detected with I, by use of an ordinary spectrophotometer.     

Determination of traces of antimony and tin in copper by anodic stripping voltammetry

The determination of antimony and tin impurities in copper by anodic stripping voltammetry on a hanging mercury drop electrode is described. Antimony and tin were previously separated from copper by distillation with hydrobromic acid or a mixture of hydrobromic acid and hydrochloric acid. The method was applied to the analysis of various high-purity copper samples, commercially available, showing satisfactory sensitivity and precision. The determination limit was about 1.4· 10^-9M for antimony and 7·10^-10M for tin in solution, for pre-electrolysis times of respectively 15 and 25 min; this corresponds to 0.8 p.p.b. of antimony and 0.3 p.p.b. of tin for a 2-g sample and a final volume of 10 ml after separation.     

Determination of sulphate in natural water by flow-injection analysis

Summary Sulphate was determined in natural water samples by flow-injection analysis using dimethylsulphonazo-III as reagent. The interference by Ca was eliminated by a cation-exchanger column inserted directly after the sample injection valve. In order to ensure high sensitivity and reproducibility it was necessary to saturate the carrier solution with barium sulphate and to fill the reaction coil with ethanol-water (11) when not in use. Standard deviations were 0.94–1.2% for 6–10mg/l sulphate. The limit of detection was about 0.2mg/l. The calibration graph was linear up to 14mg/l Mg²⁺, NH ₄ ⁺ , Na⁺, K⁺, Cl^–, NO ₃ ^– , PO ₄ ^3– , HCO ₃ ^– and SiO ₃ ^2– did not interfere in the normally occurring concentrations.

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Sulfatbestimmung in natürlichem Wasser durch Flow-Injection-Analyse

Zusammenfassung Als Reagens dient Dimethylsulfonazo-III. Die Störung durch Calcium bei dieser Bestimmung wird durch eine Kationenaustauschersäule eliminiert, die direkt nach dem Probeinjektions-Ventil angeordnet ist. Zur Erhöhung der Empfindlichkeit und Reproduzierbarkeit ist es notwendig, die Trägerlösung mit Bariumsulfat zu sättigen sowie bei Nichtbenutzung des Systems den Reaktionsteil mit Ethanol-Wasser (11) zu füllen. Mit dem so modifizierten Verfahren ergaben sich Standardabweichungen von 0,94–1,2% für 6–10 mg/l Sulfat, die Nachweisgrenze liegt bei 0,2 mg/l. Die Eichkurve ist bis 14 mg/l linear. Mg²⁺, NH ₄ ⁺ , Na⁺, K⁺, Cl^–, NO ₃ ^– , PO ₄ ^3– , HCO ₃ ^– und SiO ₃ ^2– stören in den normalerweise vorkommenden Konzentrationen nicht.