Effect of four bentonite samples on the rare earth element concentrations of selected Hungarian wine samples

Rare earth elements (REEs) were detected and determined (except Eu, and in some cases Gd, Tb and Tm) in three Hungarian wine samples - Királyleányka, Blauer Portugieser and Merlot (2004 vintage) - from the Eger viticulture area by double focusing inductively coupled plasma sector field mass spectrometry (ICP-SF-MS) in low resolution mode (R = 300). The REE average concentrations of the samples determined after microwave-assisted digestion were in the pg cm^− 3 concentration range. According to the results, among these grapes grown on volcanic slopes, the REEs uptake by the Királyleányka and Blauer Portugieser seemed to be more inhibited. Four, commercially available bentonite samples - fibrous (Gelbenton), protein containing (Evergel), and two Na bentonites (BW200 and Tükrös) - were used for wine clarifying. Gelbenton altered the less the REE concentrations of the wine samples. The lowest increase (1.1-1.5 times) was established for the Merlot red wine sample.     

Optimization of preparative chromatographic separation of multiple rare earth elements

This work presents a method to optimize multi-product chromatographic systems with multiple objective functions. The system studied is a neodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium mixture separated in an ion exchange chromatography step. A homogeneous Langmuir Mobile Phase Modified model is calibrated to fit the experiments, and then used to perform the optimization task. For the optimization a multi-objective Differential Evolution algorithm was used, with weighting based on relative value of the components to find optimal operation points along the Pareto front. The objectives of the Pareto front are weighted productivity and weighted yield with purity as an equality constraint. A prioritizing scheme based on relative values is applied for determining the pooling order. A simple rule of thumb for pooling strategy selection is presented. The multi-objective optimization gives a Pareto front which shows the rule of thumb, as a gap in one of the objective functions.     

Application of electrokinetic supercharging capillary zone electrophoresis to rare-earth ore samples

Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) using electrokinetic injection (EKI) with transient isotachophoresis, which was named “electrokinetic supercharging-CZE ” (EKS-CZE), was applied to model samples of rare-earth ores (xenotime and monazite) and a real sample of monazite ore, the abundance of the components being greatly different among samples. When simple EKI was applied, separation and detection of rare-earth ions with smaller mobilities than the major component became difficult with an increase of the content of the major component. In contrast, when EKS-CZE was applied, the minor components (Er, Tm, Yb) with contents less than 0.025% (rare-earth/total rare-earth) could be analyzed. The analytical results for minor components in monazite ore agreed with those obtained by isotachophoresis–particle-induced X-ray emission (ITP–PIXE) and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) with errors less than 17%. The sample amount required for analysis was 9 μg which is 200-fold smaller than that used in ITP-PIXE analysis. Analytical sensitivity of EKS-CZE was comparable with that of ICP-AES.     

Selective preconcentration of rare earth elements by substoichiometric precipitation of calcium oxalate and its application to the neutron activation analysis of biological material

A preconcentration method for trace amounts of rare earth elements (REs) based on the substoichiometric precipitation of calcium oxalate was developed. RE(III) was quantitatively coprecipitated with calcium oxalate which had been precipitated from the calcium of a macrocomponent in a biological sample by addition of a substoichiometric amount of oxalate. In this way high selectivity for RE(III) from other elements was achieved. The method was applied to the neutron activation analysis of a biological sample (NBS SRM 1572 Citrus Leaves), and Sc, La, Ce, Pf, Nd, Sm, Eu, Th, Dy, Ho, Yb and Lu were determined with a relative standard deviation of less than 5%.     

Pseudopotential study of the rare earth monohydrides,monoxides and monofluorides

Nonrelativistic and quasirelativistic energy-adjusted pseudopotentials for fixed 4f subconfigurations of the rare earth elements La through Lu together with corresponding optimized valence basis sets have been used in SCF and CI(SD) calculations to determine the spectroscopic constants for the energetically low lying superconfigurations of the lanthanide monohydrides, monoxides and monofluorides. The experimentally observed trends in dissociation energies, bond lengths and vibrational frequencies for the ground states of the calculated superconfigurations of the monoxides and monofluorides are well reproduced. The results for the monohydrides are mainly predictions.     

Energy-adjusted pseudopotentials for the rare earth elements

Nonrelativistic and quasirelativistic energy-adjusted pseudopotentials and optimized (7s6p5d)/[5s4p3d]-GTO valence basis sets for use in molecular calculations for fixed f-subconfigurations of the rare earth elements, La through Lu, have been generated. Atomic excitation and ionization energies from numerical HF, as well as SCF pseudopotential calculations using the derived basis sets, differ by less than 0.1 eV from numerical HF all-electron results. Corresponding values obtained from CI(SD), CEPA-1, as well as density functional calculations using the quasirelativistic pseudopotentials, are in reasonable agreement with experimental data.     

中国不同类型土壤中稀土元素的形态分布特征

采用中子活化分析地中国不同地带土壤中的稀土元素含量分布模型及其赋存形态进行了系统的研究。结果表明，黄棕壤，褐土，淋溶黑钙土及白浆土中稀土元素的分布均为轻稀土富集，Ｅｕ亏损型，砖红壤，红壤为轻稀土富集，Ｃｅ亏损型。     

Distribution of rare earth elements among chloroplast components of hyperaccumulator<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Dicranopteris dichotoma</Emphasis>

A rare earth element (REE) hyperaccumulator, Dicranopteris dichotoma, that accumulates more than 0.1% REEs dry leaf mass has been discovered in southern China. The different components of chloroplast were isolated and the concentration of REEs in each component was determined by ICP-MS. The experimental data indicated that about 8% of total leaf REEs was present in the chloroplast of Dicranopteris dichotoma. In order to thoroughly study the distribution of REEs among different components of chloroplast, the membrane of chloroplast, the intact thylakoid and the photosystem II (PS II system) of D. dichotoma were isolated from the chloroplast. It was found that half of total chloroplast REEs was stored at the membrane of the chloroplast and another half was in the thylakoid. And 25% of total chloroplast REEs was bound with PS II system of D.dichotoma. The concentration of REEs in chlorophyll a was only at the level of g/g on the bases of chlorophylls. These data are useful for understanding of both the storage of REEs in chloroplast and the effect of REEs on the photosynthesis of plants.     

Preparation and properties of yttrium,lanthanum, and lanthanidem-nitrobenzoates

The conditions of the formation of rare earth elementm-nitrobenzoates were studied and their quantitative composition and solubilities in water and benzene at 298 K were determined (their solubilities are in the orders of 10^–3 mol dm^–3 and 10^–4 mol dm^–3, respectively). From the values of solubilities in water the solubility products were established (they are in the orders of 10^–10 mol⁴ dm^–12).The IR and X-ray spectra for the prepared complexes and the dehydrated rare earthm-nitrobenzoates were recorded. All obtained complexes were found to be crystalline compounds. The conditions of thermal decomposition for complexes were also studied. It was found that on heating above 573 K the complexes decompose explosively and undergo a melting process at the same time. Therefore the thermal decomposition was carried out in the temperature range 273–573 K. The obtained results show that during dehydration process no transformation of the nitro group to nitrito occurs.

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Darstellung und Eigenschaften von Y, La und Lanthaniden-meta-Nitrobenzoaten

Zusammenfassung Die Bedingungen zur Darstellung von Y-, La- und Lanthanidenmeta-Nitrobenzoaten wurden untersucht. Ihre quantitative Zusammensetzung und ihre Wasserlöslichkeit bei 298K wurden bestimmt (die Löslichkeit ist in der Größenordnung 10^–3 mol dm^–3). Die Infrarot- und Röntgenspektren der erhaltenen Komplexe sowie derm-Nitrobenzoate der seltenen Erden nach der Dehydratisierung wurden gemessen und dabei festgestellt, daß es sich stets um kristalline Verbindungen handelt. Das thermische Verhalten der erhaltenen Komplexe wurde festgestellt: Sie zerfallen über 573 K explosiv und schmelzen zugleich. Der thermische Zerfall der erhaltenenm-Nitrobenzoate der seltenen Erden wurde im Temperaturbereich von 273–573 K untersucht. Es wurde festgestellt, daß die Y-, La- und Lanthaniden-m-Nitrobenzoate bei Temperaturzunahme oder im Dehydratisierungsprozeß keiner Umgruppierung in entsprechende Nitritoverbindungen unterliegen.

     

ICP-MS同时测定植物性食品中稀土元素的方法研究

建立了植物性食品中16种稀土杂质(Sc、Y、La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb和Lu)元素的电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)的分析方法.考察了基体效应及质谱干扰,应用In内标,有效地补偿基体效应所引起的测量偏差,建立修正公式校正质谱干扰.对照分析了参考标准物质.对所测定元素,校正曲线的相关系数为＞0.9990,方法的检出限低于2.2 pg/g(Sc为95pg/g),回收率为92%～106%,RSD优于3.2%(n=7).     

Determination of rare earth elements in USGS rock standards by isotope dilution mass spectrometry and comparison with neutron activation and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry

Rare earth element (REE) concentrations in United States Geological Survey (USGS) rock standards AGV-1, GSP-1, G-2 and PCC-1 were determined by isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS), neutron activation and inductively coupled argon plasma atomic emission spectrometric techniques. The procedure involved acid digestion of samples in PTFE pressure bombs and group separation of REEs by an ion-exchange method. For IDMS an additional separation step using α-hydroxyisobutyric acid as an eluent was used in a cation-exchange column to split the REEs into subgroups. Comparison of the results with literature values showed that the IDMS values are the most precise and accurate. However, the precisions and the accuracies of the other techniques are acceptable.     

遗传-因子分析光度法用于地质样品中15个稀土元素同时测定的研究

遗传因子分析方法（GFA）综合了遗传算法（GA）和迭代目标因子分析法（FA）的优点，不仅实现了校准模型的动态化，而且解决了多组分同时测定时收敛滞缓的问题。遗传-因子分析方法应用于15种稀土的同时测定，提高了分析结果的准确度。     

微波消解ICP-MS测定烟草中痕量稀土元素

采用微波消解ICP-MS测定了烟草中痕量稀土元素,探讨了采用115In-103Rh双内标元素校正系统对分析信号漂移的补偿作用及利用干扰校正因子进行氧化物及多原子离子干扰的校正,方法的检出限为0.7~2.5 ng.L-1,测定下限为0.1~0.49 ng.g-1,RSD≤15%。用于不同产地的烟草中稀土元素分析表明,稀土元素的分布特性及分馏规律与当地的土壤环境有着密切的相关性,可用于烟草源区的定性判别和鉴定。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定人参中稀土元素含量

通过测定不同年份,同年不同月份采收的人参根、茎和叶中稀土元素(RE′s)的含量,研究稀土元素在人参中分配规律。样品经硝酸和过氧化氢微波消解后,以Re、Rh元素为内标,用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定~(89)Y、~(139)La、~(140)Ce、~(141)Pr、~(146)Nd、~(147)Sm、~(151)Eu、~(157)Gd、~(159)Tb、~(163)Dy、~(165)Ho、~(166)Er、~(169)Tm、~(172)Yb和~(175)Lu共15种稀土元素在人参根茎叶中的含量。15种稀土元素的检出限在0.24～2.46μg·kg~(-1)之间。稀土元素在人参叶中含量最高,根部居中,茎中最少,在人参根中具有逐年累积的趋势。     

Synthesis,Structures, and Properties of Layered Quaternary Chalcogenides of the General Formula ALnEQ4 (A = K,Rb; Ln = Ce,Pr, Eu; E = Si,Ge; Q = S,Se)

Four related quaternary compounds containing rare‐earth metals have been synthesized employing the molten flux method and metathesis. The reactions of Eu and Rb₂S₅ with Si and Ge in evacuated fused silica ampoules at 725 °C for 150 h yielded RbEuSiS₄ ( I ) and RbEuGeS₄ ( II ), respectively. On the other hand, a reaction between CeCl₃ and K₄Ge₄Se₁₀ at 650 °C for 148 h has yielded KCeGeSe₄ ( III ) and KPrSiSe₄( IV ) was obtained by the reaction of elemental Pr, Si and Se in KCl flux at 850 °C for 168 h. Crystal data for these compounds are as follows: I , orthorhombic, space group P2₁2₁2₁ (#19), a = 6.392(1), b = 6.634(2), c = 17.001(3) Å, α = β = γ = 90°, Z = 4; II , monoclinic, space group P2₁/m (#11), a = 6.498(2), b = 6.689(3), c = 8.964(3) Å, β = 108.647(6)°, Z = 2; III , monoclinic, space group P2₁ (#4), a = 6.852(2), b = 7.025(2), c = 9.017(3) Å, β = 108.116(2)°, Z = 2; IV , monoclinic, space group P2₁ (#4), a = 6.736(2), b = 6.943(2), c = 8.990(1) Å, β = 108.262(2)°, Z = 2. The crystal structures of I ‐ IV contain two‐dimensional corrugated anionic layers of the general formula, [LnEQ₄]^? (Ln = Ce, Pr, Eu; E = Si, Ge and Q = S, Se) alternately piled upon layers of alkali cations. In addition to structural elucidation, Raman and UV‐visible spectroscopy, and magnetic measurements for compound III (KCeGeSe₄) are also discussed.     

Synthesis and Structural Properties of Anhydrous Rare Earth Cinnamates, [RE(cinn)3]

Anhydrous rare earth tris(cinnamates) [RE(cinn)₃] (RE = La–Lu, Y and Sc and cinnH = trans‐cinnamic acid) were prepared by metathesis in water and by direct reaction of the metal with cinnamic acid in a 1,2,4,5‐tetramethylbenzene flux at ca. 200 °C. X‐ray crystal structure determinations and X‐ray powder data show that, in the solid state, the larger lanthanoids (La–Dy) form an isomorphous polymeric series consisting of homoleptic nine‐coordinate metal centres bonded to three chelating and bridging tridentate cinnamates. The late RE^III cinnamate (RE = Dy, Ho–Lu, Y) complexes also form linear one‐dimensional polymeric chains with all RE metal atoms being seven‐coordinate. The cinnamates are either bound tridentate bridging in a μ‐η²:η¹ fashion, or μ‐η¹:η¹ syn‐syn bidentate bridging. A structural break occurs at dysprosium which has been characterised in both crystallographic forms, and gives solely the late RE form when precipitated at 80 °C. Sc^III cinnamate was also isolated as an analytically pure precipitate which was, again, found to be anhydrous in nature. A structural change was identified by powder XRD between the late RE^III cinnamates and Sc^III cinnamate.     

稀土元素11－钨锌合铝杂多配合物的合成、表征和催化性能

首次合成出稀土元素１１一钨锌合铝杂多配合物，用元素分析、红外光谱、紫外光谱、Ｘ射线光电子能谱和热分析等对合成产物进行了表征。其分子通式为：ＬｎＨ４［Ａｌ（Ｈ２Ｏ）ＺｎＷ１１Ｏ３９］·ｘＨ２Ｏ（Ｌｎ＝Ｌａ，Ｐｒ，Ｎｄ，Ｓｍ）。在此基础上，对其在合成己二酸二（２－乙基己）酯（ＤＯＡ）中的催化性能进行了研究。结果表明，稀土元素１１－钨锌合铝杂多配合物具有较高的催化活性和选择性，且可以重复使用。ＤＯＡ产品质量高，达到食品包装级。