极值理论及其在巨灾再保险定价中的应用

巨灾损失中往往存在极端值,一般统计分布对其拟合效果欠佳,本文运用极值理论对极端值建模,基于分层定价的思想,在不同的起赔点下对再保险超额损失部分的定价进行了探讨,并以洪水损失数据为例进行了实证研究,拟合了POT模型,得到了洪水再保险纯保费。     

基于POT方法的商业银行操作风险极端值估计

对于商业银行而言,操作风险已经成为与市场风险和信用风险同样重要的风险。本文利用极值理论超越样本的估计能力,采用极值理论中对数据要求量较少,可以进行单步预测的超阈值(POT)方法对我国商业银行操作损失极端值分布进行估计,以均值超额函数图和拟合直线的交点确定阈值,估计出给定置信水平之下操作风险损失的分位数,从而使得国内商业银行操作风险监管资本的计算成为可能。     

平稳序列BMM模型与沪深股市极端风险研究

基于VaR理论正态分布假设导致的尾部风险低估问题,研究了GEV分布下的BMM模型及区间关联下的极值VaR的建模,并实证分析了沪深股市极端风险.研究结果表明:BMM模型对金融风险的厚尾具有更合理的理论基础.然而,涨跌停板极大地抑制了沪深股市极值数据的异质性,形成"极值不极"现象,导致在较高置信度下BMM模型更为有效,而在较低置信度下反而存在低估问题,有效性尚不及VaR模型.     

基于POT方法的极值理论在基金净值预测中的应用

为对基金净值数据进行建模,根据基金净值样本数据的尾部特点,建立极大,极小值分布的GPD模型,运用POT方法确定临界值,进而对参数进行估计,并对模型进行检验.最后,运用建立的模型对一些极值点进行预测.所得结果很好地描述了数据特点,对极值点的预测符合实际.     

多变量极值理论在银行操作风险度量中的运用

针对银行操作风险损失分布的厚尾性和损失事件之间的尾部相依性,首先用单变量极值理论建立了单个损失事件计量模型,然后用多变量极值的连接函数反映了损失事件之间的尾部相依性,避免了计量中对银行操作风险的低估和对监管资本要求高估.     

二项-广义Pareto复合极值分布模型的统计推断

极值理论主要研究小概率、大影响的极端事件.当前,复合极值分布已经广泛应用于水文、气象、地震、保险、金融等领域.本文以极值类型定理和PBDH定理为理论依据,构建了二项-广义Pareto复合极值分布模型;使用概率加权矩方法,对所建立的复合模型推导参数估计式;利用计算机模拟,得到了Kolmogorov-Smirnov(简称KS)检验统计量的临界值.     

一个组合分布模型及其参数估计

本文根据极值分布理论,提出了一个由原始分布和尾分布组成的组合分布模型,研究了组合分布模型中原始分布和尾分布的确定方法,建立了组合分布模型参数估计的加权最优化模型,实例计算说明,组合分布较好地反映了风险变量极值事件的风险。     

基于Copula-EVT模型的干旱灾害风险评估

干旱历时和干旱强度是影响干旱灾害风险的主要因素。根据干旱灾害发生的极端过程特点,用极值理论刻画干旱灾害风险两个特征变量的边缘分布,用Archimedes Copula函数捕捉旱灾风险两个特征变量之间的极值相依结构,本文构建的基于Copula-EVT的旱灾风险评估模型较好地反映了旱灾形成的极端过程和影响因子。实证分析以淮河流域蚌埠站为例,证实了ClaytonCopula-EVT模型能较好地拟合蚌埠站干旱灾害风险的历史经验分布,计算得出:蚌埠站干旱历时大于5个月,干旱强度超过7.45的极端干旱灾害风险概率为3%,重现期T_∩(t,d)为32.4年,对干旱历时和干旱强度的条件重现期研究得出干旱强度的取值对干旱灾害风险重现期的影响较大。     

运用Student T-Copula的极值理论度量我国商业银行的操作风险

银行操作风险损失数据具有厚尾性,同时不同损失事件之间具有相关性.依据巴塞尔委员会对操作风险损失类型的界定,利用从公开渠道收集的我国商业银行内部欺诈和外部欺诈损失数据.运用基于Studentt-Copula的极值理论研究我国商业银行面临的操作风险,得出极值理论的POT模型能够有效地捕捉损失厚尾性,计算出的VaR比较准确,只是不同的损失数据对阈值的选取存在一定差异.进一步研究表明采用Studentt-Copula刻画两种损失事件之间的相关性,能够有效地降低VaR,降幅甚至高达40%以上.既可以为银行节省大量经济资本,有利于日常经营,又可以准确计提经济资本,有利于监管当局的监管.     

变点分析与极值指标和SV-t-GPD模型在原油极端风险测度中的应用

引入VaR和ES的极值理论对BRENT原油现货市场的价格风险进行研究,运用变点理论对传统Hill估计方法的阈值选择进行了改进,定量选取阈值,相应降低了因主观判断失误引致的阈值选取误差。针对GPD模型要求金融时序服从独立同分布条件,引入两种方法来消除超阈值的局部相关性:一是结合GPD模型与极值指标;二是基于BRENT收益率序列采用SV-t模型进行过滤处理,建立起度量BRENT市场波动风险的动态VaR和ES模型。实证结果表明:针对BRENT市场极端风险,结合变点分析和极值指标构建的改进型阈值定量模型在风险测度方面具有有效性和精确性。相应地,构建的动态SV-t-GPD模型在测度BRENT极端风险方面具有稳健性。     

A software review for extreme value analysis

Extreme value methodology is being increasingly used by practitioners from a wide range of fields. The importance of accurately modeling extreme events has intensified, particularly in environmental science where such events can be seen as a barometer for climate change. These analyses require tools that must be simple to use, but must also implement complex statistical models and produce resulting inferences. This document presents a review of the software that is currently available to scientists for the statistical modeling of extreme events. We discuss all software known to the authors, both proprietary and open source, targeting different data types and application areas. It is our intention that this article will simplify the process of understanding the available software, and will help promote the methodology to an expansive set of scientific disciplines.     

基于破产理论的我国极端洪水保险风险组合随机优化模型

极端洪水给人类造成了巨大损失,极端洪水保险是分散极端洪水风险的一种有效手段.基于政府、市场和公众合作的极端洪水保险模式是适合我国国情的.在此模式下,建立政府有效参与的保险公司和保险区域风险组合随机优化模型,保证极端洪水保险的有效供给和需求,为合理厘定保险费率提供理论基础.随机优化模型中充分考虑了保险公司的破产概率、稳定性经营和保险区域的灾后恢复能力.最后给出了此模型的收敛性定理.     

两极端值模型的比较和应用

极端值模型主要有分块样本极大值模型和阈顶点模型.从两模型极值分布的内在关系、尾部特征的角度作比较分析和证明.结果表明,它们的内在关系一致;随着形状参数的变化尾部各有不同特征,阈顶点模型更为具体和多样,更适合金融风险度量的应用.     

商品价格极端波动影响期现价格联动及套期保值吗?

试图将极端价格波动成因归结于系统惯性因素和极端随机冲击因素,借助Copulas-GARCH模型,将其引入期货和现货价格联动的计量模型之中,以持有便利收益高的沪铜作为研究样本,实证研究发现:1)引入极端价格波动因素后将显著提升价格联动计量模型的解释能力;2)当负向基差扩大,系统惯性因素引起商品价格剧烈变动,将导致市场联动性下降,而极端随机冲击却具有正向效应,即市场受到极端随机冲击时会增强期现价格联动关系;3)极端随机冲击效应中正向冲击和负向冲击的非对称性特征不显著;4)考虑极端价格波动效应可明显降低生产企业的套期保值成本.研究结论对于商品期货市场套期保值等期货交易具有重要管理启示.     

The extremal index,hitting time statistics and periodicity

The extremal index appears as a parameter in Extreme Value Laws for stochastic processes, characterising the clustering of extreme events. We apply this idea in a dynamical systems context to analyse the possible Extreme Value Laws for the stochastic process generated by observations taken along dynamical orbits with respect to various measures. We derive new, easily checkable, conditions which identify Extreme Value Laws with particular extremal indices. In the dynamical context we prove that the extremal index is associated with periodic behaviour. The analogy of these laws in the context of hitting time statistics, as studied in the authors’ previous works on this topic, is explained and exploited extensively allowing us to prove, for the first time, the existence of hitting time statistics for balls around periodic points. Moreover, for very well behaved systems (uniformly expanding) we completely characterise the extremal behaviour by proving that either we have an extremal index less than 1 at periodic points or equal to 1 at any other point. This theory then also applies directly to general stochastic processes, adding both useful tools to identify the extremal index and giving deeper insight into the periodic behaviour it suggests.     

基于Monte Carlo仿真的小概率事件评估算法稳定性研究

应用极值理论对小概率事件进行评估的过程中,运用仿真的方法突破了客观条件对评估样本数量的限制,样本选取数量与评估概率的关系以及极值风险评估算法稳定性是亟待讨论的理论难点问题.以飞行风险为研究对象,分析了对评估稳定性造成主要影响的随机性因素,建立了用于稳定性分析的综合考虑“物理特性”和“随机特性”的典型人-机系统仿真模型.根据仿真评估结果,归纳了评估概率随样本数量的变化规律和Monte Carlo仿真对评估稳定性的影响,提出了合理选取样本数量和评估次数的方法.研究内容可为提高小概率事件评估的稳定性、减小评估误差提供参考和借鉴.     

Longevity bond premiums: The extreme value approach and risk cubic pricing

The purpose of this study is to analyze the securitization of longevity risk with an emphasis on longevity risk modeling and longevity bond premium pricing. Various longevity derivatives have been proposed, and the capital market has experienced one unsuccessful attempt by the European Investment Bank (EIB) in 2004. After carefully analyzing the pros and cons of previous securitizations, we present our proposed longevity bonds, whose payoffs are structured as a series of put option spreads. We utilize a random walk model with drift to fit small variations of mortality improvements and employ extreme value theory to model rare longevity events. Our method is a new approach in longevity risk securitization, which has the advantage of both capturing mortality improvements within sample and extrapolating rare, out-of- sample longevity events. We demonstrate that the risk cubic model developed for pricing catastrophe bonds can be applied to mortality and longevity bond pricing and use the model to calculate risk premiums for longevity bonds.     

The long‐term extreme price risk measure of portfolio in inventory financing: An application to dynamic impawn rate interval

Different from the short‐term risk measure for traditional financial assets (stocks, bonds, etc.), the key to illiquid inventory portfolio traded in the over‐the‐counter markets is to estimate the long‐term extreme price risk with time varying volatility. In this article, a new long‐term extreme price risk (value at risk and conditional value at risk) measure method for inventory portfolio and an application to dynamic impawn rate interval are proposed. To realize this, we first establish AutoRegressive Moving Average‐Exponential Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity‐Extreme Value Theory model and multivariatet‐Copula to depict the autocorrelation, fat tails, and volatility clustering of returns of inventories and the nonlinear dependence structure of inventories. Furthermore, we obtain the long‐term extreme price risk with time varying volatility via Monte Carlo simulation instead of square‐root‐of time rule. The results show that, first, benefits from risk diversification is significant; second, long‐term extreme price risk measure of inventory portfolio via Monte Carlo method outperforms the square‐root‐of time rule; the last is that the dynamic rate interval based on the long‐term price risk is superior to the crude rules of thumb in terms of reducing efficiency loss and improving risk coverage. In summary, this article provides a new quantitative framework for managing the risk of portfolio in inventory financing practice for banks constrained by risk limitation. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 20: 17–34, 2015     

上证指数收益率的极值研究

在极值理论广义极值分布模型的基础上,对上证指数日回报率的极值作了实证研究.给出了近两年间出现的极值的概率与等待时间,为风险的度量提供了量化的依据.