Antimicrobial activity and chemical constituents of the essential oils from flower, leaf and stem of Gypsophila bicolor from Iran

The volatile constituents from flower, leaf and stem of Gypsophila bicolor growing in Iran were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The flower oil was characterized by high amounts of germacrene-D (21.2%), p-cymene (20.6%), bicyclogermacrene (17.6%), gamma-dodecadienolactone (13.7%) and terpinolene (9.4%). Twenty-four constituents representing 97.4% of the leaf oil were identified of which germacrene-D (23.4%), terpinolene (14.5%), bicyclogermacrene (7.5%), gamma-dodecadienolactone (6.8%), p-cymene (6.7%) and cis-beta-ocimene (6.3%) were major components. The main components of the stem oil were gamma-dodecadienolactone (28.5%), bicyclogermacrene (14.8%), germacrene-D (12.6%), p-cymene (12.5%), terpinolene (11.6%) and trans-beta-ocimene (4.2%). The antimicrobial effects of flower, leaf and stem essential oils from Gypsophila bicolor were studied according to the agar diffusion cup method. The essential oils had a moderate effect on the Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but had a substantial effect on the fungi studied.     

Composition of a monoterpenoid-rich essential oil from the rhizome of Zingiber officinale from north western Himalayas

The chemical composition of the essential oil from the rhizome of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), collected from Nahan, Himachal Pradesh, India, was determined by gas chromatography and GC-MS. Fifty-one compounds, representing 95.1% of the oil, were identified. The oil was characterized by relatively large amounts of the monoterpenoids 1,8-cineole (10.9%), linalool (4.8%), borneol (5.6%), alpha-terpineol (3.6%), neral (8.1%), geraniol (14.5%), geranial (9.5%), trans-dimethoxy citral (5.0%) and geranyl acetate (6.3%). Five compounds, namely trans-linalool oxide, trans-linalool oxide acetate, (Z)-dimethoxycitral, (E)-dimethoxy citral and epi-zingiberenol are reported for the first time in oil of ginger.     

Volatile constituents of two Hypericum species from Tunisia

The chemical composition of the essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from the aerial parts of the Tunisian Hypericum perforatum and H. ericoides ssp. roberti was elucidated by a combination of GC and GC-MS analyses. The main constituents of the oil of H. perforatum were alpha-pinene (11.8%), alpha-ylangene (10.4%), germacrene-D (9.5%), n-octane (6.5%) and alpha-selinene (5.9%). The oil of H. ericoides ssp. roberti exhibited a higher amount of aliphatic and branched hydrocarbons and the main constituents were n-octane (29.1%), alpha-pinene (10.9%), pulegone (7.7%) and acetophenone (7%). Both qualitative and quantitative differences were observed between the studied oils. This chemical variability seems likely to result from the genetic variability, since samples of both species were collected at the same location and processed under the same conditions.     

Essential oil from aerial parts of of Betonica grandiflora Willd. from Iran

The chemical composition of the essential oil obtained from the aerial parts of Betonica grandiflora Willd., growing wild in Iran, was analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the first time. Overall, 40 volatile components were identified on the basis of their mass spectra characteristics and retention indices in which ledol (21.8%), myrtenyl acetate (21.7%), eudesm-7(11)-en-4-ol (6.5%), trans-caryophyllene (5.5%), α-bisabolol (4.9%) and isolongifolol (4.5%) were the major constituents. Oxygenated sesquiterpenes, monoterpene hydrocarbons and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were the main groups of compounds with 45.6%, 23.1% and 18.4%, respectively. The oil was moderately active against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus and inactive against Enterococcus faecalis and Klebsiella pneumoniae.     

川桂皮挥发油的化学组成

采用GC－MS技术分析了川桂（Cinnamomum wilsonii）皮挥发油的化学组成，共确定了其中42种化学成分与相对含量，占总组分相对含量的94．14％，其中有40种为萜类或其衍生物；研究结果显示，川桂皮油的主要成分为桉油素（11．02％），1（10），4－杜松二烯（10．21％），乙酸异龙脑酯（6．30％），杜松醇（5．53％），桉叶油醇（5．34％）等，与该植物叶和同属药用植物肉桂皮挥发油的主要组成均差别较大。     

灰竹挥发油化学成分分析

用溶剂提取法提取了灰竹的挥发性物质,用GC－MS法鉴定出22种化合物,其中主要成分（相对含量）为烯类（19．0％）,醇类（39．9％）,酯类（1．0％）、酸类（10．9％）,酮类（2．3％）、芳香烃类（19．8％）和烷烃类（3．6％）化合物,占总检出量约97％。     

Essential oil of three Uvaria species from Ivory Coast

Different parts of Uvaria ovata (Dunals) A, U. anonoides Baker f. and U. tortilis A. Chev were collected from Ivory Coast, in Toumodi (center), Agboville (south-east) and Sikensi (south), respectively. The essential oils, obtained by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus, were investigated by CG and CG/MS. The proportion of the chromatographed constituents identified varied from 92.5% to 98.5%. For U. ovata, the root bark oil comprised mainly camphene (10.2%), beta-pinene (10.1%), epi-alpha-cadinol (13.2%) and intermedeol (9.7%), while the oil of the stem bark was dominated by epi-alpha-cadinol (27.3%), intermedeol (11.9%) and benzyl benzoate (13.4%). The oil of the leaves showed beta-caryophyllene (15.6%), germacrene D (24.2%) and benzyl benzoate (18.3%) as the most abundant constituents. The leaf oil of U. anonoides was rich in 2,5-dimethoxy-p-cymene (15.5%), bicyclogermacrene (21.3%) and benzyl benzoate (8.7%), while, gamma-terpinene (31.7%), beta-caryophyllene (23.9%) and germacrene D (15.8%) constituted the main components of the stem bark oil of U. tortilis.     

小叶香樟新鲜树叶挥发性成分分析

采用水蒸汽蒸馏和乙醚萃取收集小叶香樟新鲜树叶挥发油,经气质联用分析鉴定出49个化合物,占峰面积的95.9%,挥发油得率为1.73%。主要化合物的类型为单萜(86.4%)、倍半萜(10.0%)、芳香族(1.41%)和脂肪族(1.13%)。其中质量分数最高的为L-芳樟醇(45.9%),其次为樟脑(28.5%)和橙花叔醇(4.66%)。     

Chemical composition of essential oils from leaves, stems, flower heads and roots of Conyza bonariensis L. from Tunisia

The essential oils isolated at the flowering stage in spring, summer and autumn of the aerial and underground parts of Conyza bonariensis L. growing in Tunisia were analysed by GC and GC/MS; 143 constituents were identified, and among them 20 were major. The oils of C. bonariensis gathered in spring were rich in matricaria ester (1.2-67.3%), (Z)-nerolidol (0.3-19.9%) and caryophyllene oxide (0.8-14.3%). In the summer samples, the oils of C. bonariensis were rich in matricaria ester (1.6-76.4%), caryophyllene oxide (1.6-22.6%) and (E)-β-farnesene (1.1-22.7%). The main constituents in the autumn samples were matricaria ester (trace to 63.5%), geranyl acetone (0.0-25.3%), trans-α-bergamotene (0.0-24.3%) and limonene (2.7-15.3%). The oils showed significant variation among the seasons. Remarkable differences were found between the constituent percentages of the different studied organs. The C. bonariensis sample from Tunisia was a matricaria ester chemotype and was quite different from the samples of other countries of origin.     

Chemical composition of the essential oil of Croton gossypiifolius from Venezuela

The essential oil from leaves of Croton gossypiifolius Vahl. (Euphorbiaceae) was obtained by hydrodistillation, and analyzed by GC/FID and GC/MS. The constituents were identified by their mass spectra and Kovats' indices. Fifty-one compounds accounting for 92% of the oil were detected, and 47 of them were identified. The oil was dominated by oxygenated sesquiterpenes with the major presence of alpha-cedrene oxide (18.6%), spathulenol (16.3%), valencene (5.8%), geranyl-pentanoate (5.3%), alpha-cadinol (4.0%), germacrene D (3.5%) and longifolene (3.3%).     

A myristicin-rich essential oil from Daucus sahariensis growing in Algeria

The essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from leaves and fruits of Daucus sahariensis Murb. were analyzed by GC/MS. The main constituents of the essential oil from the leaves were myristicin (34.3%), alpha-pinene (5.4%), cis-chrysanthenyl acetate (5.3%) and epi-alpha-bisabolol (4.8%), and those from the fruits myristicin (43.9%), alpha-pinene (13.1%), limonene (9.4%), and cis-chrysanthenyl acetate (7.4%). Myristicin, the main constituent of both essential oils, is generally absent in the oils from other Daucus species, permitting the hypothesis that this compound is a chemical marker of this Saharan species.     

Composition of the essential oil of Origanum tyttanthum from Tajikistan

Origanum tyttanthum Gontsch. was collected from two different sites in south-central Tajikistan. The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A total of 52 compounds were identified representing 99.0-100% of total oil compositions. The major components of Origanum tyttanthum Gontsch. oil were carvacrol (34.3-59.2%), thymol (10.8-46.4%), p-cymene (0.7-7.3%), beta-thujone (1.9-4.1%), piperitenone oxide (0.1-3.8%), gamma-terpinene (0.3-3.5%), cis-piperitone epoxide (0.8-3.3%), carvacrol acetate (0.4-2.4%), menthone (0.6-2.1%) and borneol (1.0-2.3%).     

Essential oil composition of Nepeta satureioides from Iran

The essential oil of Nepeta satureioides Boiss. from Iran was isolated by hydrodistillation in yield of 0.06% (w/w). The chemical composition of the essential oil was analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Forty-five compounds accounting for 97.4% of the total oil were identified. The major components were linalool (23.8%), (Z,E)-farnesol (14.7%), linalyl acetate (11.1%), β-caryophyllene (6.6%), lavandulol acetate (6.6%), caryophyllene oxide (6.4%), and (Z)-β-farnesene (3.4%). Oxygenated terpenoids were the main group of compounds. Published in Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 2, pp. 144–145, March–April, 2006.     

蓝布正挥发油化学成分的GC-MS分析

研究贵州产蓝布正（Herba Gei）挥发油的化学成分，采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取蓝布正挥发性成分，用气相色谱－质谱进行分离测定，结合计算机检索技术对分离的化合物进行鉴定，应用色谱峰面积归一化法测定各成分的相对含量；水蒸气蒸馏提取物得率是0．10％，共分离出103种成分，鉴定出40个化学成分，其主要成分为脂肪酸及其甲酯类化合物、萜烯类及其含氧衍生物等，主要有棕榈酸（13．2％）、11，14，17－二十碳三烯酸甲酯（10．4％）、亚油酸（8．6％）、石竹烯氧化物（3．9％）、丁子香酚（3．4％）和反式－植醇（3．2％）等。     

青蒿挥发性化学成分分析

用同时蒸馏－萃取装置（ＳＤＥ）提取了青蒿的挥发性物质,用ＧＣ－ＭＳ法分析鉴定出５０种化合物,其中主要成分为醛类（１８．１６％）、酮类（８．２４％）、醇类（１７．３６％）、酯类（１１．０２％）、酸类（７．３１％）、烃及萜类（２５．５８％）、杂环类（１０．３８％）,占总检出量的９８．０５％。     

Essential oil of Galinsoga parviflora leaves from Colombia

The chemical composition of the volatile compounds from the leaves of Galinsoga parviflora Cav. (Asteraceae) from Colombia was studied by GC and GC/MS. Eighty-eight volatile compounds were identified, of which the major ones were (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol (21.7%), beta-caryophyllene (12.4%), and 6-demethoxy-ageratochrome (14%). The leaf oil presented antimicrobial activities against the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus.     

Chemical composition of the essential oil of Cachrys libanotis from Algeria

The essential oil of aerial parts of Cachrys libanotis L. (Apiaceae) from east Algeria was extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. Thirty-one compounds were identified, the main components being germacrene-D (18.0%), gamma-terpinene (6.4%), p-cymene (5.5%), caryophyllene oxide (5.1%), and limonene (5.1%).     

Chemical composition and antioxidant activities of the essential oil from Nandina domestica fruits

The chemical composition and antioxidant activities of the essential oil from Nandina domestica fruits were studied for the first time. Twenty-two compounds, representing 82.79% of the oil, were identified from the oil. The major compounds were 3-hexen-1-ol (12.9%), linalool (12.3%), 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol (9.9%), oleic acid (8.0%), furfural (5.8%) and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (5.7%). The antioxidant activities of the oil were evaluated using reducing power, metal chelating ability and scavenging capacity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azinobis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonate (ABTS) and superoxide anion free radical. The oil exhibited significant antioxidant activities.     

Constituents and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils from flower, leaf and stem of Helichrysum armenium

The chemical constituents from the flower, leaf and stem of Helichrysum armenium DC. (Asteraceae) growing in Iran were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The oil of flower was characterized by higher amount of limonene (21.2%), alpha-cadinol (18.2%), borneol (11.9%), delta-cadinene (9.0%), bornyl acetate (8.0%) and alpha-humulene (7.3%). Twenty one constituents representing 96.2% of the chromatographical leaf oil were identified of which limonene (29.2%), alpha-pinene (14.4%), caryophyllene oxide (6.5%), alpha-gurjunene (6.3%), bornyl acetate (5.5%) and torreyol (5.2%) were the major components. The main components of the stem oil were limonene (23.6%), alpha-pinene (13.4%), spathulenol (6.4%), alpha-gurjunene (6.3%), caryophyllene oxide (5.3%), bornyl acetate (5.2%), beta-cubebene (4.8%) and delta-cadinene (4.3%). The composition of the oils is different, although the most abundant components are identical in leaf oil (96.2%). The antimicrobial effect of flower, leaf and stem essential oils from Helichrysum armenium was studied according to the agar diffusion cup method. The essential oils had a moderate effect on the Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and had a substantial fungicidal effect on the fungi under study.     

顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法用于白术中挥发性成分的分析

采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法(HS-SPME-GC-MS)分离鉴定了白术中的挥发性成分,并与采用传统的水蒸气蒸馏法(SD)提取的挥发性成分进行了比较。实验中筛选了固相微萃取纤维头,优化了SPME的操作条件。样品在70 ℃下平衡30 min后,用65 μm聚二甲基硅氧烷-二乙烯基苯(PDMS-DVB)纤维头对白术样品顶空吸附30 min,于250 ℃下解吸4 min, 然后采用GC-MS对解吸物进行分离鉴定;采用HS-SPME-GC-MS鉴定出41种组分,占总峰面积的90.81%;采用SD-GC-MS鉴定出31个组分,占总峰面积的88.19%,且采用SD所提取的组分基本上都被固相微萃取所提取。结果表明, HS-SPME可取代耗时的SD用于白术中挥发性物质的提取。