超宽带微波检测早期乳腺肿瘤三维仿真

超宽带微波成像技术可作为有效的方法用于乳房早期乳腺肿瘤的检测. 该方法基于乳房组织和肿瘤之间较大的电学特性差异的特点进行成像, 能提供足够的分辨率以及足够的穿透深度. 本文采用时域有限差分方法建立超宽带微波信号在三维乳房组织中传播的模型, 并采用单极德拜模型完成了生物组织色散特性的模拟. 利用8发9收的天线阵列实现微波肿瘤探测, 利用共焦成像算法对乳房组织进行图像重构并进行肿瘤定位. 仿真结果显示共焦成像算法能够实现最小直径3 mm的肿瘤的检测, 同时证实了超宽带微波成像技术应用于早期乳腺肿瘤检测的有效性. 关键词： 微波成像 肿瘤检测 时域有限差分 共焦成像算法     

Contrast-enhanced microwave imaging of breast tumors: a computational study using 3-D realistic numerical phantoms

The detection of early-stage tumors in the breast by microwave imaging is challenged by both the moderate endogenous dielectric contrast between healthy and malignant glandular tissues and the spatial resolution available from illumination at microwave frequencies. The high endogenous dielectric contrast between adipose and fibroglandular tissue structures increases the difficulty of tumor detection due to the high dynamic range of the contrast function to be imaged and the low level of signal scattered from a tumor relative to the clutter scattered by normal tissue structures. Microwave inverse scattering techniques, used to estimate the complete spatial profile of the dielectric properties within the breast, have the potential to reconstruct both normal and cancerous tissue structures. However, the ill-posedness of the associated inverse problem often limits the frequency of microwave illumination to the UHF band within which early-stage cancers have sub-wavelength dimensions. In this computational study, we examine the reconstruction of small, compact tumors in three-dimensional numerical breast phantoms by a multiple-frequency inverse scattering solution. Computer models are also employed to investigate the use of exogenous contrast agents for enhancing tumor detection. Simulated array measurements are acquired before and after the introduction of the assumed contrast effects for two specific agents currently under consideration for breast imaging: microbubbles and carbon nanotubes. Differential images of the applied contrast demonstrate the potential of the approach for detecting the preferential uptake of contrast agents by malignant tissues.     

A double constrained robust capon beamforming based imaging method for early breast cancer detection

Ultra-wideband （UWB） microwave images are proposed for detecting small malignant breast tumors based on the large contrast of electric parameters between a malignant tumor and normal breast tissue. In this study, an antenna array composed of 9 antennas is applied to the detection. The double constrained robust capon beamforming （DCRCB） algorithm is used for reconstructing the breast image due to its better stability and high signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio （SINR）. The successful detection of a tumor of 2 mm in diameter shown in the reconstruction demonstrates the robustness of the DCRCB beamforming algorithm. This study verifies the feasibility of detecting small breast tumors by using the DCRCB imaging algorithm.     

微波实验在工科物理实验中的应用及意义

本文分析了微波实验在工科物理实验中的现状；提出一些有关测量微波基本特性的实验方案：大功率及小功率微波功率测量、驻波系数的测量、波长和阻抗的测量等；介绍了两个新开展的微波检测实验：微波衰减湿度检测和用反射法进行微波湿度检测，可以使学生了解微波的一些基本特性和应用．     

抑制地面反射影响的高功率微波辐射场测量方法

在对空气-地面分层媒质中微波传播与反射理论分析的基础上,研究了地面反射对测点处不同垂直高度电场分布的影响,推导得到了电场分布随垂直高度变化曲线的振荡周期理论计算公式,针对高功率微波源总功率测量,提出了一种双天线阵列抑制地面反射影响的高功率微波辐射场测量方法,通过数值计算、低功率连续波实验、大功率短脉冲实验等进一步验证了理论公式的正确性,以及双天线阵列抑制地面反射影响方法的可行性。结果表明,与单接收天线相比,双天线阵列法可将地面反射影响由原有的4 dB降低至0.6 dB以下,从而有效减小了高功率微波辐射场的测量不确定度,为高功率微波源总功率准确测量奠定了基础。     

Influence of the organism interface on the breast cancer detection by UWB

Ultra-wide band (UWB) imaging technique is very attractive for the early breast cancer detection based on the obvious contrast in the electrical properties of malignant tumor to the normal fatty breast tissue. The tumor can be detected by analyzing the reflecting and scattering behavior of the UWB microwaves propagating in the breast. In this study, the influence of the organism interfaces is investigated from different cases of breast configuration involving different gland shapes as well as the tumor locations. Results show that the gland structure and tumor status have large influences on the reconstructed images generated from the detected signals due to the interface varieties. The tumor information in the proposed configurations can be obtained by series signal processing including eliminating the early time response of the detected signals caused by the direct wave and the reflection from the interface between the skin and the breast fat, and compensating the path loss of the propagating signal due to the radial spreading and the attenuation in the lossy breast. The location and the number of emitters and detectors affect the quality of the reconstructed image.     

早期乳腺肿瘤的超宽带微波稳健波束形成成像检测系统

提出了一种基于自主设计小型超宽带天线的微波稳健波束形成(RCB)成像肿瘤检测系统.仿真结果表明,该检测系统对肿瘤反射信号有很高的敏感度.在简单平面模型和核磁共振成像图(MRI)导出模型中进行仿真检测实验,并将天线阵列接收信号用RCB算法进行成像处理.从乳房重构图像中能够得到正确的肿瘤位置及大小信息,实现了平面模型中最小直径3 mm和MRI导出模型中最小直径4 mm的肿瘤检测,证实了该检测系统用于早期乳腺肿瘤检测的可行性.     

Photonic instantaneous measurement of microwave frequency using fiber Bragg grating

A photonic approach to realizing instantaneous measurement of microwave frequency based on optical monitoring using a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) is proposed and demonstrated. In the approach, a frequency-unknown microwave signal is modulated on an optical carrier in a Mach-Zehnder modulator biased at the minimum transmission point. After detecting the transmission and reflection optical powers at the output of the FBG, the microwave frequency can be determined according to the value of transmission-to-reflection power ratio, due to the fixed relationship between the microwave frequency and the power ratio. A proof-of-concept experiment has been performed, which demonstrates that a measurement resolution of ±0.08 GHz over a 10 GHz measurement bandwidth is achieved. The measurement performance in terms of resolution is better than previously reported results.     

S波段微波热致超声成像系统研究

微波热致超声成像技术通过向物体发射微波脉冲, 导致物体吸收电磁波温度迅速升高, 产生瞬时压力波, 从而激发产生超声波信号, 通过传感器对产生的超声波信号进行采集并成像, 最终还原了反映物体吸收电磁波能量特性的图像, 由于此方法兼具了微波成像的高对比性和超声成像的高分辨率特点, 理论上验证了热声成像技术对早期乳腺肿瘤检测的可行性. 本实验兼顾系统成像深度和分辨率, 采用S波段的微波脉冲信号源对物体进行辐射, 利用圆形扫描方式对待测物体进行检测, 同时为了更好的验证成像性能, 本实验同时使用了肿瘤仿体及实际生物组织进行成像实验. 通过实验分析, 验证了该系统对肿瘤仿体和生物组织检测的有效性, 以及系统的高分辨率和高对比度特性, 为早期乳房肿瘤检测提供了进一步的理论支撑.     

A new method to measure permittivity and permeability in nanopowder materials in microwave range

A new method for measuring the electromagnetic properties (permittivity and permeability) of nanopowder materials in a wide microwave region is presented. Unlike previously developed systems, our experimental setup is based on reflection measurements over a short-circuited transmission line combined with the application of a uniform magnetostatic field. When this field is sufficiently high to saturate the material, the effective permeability of the sample equals the permeability of free space, without modifying its electrical properties. Hence, for each frequency, the permittivity can be obtained through the measurement of a single scattering parameter, such as the reflection coefficient. After this first measurement, and once the external field is removed, the reflection coefficient can be used again to obtain the permeability by means of the permittivity value obtained before. As the major advantage, this procedure allows the recording of the experimental data in just one sweep, using one-port measurements, and without modifying the geometrical characteristics of the sample holder. Hence, the measurement process can be easily automated.     

A low-cost invasive microwave ablation antenna with a directional heating pattern

Microwave ablation (MWA) is a cancer treatment method. The tumor tissue absorbs electromagnetic energy, which heats and kills it. A microwave ablation antenna plays a critical role in this process. Its radiation field must completely cover the tumor but not the healthy tissue. At present, the radiation pattern of most invasive ablation antennas is spherical. However, in the clinic, the shape of some tumors may be asymmetrical or the antenna cannot be inserted into the center of the tumor for some other reason. In order to solve these problems, a directional heating antenna for microwave ablation is proposed in this paper. The proposed antenna, operating at 2.45 GHz, consists of a monopole and a reflector. The feed is given by a substrate integrated coaxial line (SICL) and coplanar waveguide (CPW). The omnidirectional radiation field of the monopole is reflected by a reflector that is extended from the outer conductors of the SICL to form a directional radiation field. The impedance matching network is designed on SICL to match the antenna to 50 Ω . The antenna is fabricated using a mature printed circuit board (PCB). The reflection coefficient of the antenna in porcine liver tissue measured by a vector network analyzer shows good agreement with the simulations. Then, an ablation experiment in porcine liver is conducted with power of 10 W for 10 min, and the experimental results confirm the validity of the design.     

肿瘤组织傅里叶变换红外光谱诊断方法的比较研究

在前期的肿瘤组织红外光谱诊断方法研究中,采用水平衰减全反射(ATR)红外光谱诊断法在多种肿瘤组织样品中取得了与病理诊断很好符合的实验结果;针对文献报道中多采用的显微红外光谱法,文章对同一肿瘤组织样品应用两种方法采集红外光谱,比较测量条件及光谱诊断结果,研究结果表明ATR法主要测量了整块组织的光谱信息,避免了组织结构不均一,微区采样扫描取点少对光谱诊断结果的影响,获得的光谱可以为临床应用提供判断依据。     

Microwave transmission and reflection of stratified lossy dielectric segments partially filling waveguide

The microwave transmission and reflection is evaluated for stratified lossy dielectric segments partially filling the rectangular waveguide by the method which combines the multimode network theory with the rigorous mode matching procedure. As an example, we investigate in detail the microwave scattering properties of II-VI-epitaxial layer on a lossy dielectric substrate inserted in the rectangular waveguide. The experimental data verify the accuracy and the effectiveness of the present method. Extensive numerical results are presented to establish useful guidelines for the contactless microwave measurement of the conductivity of the epitaxial layer.     

基于共面波导微带线的光探测器高频电参量提取

针对不能在片测量的光探测器芯片,本文提出了一个简单而有效的实验方案来提取其等效电路模型的高频电参量.首先设计了和微波探针匹配的共面波导微带线,测量其输出反射系数,测试结果与理论设计符合很好;然后将芯片装载到微带线上,测量包含光探测器的整个测试结构的输出反射系数.仿真中涉及光探测器测试结构的等效电路模型,包含光探测器、键合金丝和共面波导微带线等因素.通过拟合已测的整个测试结构的输出反射系数,提取了光探测器的高频电参量.     

Ultrafast photodetectors based on the interaction of microwave radiation and a photoexcited plasma in semiconductors

The interaction of microwave radiation with the plasma in photoionized semiconductor photocells (CdS, CdSe) placed in waveguide measurement systems is investigated theoretically and experimentally. The interaction of the characteristic waveguide modes with a photoexcited semiconductor plasma is investigated. The dependence of the reflection coefficient and phase of the microwave radiation on the intensity of the optical radiation to be measured is obtained, and the influence of the surface of the semiconductor photocells on these parameters is investigated. A microwave photodetector design based on a millimeter-wave interferometer is developed. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 68, 94–98 (November 1998)     

左手材料的反射特性与负折射率行为

利用平板波导法研究了不同入射角度下周期排列开口谐振环负磁导率材料、周期排列金属杆负介电常数材料以及左手材料微波反射特性，并利用劈尖法研究了左手材料的负折射特性.实验结果表明：负磁导率材料反射率曲线形成反射峰，其对应的反射峰频率与材料的谐振频率一致；负介电常数材料反射率接近0dB；左手材料出现单个反射较小的反射峰，其峰值反射率随入射角度的增大而变大，即反射能力增强，且反射峰与透射峰有相对频移.劈尖法测量还表明，左手材料在9800MHz频率附近出现负折射现象，其折射率n为-0.796. 关键词： 左手材料 反射 负折射率     

Rectangular Waveguide With Metallic Nanostructure Driven by Magnetic Field

The changes in the propagation constant of the TE₁₀ mode of a rectangular waveguide with a metallic nanostructure, occurring under an external magnetic field have been investigated. Expressions for complex reflection and transmission coefficients have been derived. The dependence of the reflection coefficient upon the intensity of the external magnetic field is analyzed. It is shown that the experimental values of the propagation constant or the reflection and transmission coefficients can be used to estimate the value of the microwave magnetoresistance of nanostructures. Experiments on the measurement of the reflection and transmission coefficients in a waveguide with an (Fe/Cr)n nanostructure have been performed in millimeter and centimeter wave bands.     

基于原子的微波场测量

本文分别综述了基于热原子、冷原子体系的微波场测量的研究进展,以及基于纠缠原子的高灵敏微波电场测量的最新结果。文中详细介绍了基于原子的微波场测量与实验进展,内容主要包括:热原子样品中,利用里德堡原子的电磁感应透明效应和Autler-Townes效应,实现微波电场的场强测量和微波电场空间分布特征的亚波长空间高分辨率成像。冷原子样品中,介绍了相邻里德堡态与微波的相干耦合强度受微波功率的影响,以及通过铷原子基态超精细能级与微波相干耦合振荡,实现基于原子的新型微波功率标准的研究。此外,利用冷原子探针实现微米级空间分辨率的二维微波场场强分布测量。最后我们对采用原子的量子纠缠态提高微波场强探测灵敏度的技术方案进行了讨论,量子纠缠的引入将有望使微波探测的灵敏度突破标准量子极限,获得优于传统雷达探测灵敏度的测量结果。     

AN ANALYTICAL APPROACH ON THE DETERMINATION OF GENERATOR REFLECTION COEFFICIENTS USED IN THE NOISE-PARAMETER MEASUREMENT

In performing microwave and millimeter-wave noise-parameter measurements, a set of generator reflection coefficients and their corresponding noise temperatures need to be measured first. Allowing measurement errors, values of these generator reflection coefficients will affect the accuracy of final results. Though simulation alone can be used to find out on the Smith chart the preferred pattern of the generator reflection coefficients, its analytical counterpart has not been explored yet. This paper intends to derive the related mathematical expressions, thus complements and strengthens the simulation method.     

微波光学组合实验中大角度入射时反射波波强极大方向的确定

利用PASCO微波光学组合实验装置,分析了微波大角度反射偏离反射定律的原因,给出了可视为大角度入射时的最小入射角,定量地计算了大角度入射时微波反射波极大时的反射角.