超声速流动中非线性EASM湍流模式应用研究

针对超声速复杂流动区域精确模拟的需要,发展了基于k-ω可压缩修正形式的非线性显式代数雷诺应力模式(EASM),提高了该模式对超声速复杂流动的数值模拟精度。通过对二维超声速凹槽和三维双椭球的数值计算表明,与SA和SST常规线性涡黏性湍流模式比较,非线性的EASM模式对大分离以及剪切层流动结构的刻画能力更精细,对剪切层再附区的压力及摩擦系数分布模拟更加精确;EASM模式能够准确地模拟二次激波引起的压强和热流分布情况。     

k-ωSST湍流模式三维激波分离流动修正

“激波?边界层分离”是航空气动领域的典型湍流非平衡流动问题, 准确模拟激波分离对于跨声速飞行器气动性能评估和优化设计具有重要意义. 然而传统涡黏性湍流模式中涡黏性系数的定义方式并不适用于非平衡流动, k-ω SST湍流模式为此引入的Bradshaw假设在应用于三维强逆压梯度和较大分离流动时反而限制了雷诺应力的生成, 导致包括k-ω SST在内的常用涡黏性湍流模式均无法对此类流动进行准确模拟. 同时, 现有的非线性雷诺应力本构关系也并不能有效提高模拟精度. 为此, 针对k-ω SST模式分别提出了基于Bradshaw假设和基于长度尺度的两种激波分离流动修正方法. 前者通过提高Bradshaw常数的方式放宽了对雷诺应力生成的限制, 后者则从湍流长度尺度概念出发, 利用混合长度理论、湍动能生成/耗散之比和一种新定义的长度尺度之比构造了ω方程耗散项修正函数, 提高了模式在三维激波分离流动中的建模长度尺度. 两种方法对ONERA M6机翼跨声速大攻角流动均能得到较雷诺应力模式更好的模拟结果. 进一步的雷诺应力分析表明, 三维激波分离流动中“主雷诺应力分量”的概念不再成立, 各雷诺应力分量大小接近. 网格收敛性分析、对其他攻角状态的验证以及湍流平板边界层壁面律验证进一步确认了所提出的两种修正方法的合理性、有效性和通用性.      

钝体分离流动的实验研究

本文报告了楔形钝体分离流区域的湍流实验,提供了分离区内的时均速度、压力,湍流度和雷诺应力的分布,并对分离区的湍流特征进行了分析。实验表明,分离区内时均速度具有很大的横向梯度。湍流度和雷诺应力的分布曲线很相纵,它们在回流区变化较为平缓,而在混合区,当它们达到极大值之后,便以指数形式向(?)衰减。压力在回流区内变化也不大,但在混合区却具有明显的横向梯度。     

改进虚拟边界算法在超声速流动问题求解中的应用

提出了一种改进的虚拟单元浸没边界法, 并与一种高阶格式的有限差分算法相结合, 运用于求解超声速复杂几何绕流问题.该算法的核心思想在于在固体边界的内部和外部分别施加满足边界关系的作用点, 使得几何边界离散更加细化, 起到了壁面附近网格局部加密的作用.采用源空间内流体点作为反距离插值算法的重构点, 有效避免了插值点数目过少而与作用点相重合情况.通过对二维激波反射现象 (马赫数为 2.81) 和三维超声速球体绕流问题 (马赫数为 1.2) 的数值模拟, 与实验结果对比表明, 本文改进算法相对一般的虚拟边界法来说能显著提高数值精度, 减小计算误差.计算结果揭示了球体绕流中剪切层、压缩波系和尾迹的相互作用导致自由剪切层失稳的机理.剪切层厚度和湍流雷诺脉动经历了线性增长、大幅度震荡和小幅度波动三个阶段, 导致剪切层表面褶皱因子变化呈指数规律增长.其湍流结构表现出明显的各向异性, 具体在流向雷诺正应力在湍流脉动中占主导地位, 激波的压缩作用对不同方向雷诺正应力的影响存在空间迟滞效应.      

全速解法在湍流跨音速流动中的应用

本文对不可压流动的常用算法SIMPLE算法进行了推广,使其能计算从亚音速到超音速一定马赫数范围内的流动,这里,可压缩流动和不可压缩流动的数值自满实现了统一,称为全速解法本文对全速解法在二维流动计算中的应用性进行了初步的研究,采用了非交错网格的有限体积方法对控制方程进行离散,并用动量插值法来求得连续方程中单元边界上的变量值,本文对全速解法在二维层流的计算效果进行了考核,而后又将此算法在湍流跨音速流动中应用,计算表明本方法是成功的,能够很好地反映各种马赫数下的流场特性。     

非线性湍流模式研究及进展

现代湍流模式研究已经超出了经典的Ｂｏｕｓｓｉｎｅｓｑ涡粘性概念和线性的雷诺应力输运范畴,湍流运动过程中的非线性本质已成为模式研究人员所关心的中心问题。其目的在于使湍流模式能更加真实地再现湍流运动的复杂性,提高模式的适用范围,使复杂湍流能够得到合理的模拟,非线性湍流模式在解决复杂湍流运动的计算中已经取得可喜进展,正逐步应用于工程湍流的计算。同时,工程中的湍流问题计算也已走出了简单剪切流动类型及传统的ｋ－ε（及其它形式的）二方程模式框架,二阶矩封闭模式在先进的工程计算中已被用来解决诸如可压缩的空气动力学、发动机气缸及三维复杂几何场内等具有重要应用背景的流动问题,并逐步进入计算流体力学商业软件包。      

无壁面参数低雷诺数非线性涡黏性模式研究

建立了一个低雷诺数的非线性涡黏性湍流模式,该模式的一个显著特性是它不包含壁面参数（如y^ ,n等）,因而特别适用于复杂几何流场的计算,本模式在几种包括回流、分离、激波等典型流动中进行了验证,结果令人满意。     

层结流体中湍流锋面特征的实验研究

在线性分层的水体中；由拖动坚条形栅格产生湍流锋面，通过阴影可视化技术考察了锋面的流态和运动行为，将锋面迹线经过图像处理，获得了锋面运动特征的有关信息：运动速度随时间的增长关系；锋面坍塌的平均无因次特征时间为NTC＝2．9；它随湍流Froude数Fri的增大而减小；锋面的特征尺度Hf与栅格运动的参数有关；当湍流演化成内波时，对锋面与内波运动间的关系进行了初步探讨和分析．     

湍流边界层中马蹄形涡的形成方式

本文使用一种新的流动显示方法——激光片光运动法和几种实验技巧对湍流边界层中的马蹄形涡进行了观测,发现并描述了其形成的四种方式:二次不稳定式、组合式、变形式和突发式。对这四种马蹄形涡的形成及发展进行了研究和比较。实验结果表明,这些马蹄形涡在尺度、运动速度和变形上是有差别的。     

采用分段湍流模式研究绕水翼的空化流动

结合空化流动特点,建立了一个包含空间尺度信息的分段湍流模式。计算中,应用基于质量传输空化模型,分别采用三种湍流模型计算了绕Clark-y型水翼云状空化流动,得到了随时间变化的空泡形态以及升、阻力等流场和动力特性。通过与实验结果的对比,表明这三种湍流模型均能捕捉云状空化区域的空泡形态和空泡脱落的非定常细节。分段湍流模式能够更好地调整流场内的湍流黏性,更精确地预测空穴长度和空穴尾部水汽分布,与实验结果吻合较好。     

Study on anisotropic buoyant turbulence model

Ｂｕｏｙａｎｔｆｌｏｗｉｓｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｆｕｎｄａｍｅｎｔａｌｆｌｏｗｓ．Ｔｈｅｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｏｆｄｅｎｓｉｔｙｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｄｉｓｃｈａｒｇｅｄｆｌｕｉｄａｎｄｔｈｅａｍｂｉｅｎｔｆｌｕｉｄｃａｎｃａｕｓｅｂｕｏｙａｎｔｔｕｒｂｕｌｅｎｔｆ...     

Explicit algebraic stress modelling of homogeneous and inhomogeneous flows

Capability of the explicit algebraic stress models to predict homogeneous and inhomogeneous shear flows are examined. The importance of the explicit solution of the production to dissipation ratio is first highlighted by examining the algebraic stress models performance at purely irrotational strain conditions. Turbulent recirculating flows within sudden expanding pipes are further simulated with explicit algebraic stress model and anisotropic eddy viscosity model. Both models predict better stress–strain interactions, showing reasonable shear layer developments. The anisotropic stress field are also accurately predicted by the models, though the anisotropic eddy viscosity model of Craft et al. returns marginally better results. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Curvature sensitive nonlinear turbulence model

By modifying the Rodi assumption to take account of the influence of flow curvature, a new curvature modified algebraic stress model (CMASM) is developed from the second moment closure in the generalized curvilinear coordinate system. And the explicit form of the ASM, a new curvature modified nonlineark-ε model (CMNKE), is derived in the orthogonal curvilinear coordinate system. This new nonlineark-ε model is further validated by a numerical simulation of a two-dimensional U-type turnaround duct flow. The results show that the CMNKE can effectively capture the main characteristic of this curvature flow and simulate the damping effect of the shear stress by a convex curvature and the enhancing effect by a concave curvature. So, this model is a rational and effective simplification to the second moment closure. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (19725208) and the National Climbing project of China     

Structure of supersonic turbulent flows in the vicinity of inclined backward-facing steps

Supersonic (M_∞ = 2−5) turbulent flows in the vicinity of a two-dimensional backward-facing step with an inclined leeward side are considered by methods of mathematical modeling. The wave structure of the flow with a varied angle of inclination of the leeward side of the step and a varied free-stream Mach number is considered. __________ Translated From Prikladnaya Mekhanika I Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 47, No. 6, pp. 48–58, November–December, 2006.     

Computation of backward-facing step flows by a second-order Reynolds stress closure model

This paper scrutinizes the predictive ability of the differential stress equation model in complex shear flows. Two backward-facing step flows with different expansion ratios are solved by the LRR turbulence model with an anisotropic dissipation model and the near-wall regions of the separated side resolved by a near-wall model. The computer code developed for solving the transport equations is based on the finite-volume-finite-difference method. In the numerical solution of the time-averaged momenum equations the Reynolds stresses are treated partially as a diffusion term and partially as a source term to avoid numerical instability. Computational results are compared with experimental data. It is found that the near-wall region of the separated side resolved by the near-wall model, the LRR model with a simple modification of an anisotropic dissipation model can predict backward step flows well.     

Universal threshold of the transition to localized turbulence in shear flows

Experimental and numerical studies have shown similarities between localized turbulence in channel and pipe flows. By scaling analysis of a disturbed-flow model, this paper proposes a local Reynolds number Re_M to characterize the threshold of transition triggered by finite-amplitude disturbances. The Re_M represents the maximum contribution of the basic flow to the momentum ratio between the nonlinear convection and the viscous diffusion. The lower critical Re_M observed in experiments of plane Poiseuille flow, pipe Poiseuille flow and plane Couette flow are all close to 323, indicating the uniformity of mechanism governing the transition to localized turbulence.     

Impact of turbulence modelling on external supersonic flow field simulations in rocket aerodynamics

This paper contains a three-dimensional study on the influence of different turbulence models for external supersonic flow field simulations, aiming at reaching the best accuracy in rocket aerodynamics. A well-studied test case -a slender body- has been used for the validation process, which involves the major turbulence models available. The SST k–ω model has been selected as the most suitable one for this kind of flows. Good agreements between numerical, theoretical and experimental results are obtained, which are used to set up some guidelines regarding the configuration of Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) supersonic models for these flight regimes.     

Modelling of the pressure-velocity correlation in turbulence diffusion

Most current computations of trubulent flows with second-moment closure adopt the diffusion models which neglect the effect of pressure-velocity correlation. In the present paper the importance of this correlation effect is elucidated the neglect of this effect accounts for some major defects in the wide application of the second-moment closures. Through the relation between and , established by Lumley, we propose here a new turbulence diffusion model which takes into consideration the pressure effect. Applications of this new model in the computation of shearless turbulence mixing layer and plane and round-jet flows show that the spreading rate of these flows can be satisfactorily captured.     

Modeling of supersonic flows near flying vehicle elements

Supersonic flows near flying vehicle elements are calculated in the approximation of the full Navier-Stokes equations for a viscous compressible heat-conducting gas with different values of free-stream. Mach and Reynolds numbers and angles of attack. The main laws of the flow near the lifting surface. and in the inlet are obtained. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 50, No. 2, pp. 98–108, March–April, 2009.