半群K(n,r)中的幂等生成元

设Singn是由一个n元集上的所有奇异变换所构成的奇异变换半群，I是由Singn中一些亏数为1的幂等元组成的集合，Howie利用有向图证明了：I是Singn的一个生成集当且仅当与其相应的有向图D（I）是强连通的完全图，本文利用多重有向图将这一结果推广到Singn的每个理想K（,r)上。     

Super-connected arc-transitive digraphs

A digraph is said to be super-connected if every minimum vertex cut is the out-neighbor set or in-neighbor set of a vertex. A digraph is said to be reducible, if there are two vertices with the same out-neighbor set or the same in-neighbor set. In this paper, we prove that a strongly connected arc-transitive oriented graph is either reducible or super-connected. Furthermore, if this digraph is also an Abelian Cayley digraph, then it is super-connected.     

On super-edge-connected digraphs and bipartite digraphs

A maximally edge-connected digraph is called super-λ if every minimum edge disconnecting set is trivial, i.e., it consists of the edges adjacent to or from a given vertex. In this paper sufficient conditions for a digraph to be super-λ are presented in terms of parameters such as diameter and minimum degree. Similar results are also given for bipartite digraphs. As a corollary, some characterizations of super-λ graphs and bipartite graphs are obtained. © 1929 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Connection digraphs and second-order line digraphs

The primary result of this paper gives a set of necessary and sufficient conditions for a digraph to be second-order line digraph of some digraph. A directed analogue of the concept of an intersection graph, defined for collections of ordered pairs of sets and called the connection digraph, is used to achieve this result.     

Sufficient Conditions for Maximally Edge-connected and Super-edge-connected Digraphs Depending on the Size

Let D be a finite and simple digraph with vertex set V (D). The minimum degree δ of a digraph D is defined as the minimum value of its out-degrees and its in-degrees. If D is a digraph with minimum degree δ and edge-connectivity λ, then λ ≤ δ. A digraph is maximally edge-connected if λ=δ. A digraph is called super-edge-connected if every minimum edge-cut consists of edges incident to or from a vertex of minimum degree. In this note we show that a digraph is maximally edge-connected or super-edge-connected if the number of arcs is large enough.     

Interval digraphs: An analogue of interval graphs

Intersection digraphs analogous to undirected intersection graphs are introduced. Each vertex is assigned an ordered pair of sets, with a directed edge uv in the intersection digraph when the “source set” of u intersects the “terminal set” of v. Every n-vertex digraph is an intersection digraph of ordered pairs of subsets of an n-set, but not every digraph is an intersection digraph of convex sets in the plane. Interval digraphs are those having representations where all sets are intervals on the real line. Interval digraphs are characterized in terms of the consecutive ones property of certain matrices, in terms of the adjacency matrix and in terms of Ferrers digraphs. In particular, they are intersections of pairs of Ferrers digraphs whose union is a complete digraph.     

有向图字典乘积的代数群性质

字典乘积有向图G_1→⊙G_2是通过已知阶数较小的有向图G_1和G_2构造来的,这些小有向图G_1和G_2的拓扑结构和性质肯定影响大有向图G_1→⊙G_2的拓扑结构和性质.运用群论方法,证明了有向图字典乘积的一些代数性质,如:结合律、分配律等.     

On Schreier graphs of gyrogroup actions

The notion of a group action can be extended to the case of gyrogroups. In this article, we examine a digraph and graph associated with a gyrogroup action on a finite nonempty set, called a Schreier digraph and graph. We show that algebraic properties of gyrogroups and gyrogroup actions such as being gyrocommutative, being transitive, and being fixed-point-free are reflected in their Schreier digraphs and graphs. We also prove graph-theoretic versions of the three fundamental theorems involving actions: the Cauchy–Frobenius lemma (also known as the Burnside lemma), the orbit-stabilizer theorem, and the orbit decomposition theorem. Finally, we make a connection between gyrogroup actions and actions of symmetric groups by evaluation via Schreier digraphs and graphs.     

对称有向图的广义本原指数集

一个有向图Ｄ称为本原有向图,若存在某自然数ｋ,使Ｄ中任一点ｕ到任一点ｖ都有长为ｋ之途径。若Ｄ是一个对称有向图,则Ｄ是本原的当且仅当Ｄ对应的无向图Ｇ连通且至少包含一个奇圈。本文研究最小奇圈长为ｒ的ｎ阶对称本原有向图,完全刻划了第一类广义本原指数集,并部分地解决了第三类广义本原指数集的刻划问题。     

本刊英文版Vol.35(2019),No.12论文摘要（英文）

Asymptotic and Partial Asymptotic Hankel Operators on H^2(D^n)Anuradha GUPTA Bhawna GUPTA Abstract In this paper,we generalize the concept of asymptotic Hankel operators on H^2(D)to the Hardy space H^2(D^n)(over polydisk)in terms of asymptotic Hankel and partial asymptotic Hankel operators and investigate some properties in case of its weak and strong convergence.     

回路1、2-弦图的逆M矩阵完备及其算法设计

对已定元均不为零的部分逆M矩阵,通过变换使其对角线上元素均为1后,根据其所对应图形的特点,得到结果如下:(a)若其所对应图形为简单有向回路或回路1-弦图,具有逆M矩阵完备式当且仅当所有简单有向回路的回路积均小于1.(b)若其所对应图形为回路2-弦图,具有逆M矩阵完备式当所有简单有向回路满足回路积小于1,且对其中依次在两个顶点处相交的有向回路标明层次后,任一有向回路的回路积均小于与其相连接的上一层的有向回路的回路积.     

有向图3C2p的优美性

图论是数学的一个分支,特别是离散数学的一个重要分支,它在物理、化学、天文、地理、生物学,尤其是在计算机科学中有着非常广泛的应用．图的标号问题是图论中极有趣的一个研究课题,有着较好的研究价值和广阔的应用背景．图的一个顶点标号是顶点集合到非负整数集合的映射,而边标号是边集合到非负整数集合的映射,根据对映射的不同要求,产生了各种各样的图的标号问题,有向图的优美标号是其中的一类．用G表示有n个顶点的有向圈,mCn表示m个无公共顶点的有向圈G之并,本文研究了有向图mG,的优美性,利用搜索图的标号的算法与数学证明相结合的方法,证实了有向图3Cn为优美图,其中n=2p,P为任意正整数．     

Smoothing by mollifiers. Part I: semi-infinite optimization

We show that a compact feasible set of a standard semi-infinite optimization problem can be approximated arbitrarily well by a level set of a single smooth function with certain regularity properties. This function is constructed as the mollification of the lower level optimal value function. Moreover, we use correspondences between Karush–Kuhn–Tucker points of the original and the smoothed problem, and between their associated Morse indices, to prove the connectedness of the so-called min–max digraph for semi-infinite problems.      

A Characterization of Locally Semicomplete CKI-digraphs

A digraph is locally-in semicomplete if for every vertex of D its in-neighborhood induces a semicomplete digraph and it is locally semicomplete if for every vertex of D the in-neighborhood and the out-neighborhood induces a semicomplete digraph. The locally semicomplete digraphs where characterized in 1997 by Bang-Jensen et al. and in 1998 Bang-Jensen and Gutin posed the problem if finding a kernel in a locally-in semicomplete digraph is polynomial or not. A kernel of a digraph is a set of vertices, which is independent and absorbent. A digraph D such that every proper induced subdigraph of D has a kernel is said to be critical kernel imperfect digraph (CKI-digraph) if the digraph D does not have a kernel. A digraph without an induced CKI-digraph as a subdigraph does have a kernel. We characterize the locally semicomplete digraphs, which are CKI. As a consequence of this characterization we conclude that determinate whether a locally semicomplete digraph is a CKI-digraph or not, is polynomial.     

Aneulerian digraphs and the determination of those Eulerian digraphs having an odd number of directed Eulerian paths

An antidirected path [3] in a digraph is a path with consecutive edges directed either both towards or both away from their common vertex. An aneulerian digraph is a digraph that contains a closed antidirected path passing through each edge once. It is shown that in a 4-valent Eulerian digraph $\text{D}$ every two distinct aneulerian subdigraphs are edge disjoint and the set of them cover the edges. A correspondence is given between the aneulerian subdigraphs of $\text{D}$ and the 1-difactors. The main theorem states that an Eulerian digraph which has no bivalent vertices has an odd number of directed Eulerian paths iff it is a 4-valent aneulerian digraph.     

Aparallel digraphs and splicing machines

The concepts of a splicing machine and of an aparalled digraph are introduced. A splicing machine is basically a means to uniquely obtain all circular sequences on a finite alphabet by splicing together circular sequences from a small finite set of “generators”. The existence and uniqueness of the central object related to an aparallel digraph, the strong component, is proved, and this strong component is shown to be the unique fixed point of a natural operator defined on sets of vertices of the digraph. A digraph is shown to be a splicing machine if and only if it is the strong component of an aparallel digraph. Motivation comes, on the applied side, from the splicing of circular sequences on a finite alphabet and, on the theoretical side, from the Banach fixed point theorem.     

Double-super-connected digraphs

A strongly connected digraph D is said to be super-connected if every minimum vertex-cut is the out-neighbor or in-neighbor set of a vertex. A strongly connected digraph D is said to be double-super-connected if every minimum vertex-cut is both the out-neighbor set of a vertex and the in-neighbor set of a vertex. In this paper, we characterize the double-super-connected line digraphs, Cartesian product and lexicographic product of two digraphs. Furthermore, we study double-super-connected Abelian Cayley digraphs and illustrate that there exist double-super-connected digraphs for any given order and minimum degree.     

Homomorphisms of graphs and of their orientations

Consider a set of graphs and all the homomorphisms among them. Change each graph into a digraph by assigning directions to its edges. Some of the homomorphisms preserve the directions and so remain as homomorphisms of the set of digraphs; others do not. We study the relationship between the original set of graph-homomorphisms and the resulting set of digraph-homomorphisms and prove that they are in a certain sense independent. This independence result no longer holds if we start with a proper class of graphs, or if we require that only one direction be given to each edge (unless each homomorphism is invertible, in which case we again prove independence). We also specialize the results to the set consisting of one graph and prove the independence of monoids (groups) of a graph and the corresponding digraph.With 1 Firgure     

关于图测地数的几个问题

本文研究了图的测地数.利用极点必属于测地集的方法,刻画了g(G)=n-1的图G的结构,同时使用图的一些重要参数,获得了图上下测地数的几个新的界.对于有向图D,讨论了g(D)=2的充要条件.     

Disjoint quasi‐kernels in digraphs

A quasi‐kernel in a digraph is an independent set of vertices such that any vertex in the digraph can reach some vertex in the set via a directed path of length at most two. Chvátal and Lovász proved that every digraph has a quasi‐kernel. Recently, Gutin et al. raised the question of which digraphs have a pair of disjoint quasi‐kernels. Clearly, a digraph has a pair of disjoint quasi‐kernels cannot contain sinks, that is, vertices of outdegree zero, as each such vertex is necessarily included in a quasi‐kernel. However, there exist digraphs which contain neither sinks nor a pair of disjoint quasi‐kernels. Thus, containing no sinks is not sufficient in general for a digraph to have a pair of disjoint quasi‐kernels. In contrast, we prove that, for several classes of digraphs, the condition of containing no sinks guarantees the existence of a pair of disjoint quasi‐kernels. The classes contain semicomplete multipartite, quasi‐transitive, and locally semicomplete digraphs. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 58:251‐260, 2008