On translations of subsets of the real line

In this paper we discuss various questions connected with translations of subsets of the real line. Most of these questions originate from W. Sierpinski. We discuss the number of translations a single subset of the reals may have. Later we discuss almost invariant subsets of Abelian groups.

     

Uniform approximation on compact subsets of the real line

Let {? _i } _i=∩ ⁿ be continuous real functions on the compact set M?R. We consider the problem of best uniform approximation of the function? by polynomials \(\sum\nolimits_{i = 1}^n {c_i \varphi _i }\) on M. Let V(?₀, A) be a set of polynomials of best approximation on A ? M. We show that \(V(\varphi _0 ,M) = \mathop \cap \limits_{A_{n + 1} } V(\varphi _0 ,A_{n + 1} )\) , where A_n+1 represents all the possible sets of n+ 1 points {x₁, ..., x_n+1} in M, containing the characteristic set of the given problem of best approximation and for which the the rank of ∥?_i ∥ (i=1, ...,n; j=1,..., n+1) is equal to n. This theorem is applied to a problem of uniform approximation where {? _i } _i=1 ⁿ is a weakly Chebyshev system.     

Choice principles for special subsets of the real line

We study the role the axiom of choice plays in the existence of some special subsets of ? and its power set ?(?).     

On minimal non-potentially closed subsets of the plane

We study the Borel subsets of the plane that can be made closed by refining the Polish topology on the real line. These sets are called potentially closed. We first compare Borel subsets of the plane using products of continuous functions. We show the existence of a perfect antichain made of minimal sets among non-potentially closed sets. We apply this result to graphs, quasi-orders and partial orders. We also give a non-potentially closed set minimum for another notion of comparison. Finally, we show that we cannot have injectivity in the Kechris-Solecki-Todor?evi? dichotomy about analytic graphs.     

Decomposing the real line into Borel sets closed under addition

We consider decompositions of the real line into pairwise disjoint Borel pieces so that each piece is closed under addition. How many pieces can there be? We prove among others that the number of pieces is either at most 3 or uncountable, and we show that it is undecidable in and even in the theory if the number of pieces can be uncountable but less than the continuum. We also investigate various versions: what happens if we drop the Borelness requirement, if we replace addition by multiplication, if the pieces are subgroups, if we partition (0, ∞), and so on.     

On partitions of the real line

Answering a question of Sierpinski, we prove that the real line is not necessarily the disjoint union of {btℵ} ₁ non-emptyG _σ sets.     

Density results for Gabor systems associated with periodic subsets of the real line

The well-known density theorem for one-dimensional Gabor systems of the form , where , states that a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of such a system whose linear span is dense in , or which forms a frame for , is that the density condition is satisfied. The main goal of this paper is to study the analogous problem for Gabor systems for which the window function g vanishes outside a periodic set which is -shift invariant. We obtain measure-theoretic conditions that are necessary and sufficient for the existence of a window g such that the linear span of the corresponding Gabor system is dense in L²(S). Moreover, we show that if this density condition holds, there exists, in fact, a measurable set with the property that the Gabor system associated with the same parameters a,b and the window g=χ_E, forms a tight frame for L²(S).     

On a topological characterization of the real line

M.C. Zdun [17] asked whether a subset S of R² such that R × S is homeomorphic to R² must be homeomorphic to R, all these sets being endowed with the usual topologies. We show that the answer is affirmative.     

On homeomorphisms and quasi-isometries of the real line

We show that the group of piecewise-linear homeomorphisms of having bounded slopes surjects onto the group of all quasi-isometries of . We prove that the following groups can be imbedded in : the group of compactly supported piecewise-linear homeomorphisms of , the Richard Thompson group , and the free group of continuous rank.

     

On possible non-homeomorphic substructures of the real line

We consider the problem, raised by Kunen and Tall, of whether the real continuum can have non-homeomorphic versions in different submodels of the universe of all sets. This requires large cardinals, and we obtain an exact consistency strength:

Theorem 1. The following are equiconsistent:

(i) a Jónsson cardinal;

(ii) a sufficiently elementary submodel of the universe of sets with not homeomorphic to

The reverse direction is a corollary to:

Theorem 2. is Jónsson hereditarily separable, hereditarily Lindelöf, with .

We further consider the large cardinal consequences of the existence of a topological space with a proper substructure homeomorphic to Baire space.

     

Homogeneous subsets of the real line which do not admit the structure of a topological group

We show that if X is one of the real line R or the irrationals P then X can be decomposed in two dense homeomorphic and (topologically) homogeneous parts which do not admit the structure of a topological group. We also show that the space of the irrationals can be decomposed in two dense homeomorphic topological groups.     

On the generalization of density topologies on the real line

The paper concerns the density points with respect to the sequences of intervals tending to zero in the family of Lebesgue measurable sets. It shows that for some sequences analogue of the Lebesgue density theorem holds. Simultaneously, this paper presents proof of theorem that for any sequence of intervals tending to zero a relevant operator ? _J generates a topology. It is almost but not exactly the same result as in the category aspect presented in [WIERTELAK, R.: A generalization of density topology with respect to category, Real Anal. Exchange 32 (2006/2007), 273–286]. Therefore this paper is a continuation of the previous research concerning similarities and differences between measure and category.     

On line bundles over real algebraic curves

Let X be a geometrically irreducible smooth projective curve defined over the real numbers. Let nX be the number of connected components of the locus of real points of X. Let x₁,…,x? be real points from ? distinct components, with ?<nX. We prove that the divisor x₁+?+x? is rigid. We also give a very simple proof of the Harnack's inequality.