高含沙水流的紊动粘性系数研究及其应用

基于张红武的“紊流涡团模式”和采用高精度的流速垂向分布表达式,建立起高含沙水流的紊动粘性系数计算公式。应用此公式计算泥沙连续性方程中的泥沙扩散系数,得到了与测试资料相符合的含沙量垂线分布规律;进一步,将建立起的紊动粘性系数计算公式应用于黄河下游平面二维泥沙数学模型中,以封闭水沙控制方程,并选择1982年洪水和花园口至夹河滩河段开展数值仿真,计算出的洪水流量过程、水位过程及主流线等与实测资料基本一致。应用结果表明本研究中所建立的紊动粘性系数计算公式可用于高含沙水流的理论分析和模拟计算中。     

Inflow conditions for spatial direct numerical simulation of turbulent boundary layers

The inflow conditions for spatial direct numerical simulation (SDNS) of turbulent boundary layers should reflect the characteristics of upstream turbulence, which is a puzzle. In this paper a new method is suggested, in which the flow field obtained by using temporal direct numerical simulation (TDNS) for fully developed turbulent flow (only flow field for a single moment is sufficient) can be used as the inflow of SDNS with a proper transformation. The calculation results confirm that this method is feasible and effective. It is also found that, under a proper time-space transformation, all statistics of the fully developed turbulence obtained by both temporal mode and spatial mode DNS are in excellent agreement with each other, not only qualitatively, but also quantitatively. The normal-wise distributions of mean flow profile, turbulent Mach number and the root mean square (RMS) of the fluctuations of various variables, as well as the Reynolds stresses of the fully developed turbulence obtained by using SDNS, bear similarity in nature. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 90205021), the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant No. 20060400707), and the Foundation for the Author of National Excellent Doctoral Dissertation of China (Grant No. 200328), and partially supported by Liu-Hui Center of Applied Mathematics, Nankai University and Tianjin University     

Two-dimensional coupled mathematical modeling of fluvial processes with intense sediment transport and rapid bed evolution

Alluvial rivers may experience intense sediment transport and rapid bed evolution under a high flow regime, for which traditional decoupled mathematical river models based on simplified conservation equations are not applicable. A two-dimensional coupled mathematical model is presented, which is generally applicable to the fluvial processes with either intense or weak sediment transport. The governing equations of the model comprise the complete shallow water hydrodynamic equations closed with Manning roughness for boundary resistance and empirical relationships for sediment exchange with the erodible bed. The second-order Total-Variation-Diminishing version of the Weighted-Average-Flux method, along with the HLLC approximate Riemann Solver, is adapted to solve the governing equations, which can properly resolve shock waves and contact discontinuities. The model is applied to the pilot study of the flooding due to a sudden outburst of a real glacial-lake. Supported by the National Basic Research and Development Program of China (973 Program) (Grant No. 2007CB14106), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50459001), and the Key Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. KZCX3-SW-357-02)     

Localized turbulent flows on scouring granular beds

In many applications a sustained, localized turbulent flow scours a cohesionless granular bed to form a pothole. Here we use similarity methods to derive a theoretical formula for the equilibrium depth of the pothole. Whereas the empirical formulas customarily used in applications contain numerous free exponents, the theoretical formula contains a single one, which we show can be determined via the phenomenological theory of turbulence. Our derivation affords insight into how a state of dynamic equilibrium is attained between a granular bed and a localized turbulent flow.     

Large eddy simulation of compressible turbulent channel flow with spanwise wall oscillation

The influences of the modification of turbulent coherent structures on temperature field and heat transfer in turbulent channel flow are studied using large eddy simulation (LES) of compressible turbulent channel flows with spanwise wall oscillation (SWO). The reliability of the LES on such problems is proved by the comparisons of the drag reduction data with those of other researches. The high consistency of coherent velocity structures and temperature structures is found based on the analyses of the turbulent flow field. When the coherent velocity structures are suppressed, the transportations of momentum and heat are reduced simultaneously, demonstrating the same trend. This shows that the turbulent coherent structures have the same effects on the transportations of momentum and heat. The averaged wall heat flux can be reduced with appropriate oscillating parameters. Supported by the Key Subjects of National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 10732090), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50476004), and the 111 Project (Grant No. B08009)     

The investigation of coherent structures in the wall region of a supersonic turbulent boundary layer based on DNS database

Through temporal mode direct numerical simulation, flow field database of a fully developed turbulent boundary layer on a flat plate with Mach number 4.5 and Reynolds number Reθ =1094 has been obtained. Commonly used detection meth- ods in experiments are applied to detecting coherent structures in the flow field, and it is found that coherent structures do exist in the wall region of a supersonic turbulent boundary layer. The detected results show that a low-speed streak is de- tected by using the Mu-level method, the rising parts of this streak are detected by using the second quadrant method, and the crossing regions from a low-speed streak to the high-speed one are detected by using the VITA method respectively. Notwithstanding that different regions are detected by different methods, they are all accompanied by quasi-stream-wise vortex structures.     

Modelling a river delta growth: Evaluations on some partly deterministic 2D simulations

Summary A bidimensional explicit finite-difference simulation of a river delta growth, based on Pelnard-Considère continuity equation, considering long-shore sediment transport as given by CERC formula, has been developed and fed by sets of marine events generated by means of a general Markovian-process simulator. The simulation was restricted to the final stage of the sea-beach interaction, remaining it limited, seaward, to the consideration of pairs of values representing wave power and direction of wave motion. This kind of formulation allowed a computationally efficient way to represent persistent phenomena. River sand supply has been modelled by means of a simply stationary stochastic process. The operativeness of the model has been evaluated on some fixed conditions:a) beach length 20 km;b) non-erodible edges;c) river supply in the middle. In general, wave power ranged up to some unit·10³ W/m, while sand river supply up to near 7·10⁻² m³/s. Some models were left to evolve for 500 y, a time interval in which some significant event should occur. The results show how: 1) for long-time estimations a spatial resolution of 500 m could be a reasonable choice; 2) time step should be kept as small as possible, even in the absence of numerical instability; 3) wave-approaching angles simulation scheme impacts on final delta morphology; 4) sea status persistence strongly influences the final results; 5) even a simple (t/const) time adimensionalization may influence the results when high river sand supply meets low wave power conditions; 6) neglecting on/off-shore sediment transport reflects in a marked triangular equilibrium delta shapes; 7) the cuspate aspect of a river delta could be an indication of a non-erosion-dominated stage or of a growing one. Although for predictive engineering purpose 2D longshore formulations appear to be less attractive than 3D ones, it has been pointed out how some hypotheses can be tested, in an earth science operating context, using either moderate-complexity software or easily avilable computing devices. Paper presented at the IX Congresso del Gruppo Nazionale per la Fisica dell'Atmosfera e dell'Oceano, June 8–10, 1992, Rome.     

A one-equation turbulence model for recirculating flows

A one-equation turbulence model which relies on the turbulent kinetic energy transport equation has been developed to predict the flow properties of the recirculating flows. The turbulent eddy-viscosity coefficient is computed from a recalibrated Bradshaw’s assumption that the constant a₁ = 0.31 is recalibrated to a function based on a set of direct numerical simulation (DNS) data. The values of dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy consist of the near-wall part and isotropic part, and the isotropic part involves the von Karman length scale as the turbulent length scale. The performance of the new model is evaluated by the results from DNS for fully developed turbulence channel flow with a wide range of Reynolds numbers. However, the computed result of the recirculating flow at the separated bubble of NACA4412 demonstrates that an increase is needed on the turbulent dissipation, and this leads to an advanced tuning on the self-adjusted function. The improved model predicts better results in both the non-equilibrium and equilibrium flows, e.g. channel flows, backward-facing step flow and hump in a channel.     

Zone conditional analysis of a freely propagating one-dimensional turbulent premixed flame

The zone conditional conservation equations are derived and validated against the DNS data of a freely propagating one-dimensional turbulent premixed flame. Conditional flow velocities are calculated by the conditional continuity and momentum equations, and a modeled transport equation for the Reynolds average reaction progress variable. An asymptotic formula for turbulent burning velocity is obtained with the effects of a finite Damköhler number accounted for as an additional factor. It is shown that flame generated turbulence is primarily due to correlations between fluctuating gas velocities and fluctuating unit normal vector on a flame surface. More investigation is required to validate general predictive capability of the derived conditional conservation equations and the relationships modeled for closure.     

Turbulent statistical characteristics associated to the north wind phenomenon in southern Brazil with application to turbulent diffusion

A parameterization for the transport processes in a shear driven planetary boundary layer (PBL) has been established employing turbulent statistical quantities measured during the north wind phenomenon in southern Brazil. Therefore, observed one-dimensional turbulent energy spectra are compared with a spectral model based on the Kolmogorov arguments. The good agreement obtained from this comparison leads to well defined formulations for the turbulent velocity variance, local decorrelation time scale and eddy diffusivity. Furthermore, for vertical regions in which the wind shear forcing is relevant, the eddy diffusivity derived from the north wind data presents a similar profile to those obtained from the non-extensive statistical mechanics theory. Finally, a validation for the present parameterization has been accomplished, using a Lagrangian stochastic dispersion model. The Prairie Grass data set, which presents high mean wind speed, is simulated. The analysis developed in this study shows that the turbulence parameterization constructed from wind data for north wind flow cases is able to describe the diffusion in a high wind speed, shear-dominated PBL.     

固体粒子在直流式除尘器中湍流脉动的数值模拟

本文对直流除尘器涡室内固体粒子的湍流脉动现象进行了数值分析,通过气体速度随机脉动谱,把气相湍流运动对固体粒子运动的影响引入粒子的运动平衡方程中,用拉格朗日法模拟了粒子的轨迹及其扩散运动,应用四阶龙科库塔方法求解粒子的运动方程。计算结果表明对粒子的数值模拟可以较好地预测除尘器的性能,如除尘器的切割粒径。     

Fluctuations in thermodynamic non equilibrium states

In a statistical theory an expression is derived for the probability of fluctuations in a thermodynamic non equilibrium state. It is a generalization of the Einstein formula, respectively the formula of Greene and Callen for fluctuations in a thermal equilibrium. The application to steady transport processes is discussed in connection with stability conditions.     

基于水平集方法二维模型的软性磨粒两相流流场特性分析方法

两相流场特性分析是软性磨粒流精密加工方法的技术关键. 针对此问题, 利用水平集方法(LSM)结构拓扑变换原理, 建立了描述磨粒流在另一流体中运动变化的二维模型. 该模型中, 用LSM捕捉两相流之间的界面, 从而对两相流的运动情况和相关参数进行模拟仿真, 深入讨论了磨粒流加工机理. 研究表明: 以LSM原理建立的二维模型, 成功地仿真模拟了两相流相变过程; 利用k-ε湍流模型与Preston方程相结合的数值分析方法, 对流道内各区域的速度等流场特性进行讨论, 为软性磨粒流加工提供了前期基础性研究. 关键词： 水平集方法 结构化表面 软性磨粒流 k-ε湍流模型')" href="#">k-ε湍流模型     

Mechanics of the turbulent-nonturbulent interface of a jet

We report the results of an experimental investigation of the mechanics and transport processes at the bounding interface between the turbulent and nonturbulent regions of flow in a turbulent jet, which shows the existence of a finite jump in the tangential velocity at the interface. This is associated with small-scale eddying motion at the outward propagating interface (nibbling) by which irrotational fluid becomes turbulent, and this implies that large-scale engulfment is not the dominant entrainment process. Interpretation of the jump as a singular structure yields an essential and significant contribution to the mean shear in the jet mixing region. Finally, our observations provide a justification for Prandtl's original hypothesis of a constant eddy viscosity in the nonturbulent outer jet region.     

Entropy-Based Shear Stress Distribution in Open Channel for All Types of Flow Using Experimental Data

Korean river design standards set general design standards for rivers and river-related projects in Korea, which systematize the technologies and methods involved in river-related projects. This includes measurement methods for parts necessary for river design, but does not include information on shear stress. Shear stress is one of the factors necessary for river design and operation. Shear stress is one of the most important hydraulic factors used in the fields of water, especially for artificial channel design. Shear stress is calculated from the frictional force caused by viscosity and fluctuating fluid velocity. Current methods are based on past calculations, but factors such as boundary shear stress or energy gradient are difficult to actually measure or estimate. The point velocity throughout the entire cross-section is needed to calculate the velocity gradient. In other words, the current Korean river design standards use tractive force and critical tractive force instead of shear stress because it is more difficult to calculate the shear stress in the current method. However, it is difficult to calculate the exact value due to the limitations of the formula to obtain the river factor called the tractive force. In addition, tractive force has limitations that use an empirically identified base value for use in practice. This paper focuses on the modeling of shear-stress distribution in open channel turbulent flow using entropy theory. In addition, this study suggests a shear stress distribution formula, which can easily be used in practice after calculating the river-specific factor T. The tractive force and critical tractive force in the Korean river design standards should be modified by the shear stress obtained by the proposed shear stress distribution method. The present study therefore focuses on the modeling of shear stress distribution in an open channel turbulent flow using entropy theory. The shear stress distribution model is tested using a wide range of forty-two experimental runs collected from the literature. Then, an error analysis is performed to further evaluate the accuracy of the proposed model. The results reveal a correlation coefficient of approximately 0.95–0.99, indicating that the proposed method can estimate shear-stress distribution accurately. Based on this, the results of the distribution of shear stress after calculating the river-specific factors show a correlation coefficient of about 0.86 to 0.98, which suggests that the equation can be applied in practice.     

Deposition of inertial particles from turbulent flow in channels at high Reynolds numbers

On the basis of the previously developed asymptotic theory of turbulent particle-laden flow with particle deposition in channels coupled with the transport model for the particle Reynolds stress, an asymptotic solution to the problem on the deposition of particles in the limit of high Reynolds numbers was obtained. The numerical calculations confirmed the presence, in the region of the transition from the diffusion-impaction regime of particle sedimentation to the inertia-moderated regime, bifurcation phenomenon of a solution found previously in earlier studies. Features of particle accumulation in the viscous sublayer are analyzed. On the basis of the numerical solution, correlations for particle deposition velocity were obtained. Boundary conditions of the wall-function type for particle concentration whose use allows widening the applicability limits of the equilibrium Eulerian models in terms of particle inertia are proposed.     

The fractal measurement of experimental images of supersonic turbulent mixing layer

Flow visualization of supersonic mixing layer has been studied based on the high spatiotemporal resolution Nano-based Planar Laser Scattering(NPLS) method in SML-1 wind tunnel. The corresponding images distinctly reproduced the flow structure of laminar,transitional and turbulent region,with which the fractal measurement can be implemented. Two methods of measuring fractal dimension were introduced and compared. The fractal dimension of the transitional region and the fully developing turbulence region of supersonic mixing layer were measured based on the box-counting method. In the transitional region,the fractal dimension will increase with turbulent intensity. In the fully developing turbulent region,the fractal dimension will not vary apparently for different flow structures,which em-bodies the self-similarity of supersonic turbulence.     

湍流应力输运方程中Π_(ij)和ε_(ij)的模型在旋转流动中的应用研究

基于本文作者先前提出的构筑湍流应力输运方程中速度压力关联项Πij和耗散项εij的模型的一般途径[Proc．ofICFM－III,BITPress,1998],本文推出了它的一个可用于三维流动的简化形式,计算了一个有旋绕的轴对称突扩管道内部流动．由于加入了湍流结构的上游边界条件,新模型对平均流场和Reynolds应力分量的预测比基本的微分应力模型（BRSM）有明显的改进．本文还对在手头没有真实的边界条件可用时,在各种常见的情况下如何加入湍流结构的边界条件作了初步的讨论．     

SRB States and Nonequilibrium Statistical Mechanics Close to Equilibrium

Nonequilibrium statistical mechanics close to equilibrium is studied using SRB states and a formula [10] for their derivatives with respect to parameters. We write general expressions for the thermodynamic fluxes (or currents) and the transport coefficients, generalizing the results of [4, 5]. In this framework we give a general proof of the Onsager reciprocity relations. Received: 2 December 1996 / Accepted: 13 March 1997     

三维荧光与神经网络研究城市河流沉积物孔隙水有机物组成与结构特征

应用三维荧光技术结合自组织神经网络方法,研究典型城市河流沉积物孔隙水中水溶性有机物(DOM)与颗粒性有机物(POM)组成结构及空间分布特征。自组织神经网络是一种非监督神经网络算法,能够从有机物三维光谱中提取不同的荧光组分,表征各组分的含量。沉积物是重要的有机碳库,而沉积物孔隙水中有机物的多寡可直接反映其环境特征。人们对水体中沉积物孔隙水中的DOM与营养盐特征的研究较多,而对POM的研究较少,尤其对重污染城市支流河的研究更少。因此,选取沈阳市白塔堡河为研究对象,沿河源、农村、城市区域河段采集沉积物孔隙水样品,提取DOM与POM,检测样品的三维荧光光谱。DOM的f_450/500值为1.82～1.91,表明DOM主要是微生物源;POM的f_450/500值为1.42～1.68,表明POM主要以陆地输入为主。自组织神经网络解析DOM与POM含有类酪氨酸、类色氨酸、类富里酸与类胡敏酸等物质,类酪氨酸主要源于新鲜的具有高氧化的类蛋白物质,而类色氨酸主要为微生物代谢产物。DOM的各组分丰度之和为POM的2倍,类酪氨酸平均相对丰度在50%以上,类色氨酸的平均相对丰度为18.8%～23.1%,类富里酸相对丰度比类胡敏酸的高,但两者在有机物组分所占比重小。通过主成分分析,DOM与POM特征呈现沿河源、农村、城市区域河段变化,表明白塔堡河深受人类活动的影响。