空地电视制导导弹武器系统精度和性能研究

针对综合电子战防区外空地电视遥控指令制导导弹武器系统,建立了载机空间运动、导弹制导飞行、目标的探测与识别和地面有源干扰站、云层、烟幕对空地电视遥控指令制导导弹的干扰模型和作战效能评估模型;对空地电视遥控指令制导导弹武器系统精度和效能进行了仿真分析。结果可用于空地电视遥控指令制导导弹武器系统的精度分析和性能评估,对电视遥控制导导弹的设计研制和作战使用都具有重要意义。     

Modelling an advanced ManPAD with dual band detectors and a rosette scanning seeker head

Man Portable Air Defence Systems (ManPADs) have been a favoured anti aircraft weapon since their appearance on the military proliferation scene in the mid 1960s. Since this introduction there has been a ‘cat and mouse’ game of Missile Countermeasures (CMs) and the aircraft protection counter counter measures (CCMs) as missile designers attempt to defeat the aircraft platform protection equipment. Magnesium Teflon Viton (MTV) flares protected the target aircraft until the missile engineers discovered the art of flare rejection using techniques including track memory and track angle bias. These early CCMs relied upon CCM triggering techniques such as the rise rate method which would just sense a sudden increase in target energy and assume that a flare CM had been released by the target aircraft. This was not as reliable as was first thought as aspect changes (bringing another engine into the field of view) or glint from the sun could inadvertently trigger a CCM when not needed. The introduction of dual band detectors in the 1980s saw a major advance in CCM capability allowing comparisons between two distinct IR bands to be made thus allowing the recognition of an MTV flare to occur with minimal false alarms. The development of the rosette scan seeker in the 1980s complemented this advancement allowing the scene in the missile field of view (FOV) to be scanned by a much smaller (1/25) instantaneous FOV (IFOV) with the spectral comparisons being made at each scan point. This took the ManPAD from a basic IR energy detector to a pseudo imaging system capable of analysing individual elements of its overall FOV allowing more complex and robust CCM to be developed. This paper continues the work published in [1] and [2] and describes the method used to model an advanced ManPAD with a rosette scanning seeker head and robust CCMs similar to the Raytheon Stinger RMP.     

基于伪谱法的多导弹协同攻击研究

多导弹协同攻击是未来导弹技术发展的重要方向之一。研究了多导弹协同攻击问题。首先建立了导弹与目标的相对运动方程,然后对多导弹协同攻击问题以及hp-自适应伪谱法求解最优控制问题的基本原理进行了描述;将hp-自适应伪谱法应用到多导弹协同攻击的研究中,设计了一种基于伪谱法的多导弹协同攻击制导策略,并通过仿真算例对其进行了验证和分析。仿真结果表明：设计的多导弹协同攻击制导策略能够同时兼顾时间约束和角度约束,实现对固定目标的多导弹协同饱和攻击,具有一定的应用价值。     

Comparison of line-by-line and molecular band IR modeling of high altitude missile plume

This paper deals with the quantitative comparison of modeling IR radiation emitted from the plume of a tactical ballistic missile (TBM) in the boost phase with two different model approaches. IR spectra of the missile plume are calculated both with the high spectral resolution line-by-line radiation model FASCODE 3 (fast atmospheric signature code) using the databases HITEMP or HITRAN and the low spectral resolution IR radiation model NIRATAM (NATO InfraRed Air TArget Model) using molecular band model technique. The influence of the atmosphere on the IR spectra as viewed from a space born sensor is taken into account. The results show, that using an elaborate line-by-line radiation model can improve the accuracy in computation of IR signature compared to the simpler but faster molecular band model technique used in NIRATAM.     

空气耦合超声检测复合材料研究综述*

复合材料普遍具有高比强度、高比刚度、高模量、耐腐蚀等优异性能,广泛应用于飞机机翼、导弹外壳、航空发动机壳体等部位。制造和服役过程中各类缺陷影响复合材料的力学性能和服役性能,必须采用有效的方法准确检测和评估复合材料中各类缺陷。空气耦合式超声检测具有完全非接触、非侵入、无损伤和无需耦合剂的特点,能够很好地运用于复合材料的在线和在位检测。该文就近年来空气耦合超声检测技术的研究现状进行了系统综述,简明扼要地分析和介绍了当前空气耦合超声检测的研究热点及进展,重点介绍了1-3型压电复合材料换能器、信号处理技术、相控聚焦式空气耦合超声检测、超声在复合材料的传播特性及其与缺陷交互作用的研究现状,探讨了空气耦合超声无损检测技术与仪器的发展方向,总结了目前空气耦合超声检测的研究热点问题,最后展望了空气耦合超声检测的发展趋势和应用前景。     

Interactive simulation of aircraft noise in aural and visual virtual environments

This paper describes a novel aircraft noise simulation technique developed at RWTH Aachen University, which makes use of aircraft noise auralization and 3D visualization to make aircraft noise both heard and seen in immersive Virtual Reality (VR) environments. This technique is intended to be used to increase the residents’ acceptance of aircraft noise by presenting noise changes in a more directly relatable form, and also aid in understanding what contributes to the residents’ subjective annoyance via psychoacoustic surveys. This paper describes the technique as well as some of its initial applications. The reasoning behind the development of such a technique is that the issue of aircraft noise experienced by residents in airport vicinities is one of subjective annoyance. Any efforts at noise abatement have been conventionally presented to residents in terms of noise level reductions in conventional metrics such as A-weighted level or equivalent sound level L_eq. This conventional approach however proves insufficient in increasing aircraft noise acceptance due to two main reasons – firstly, the residents have only a rudimentary understanding of changes in decibel and secondly, the conventional metrics do not fully capture what the residents actually find annoying i.e. characteristics of aircraft noise they find least acceptable. In order to allow least resistance to air-traffic expansion, the acceptance of aircraft noise has to be increased, for which such a new approach to noise assessment is required.     

定向红外对抗系统的激光源模拟研究

针对半实物仿真中定向红外对抗系统的有效模拟问题,在分析定向红外对抗激光源技术的基础上,依据实战应用,计算得到3 m~5 m波段定向红外对抗激光源的辐射能量为飞机红外辐射强度绝对值的8倍,结合波长4 m处简化的大气传输透过率随传输距离的变化,推导出实战应用中红外导引头上辐射照度随飞机导弹之间距离的变化规律。设计半实物仿真中定向红外对抗的模拟方案,依据逼真模拟的原则,计算得到模拟激光源能量随飞机导弹之间距离和飞机辐射强度的变化规律,据此将飞机导弹相互距离1 km时刻的红外干扰源辐射能量设置为波长4 m模拟激光源能量,其他距离的模拟能量通过衰减片来控制。为提高定向红外对抗模拟的通用性和智能性,设计了模拟激光源的闭环控制方案。     

Estimation of directivity and sound power levels emitted by aircrafts during taxiing, for outdoor noise prediction purpose

Integrated noise model (INM) is the most internationally used software to calculate noise levels near airports. Take off, landing or pass by operations can be modeled by INM, but it does not consider aircrafts taxiing, which, in some cases, can be important to accurately evaluate and reduce airports’ noise assessment.Aircraft taxiing noise emission can be predicted using other prediction tools based on standards that describe sound attenuation during propagation outdoors. But these tools require data inputs that are not known: directivity and sound power levels emitted by aircraft during taxiing.This paper describes methods used to calculate directivity indexes and sound power levels, based on field measurements made in Madrid-Barajas Airport (Spain). Obtained results can be used as inputs for general purpose outdoor sound prediction software, which will be able to evaluate noise at airports vicinity as industrial noise.Directivity and sound power levels have been estimated in octave and third octave band terms, for several aircraft families.     

Methane analyzer based on TDL’s for measurements in the lower stratosphere: design and laboratory tests

This paper describes a tunable diode laser spectrometer for the in situ measurement of methane by high-resolution absorption spectroscopy of roto-vibrational lines, using a distributed feedback laser emitting in the near infrared (1.65 μm) and a multi-pass cell, with a two-tone detection scheme. The instrument was designed to be installed on the high-altitude aircraft M55 Geophysica, for high-sensitivity and high-temporal-resolution measurement of CH₄, both as a greenhouse gas and as a tracer of air-mass motion. The instrument-design criteria to achieve the compactness, low weight, and ruggedness necessary for automatic operation on an unpressurized high-altitude aircraft are reported. Results of the laboratory testing are also shown and discussed. Received: 1 April 2002 / Revised version: 28 May 2002 / Published online: 12 September 2002 RID="*" ID="*"Corresponding author. Fax: +39-050/313-7597, E-mail: damato@scintec.it     

基于区域霍夫变换的机弹分离初始信息提取研究

为提供机弹分离数值仿真的精准初始物理信息,提出了基于区域霍夫变换的导弹物理信息提取方案,利用高速摄像机提取视频帧中导弹弹身与弹尾处的标识圆圆心位置,并通过坐标变换计算出导弹的物理信息.在帧处理上,利用帧前后时间间隔短、速度矢量变化可以忽略的特点,提出基于区域霍夫变换的圆搜索算法.该算法针对实际中运动矢量在搜索窗口具有偏...     

A Novel Quantum Broadcasting Multiple Blind Signature Scheme Based on Multi-Particle Partial Entanglement

Recently, a quantum broadcasting multiple blind signature scheme has been proposed by using GHZ entanglement, which is claimed to have foreseeable application in E-bank system. However, its security is promised by the utilized hash function. In this paper, we have designed a novel quantum broadcasting multiple blind signature scheme by utilizing a three-particle partial entanglement state. In existed quantum broadcasting multiple blind signature schemes, the collector Charlie has to verify the individual signatures before aggregating them into a multi-signature. In this new scheme, Charlie is only acting as a signature collector. Specifically, Charlie only needs to collect all the individual signatures and aggregating them into a multi-signature, which indicates that Charlie has no need to verify the individual signature any more. All the verification are executed by the receiver Bob himself. Meanwhile, the signature is generated by quantum entanglement swapping rather than using hash function, which make its security is only based on quantum physics. It is showed that multi-particle partially entangled state can be efficiently used as a resource in quantum information processing with perfect performance.

     

Robust active noise control in the loadmaster area of a military transport aircraft

The active noise control (ANC) method is based on the superposition of a disturbance noise field with a second anti-noise field using loudspeakers and error microphones. This method can be used to reduce the noise level inside the cabin of a propeller aircraft. However, during the design process of the ANC system, extensive measurements of transfer functions are necessary to optimize the loudspeaker and microphone positions. Sometimes, the transducer positions have to be tailored according to the optimization results to achieve a sufficient noise reduction. The purpose of this paper is to introduce a controller design method for such narrow band ANC systems. The method can be seen as an extension of common transducer placement optimization procedures. In the presented method, individual weighting parameters for the loudspeakers and microphones are used. With this procedure, the tailoring of the transducer positions is replaced by adjustment of controller parameters. Moreover, the ANC system will be robust because of the fact that the uncertainties are considered during the optimization of the controller parameters. The paper describes the necessary theoretic background for the method and demonstrates the efficiency in an acoustical mock-up of a military transport aircraft.     

Quantum dual signature scheme based on coherent states with entanglement swapping

A novel quantum dual signature scheme, which combines two signed messages expected to be sent to two diverse receivers Bob and Charlie, is designed by applying entanglement swapping with coherent states. The signatory Alice signs two different messages with unitary operations(corresponding to the secret keys) and applies entanglement swapping to generate a quantum dual signature. The dual signature is firstly sent to the verifier Bob who extracts and verifies the signature of one message and transmits the rest of the dual signature to the verifier Charlie who verifies the signature of the other message. The transmission of the dual signature is realized with quantum teleportation of coherent states. The analysis shows that the security of secret keys and the security criteria of the signature protocol can be greatly guaranteed.An extensional multi-party quantum dual signature scheme which considers the case with more than three participants is also proposed in this paper and this scheme can remain secure. The proposed schemes are completely suited for the quantum communication network including multiple participants and can be applied to the e-commerce system which requires a secure payment among the customer, business and bank.     

Cryptanalysis of the Quantum Group Signature Protocols

Recently, the researches of quantum group signature (QGS) have attracted a lot of attentions and some typical protocols have been designed for e-payment system, e-government, e-business, etc. In this paper, we analyze the security of the quantum group signature with the example of two novel protocols. It can be seen that both of them cannot be implemented securely since the arbitrator cannot solve the disputes fairly. In order to show that, some possible attack strategies, which can be used by the malicious participants, are proposed. Moreover, the further discussions of QGS are presented finally, including some insecurity factors and improved ideas.     

Jamming effect analysis of infrared reticle seeker for directed infrared countermeasures

In directed infrared countermeasures (DIRCM), the purpose of jamming toward missiles is making missiles miss the target (aircraft of our forces) in the field of view. Since the DIRCM system directly emits the pulsing flashes of infrared (IR) energy to missiles, it is more effective than present flare method emitting IR source to omni-direction. In this paper, we implemented a reticle seeker simulation tool using MATLAB-SIMULINK, in order to analyze jamming effect of spin-scan and con-scan reticle missile seeker used widely in the world, though it was developed early. Because the jammer signal has influence on the missile guidance system using its variable frequency, it is very important technique among military defense systems protecting our forces from missiles of enemy. Simulation results show that jamming effect is greatly influenced according to frequency, phase and intensity of jammer signal. Especially, jammer frequency has the largest influence on jamming effect. Through our reticle seeker simulation tool, we can confirm that jamming effect toward missiles is significantly increased when jammer frequency is similar to reticle frequency. Finally, we evaluated jamming effect according to jammer frequencies, by using correlation coefficient as an evaluation criterion of jamming performance in two reticle missile seekers.     

基于多视场拼接的飞机偏心定位距精确测量

针对某型飞机飞行试验中,无法采用常规机载影像测量方法精确计算飞机滑跑过程偏心定位距的问题,设计了一套基于地面多像机视场拼接的影像测量方案。通过在跑道边多点交错布设高速像机阵列,组成高速像机测量控制网,实现飞机滑跑过程影像的全覆盖;采用多摄像机交会接力测量以及数据拼接的方式,实现飞机偏心定位距的测量。实验仿真结果表明,采用该方案偏心定位距最大测量误差不大于3 cm,满足飞行试验精度要求。     

基于变结构理论的中制导律设计方法研究

对于采用复合制导的空地导弹,中末制导交接班问题是影响命中概率的关键因素。针对这一问题,采用变结构理论设计中制导律。首先建立滑模面,保证滑模面上速度矢量与视线重合,且零化视线角速率,然后设计到达函数,使到达条件得到满足,可以保证交班时刻导弹可靠捕获目标,并为末制导提供最优初始条件。建立了导弹六自由度数学模型和目标捕获模型,进行全系统数字仿真,实验结果表明：在中末制导交接时刻,弹目视线与导弹速度矢量基本重合,误差为0.12°,视线角速度为-0.02°/s,在±20°视场下满足捕获需求,并且为末制导提供最优初始条件。该方法可以满足中末制导交接班要求,具有较强鲁棒性,且中制导段弹道平滑,需用过载小。     

Perceived quality features of aircraft sounds: An analysis of the measurement characteristics of a newly created semantic differential

The increasing air traffic in the past has led to the fact that and more and more people were affected by aircraft noise. Since the potential of reducing noise level of current aircraft will be limited in the future after recent developed techniques have been realized in practice.Therefore, additional efforts are necessary to improve the sound quality of aircraft noise and give hints to aircraft manufactures concerning components that have to be acoustically optimized. The present study describes the development of an item list for a semantic differential (SD) that is appropriate for the determination of different perceptive features of aircraft sound quality and focuses on the estimation of the reliability of this new instrument. The selected 10 SD items have relation to the sound components emitted by the different technical devices of airplane engines.The analyses of the measurement characteristics of the different items were based on G-theory. This method presupposes data possessing interval-scale-level characteristics. Therefore, the used rating scales were examined with respect to this attribute. The results verified that the data fulfill this precondition. The results gave evidence that the judgments show large inter-individual differences. The proportion of variance which can be traced back to the factor “aircraft sound” amounted to at most one-fifth of total variance indicating that the differences between the aircraft sounds are rather small. Nevertheless, the findings demonstrate that it is possible to measure not all but several decisive aspects with sufficient reliability and expense.     

A path model of aircraft noise annoyance

This paper describes the development and testing of a path model of aircraft noise annoyance by using noise and social survey data collected in the vicinity of Toronto International Airport. Path analysis is used to estimate the direct and indirect effects of seventeen independent variables on individual annoyance. The results show that the strongest direct effects are for speech interference, attitudes toward aircraft operations, sleep interruption and personal sensitivity to noise. The strongest indirect effects are for aircraft L_eq(24) and sensitivity. Overall the model explains 41% of the variation in the annoyance reported by the 673 survey respondents. The findings both support and extend existing statements in the literature on the antecedents of annoyance.