系统论述烯烃亲电加成反应的立体选择性

亲电加成是烯烃最具代表性的典型反应,在本科的教学中,要求学生熟练掌握和应用。烯烃的亲电加成反应不仅涉及到反应的活性、区域选择性问题,还涉及到反应的立体选择性问题。但对于立体选择性的阐述,很多教科书并不全面,甚至不够严谨,因而在教学过程中发现学生在理解这部分内容时存在一定的误解。针对这一问题进行了系统的论述,以帮助学生更好更正确地理解和掌握烯烃的亲电加成反应的立体选择性。     

非对称烯烃反应的立体化学

通过实例就非对称烯烃反应(加卤素、加次卤酸、溶剂汞化-脱汞反应、硼氢化-氧化反应、稀冷高锰酸钾氧化反应、过酸氧化反应等)的区域选择性和立体专一性进行详细分析,并根据反应机理讨论了产物的立体构型。     

含邻手性碳原子双键亲电加成反应的立体选择性模型

本文主要介绍了预测邻位具有手性中心π体系亲电加成反应的立体选择性模型,尤其是α,β-不饱和羰基化合物亲核共轭加成形成的烯醇负离子及其类似物和硝基烯烃亲核加成形成的氮酸根类中间体的烷基化和动力学控制质子化反应的立体选择性模型。立体位阻效应控制的Zimmerman前过渡态模型主要适用于底物构象受限的环状或联烯型烯醇负离子的动力学质子化。对于构象转化相对灵活的直链底物,Houk基于量子化学计算研究提出了亲电试剂的进攻角度或接触角在经过环状过渡态时是锐角还是钝角决定了亲电加成反应的立体选择性控制(Houk模型)。而Fleming模型首次将烯丙基A-1,3张力引入各类烯醇负离子烷基化和质子化的过渡态。Mohrig模型在考虑A-1,3张力的基础上,将吸电子取代基与即将形成的σ键反式共平面,主要阐述了立体电子效应对酯的烯醇负离子动力学控制质子化立体选择性的影响,后来又提出了金属离子参与的立体电子效应控制的六元环状半椅式模型。本文希望对理解亲电加成反应的立体化学控制提供一些有用的信息。     

卤化氢与烯烃亲电加成反应的机理及立体选择性*

卤化氢与烯烃的亲电加成反应既是烯烃的重要反应之一,也是一种制备卤代烷的重要方法。现行教材中通常只介绍其分步的碳正离子中间体机理和加成的区域选择性,未涉及反应的立体选择性。介绍了文献中关于该类反应的机理及其立体选择性,希望能够从教学上更新和提高对这类反应的认识。     

亲核性1,2-重排为何迁移基团的构型保持不变*

亲核性1,2-重排反应是有机化学的重要反应之一,重排中离去基团的离去和迁移基团的迁移步骤既可以是分步的,也可以是协同的,但是迁移基团的构型始终保持不变。本文用超共轭效应和反应过程中有机立体电子效应解释了此现象,掌握一般规律,希望能够从教学上便于教师讲授和学生学习理解。     

论萘的亲电反应规律

辨析了“不能用计算化学方法解释萘的亲电反应规律”的观点 ,用半经验的量子化学计算方法 (EHMO)对萘分子进行了计算 ,证明这种计算方法能够解释萘的反应规律 ,并说明了电子效应和空间位阻效应对其亲电反应的影响。用同样的方法对菲分子也进行了计算     

Zn粉作为催化剂前体催化对甲苯磺酰胺/二溴海因与烯烃的区域选择性和立体选择性氨溴加成反应

Zn粉作为催化剂前体, 在反应中可被原位氧化成高效Zn(Ⅱ)-催化剂. 在该催化剂催化下, 以对甲苯磺酰胺和1,3-二溴-5,5-二甲基乙内酰脲(二溴海因)为氮源/卤素源, 二氯甲烷作溶剂, 建立了烯键上的高度区域选择和立体选择性氨溴加成反应新体系. 该方法在室温下可高产率地制得邻位氨基溴的加成产物, 最高收率可达99%. 实验结果表明, 当与双键直接相连的苯环对位有强给电子基团(CH₃O)时, 反应收率高, 并可得到唯一的氨溴加成产物(α-溴-β-氨基); 当与双键直接相连的苯环对位有强拉电子基团(NO₂)或弱拉电子基团(如Br和F)时, 该反应的产率相对较低, 但也能制得另一个唯一的氨溴加成产物异构体(α-氨基-β-溴型). 本文考察了20种不同结构底物的氨溴加成反应情况, 产物结构经过¹H NMR、¹³C NMR和元素分析确证, 并探讨了该反应的机理.     

廉价过渡金属催化烯烃异构反应研究进展

过渡金属催化的烯烃异构反应在有机化合物合成、日用化学品合成、原料油应用和天然产物合成中都有着举足轻重的作用。廉价过渡金属由于其在资源、价格、后处理等方面的优势,日益受到研究者的重视。本文主要综述了近几十年来廉价过渡金属铁、钴、镍在催化烯烃异构反应方面的研究进展,详细阐述了不同的催化体系在催化活性、反应选择性、底物适用性及反应机理方面的特点。虽然目前的催化体系已经表现出优异的性能与应用价值,但在烯烃异构的立体选择性、区域选择性机制等方面,仍然需要更深入的研究。     

过渡金属催化下二醋酸碘苯-四正丁基溴化铵与苯乙烯衍生物选择性加成反应的研究

在过渡金属催化下,二醋酸碘苯-四正丁基溴化铵体系与烯烃发生加成反应,从而可同时引入溴及含氧官能团.该反应具有很高的区域与顺反选择性.因此,作为一种高选择性的双官能化策略,它将在有机合成中有着较好的应用价值.     

烯烃亲电加成反应机理的理论探讨

采用PM3方法计算了不同亲电试剂与乙烯生成的中间体正离子的势能曲线．结果显示,当亲电中心原子为价电子层没有d轨道的第一、二周期元素时,开放型中间体正离子的能量比桥型中间体正离子的能量低;此类加成经历开放中间体离子机制进行更为有利,表现出立体非专一性和区域选择性;当亲电中心原子为价电子层有d轨道的第三、四、五周期的元素时,桥型中间体正离子的能量比开放型中间体正离子的能量低;此类加成经历桥型中间体离子机制进行更为有利,表现出立体专一性和区域非专一性．以d-π和s-p-π配位键轨道模型,尝试阐述其内在的轨道控制机制,较好地解释了实验事实．     

Non-catalytic Addition of 1,2,4-Triazole to Nucleophilic and Electrophilic Alkenes

Non-catalytic addition of 1,2,4-triazole to vinyl ethers and esters occurs on heating (65-175°C, 4-20 h) to give Markovnikov adducts (yield 30-100%). Electron-deficient alkenes (acrylonitrile, acrylic acid, 4-phenyl-3-buten-2-one) react with 1,2,4-triazole (78-190°C, 4-20 h) to give anti-Markovnikov adducts in yields of 45-83%.     

Stereochemical Aspects in the Asymmetric Michael Addition of Chiral Imines to Substituted Electrophilic Alkenes

The Michael-type addition of chiral imines, derived from racemic alpha-substituted cyclanones and optically active 1-phenylethylamine, to electrophilic alkenes, in neutral conditions, constitutes one of the most efficient methods for the stereocontrolled construction of quaternary carbon centers. In order to create an additional stereogenic center at the alpha- or beta-position to the quaternary one, the behavior of a variety of alpha- and beta-substituted alkenyl acceptors was examined. In general, these additions are highly regioselective, the alkylation taking place predominantly, if not exclusively, at the more substituted alpha-side of the imine function; however, in some cases (electrophilic alkenes 28 and 49), significant amounts (10-15%) of regioisomeric adducts were obtained. With the exception of methyl propiolate 52, a remarkable control of the absolute configuration of the adducts were always observed with these Michael acceptors. According to the general rule we have previously proposed, the alkylation process takes place preferentially on the less hindered pi-face of the more substituted secondary enamine, in tautomeric equilibrium with the starting imine. An excellent diastereocontrol was always obtained by using the present alpha- and beta-substituted alkenes. These stereochemical outcomes can be interpreted by invoking that the reaction proceeds through a compact approach of the reactants, the hydrogen atom at the nitrogen center of the enamine being transferred to the alpha-vinylic carbon atom of the acceptor, concertedly with the creation of the C-C bond. In this respect the "endo-approach" 58, in which the electron-withdrawing group of the acceptor faced to the nitrogen atom of the enamine (case of acceptors 10, methyl methacrylate, 24, 28, 43, 47, and 49) largely prevails over the "exo-approach" 59 (case of acceptor 38). This predominant "endo-preference" can be reasonably interpreted in terms of a cooperative effect between steric and stereoelectronic factors.     

Fukui函数和局域软度应用于亲电加成反应的区位选择性的研究

Fukui函数、局域软度、广义Fukui函数以及广义软度通常被称为反应描述符。使用它们研究和探讨了HCl与不对称烯烃以及溴苯硒与不对称苯乙烯的亲电加成反应的区位选择性。在MP2/6-311++G(d, p)理论水平下,采用有限差分方法计算这些反应描述符,同时也使用ABEEMσπ方法进行了计算。ABEEMσπ模型下的局域软度和广义局域软度,分别结合局域硬-软酸碱(HSAB)原理,得出亲电试剂氯化氢与溴苯硒,更容易进攻不对称乙烯和苯乙烯中的马氏碳原子,符合马氏规则。而有限差分方法不能完全地解释该系列反应的区位选择性。此外,主要产物所对应的马氏碳原子的广义局域软度值,就能够预测出此类反应的活性序列,所得结果与速率常数有很好的关联。     

锗硅烯与CH3OH加成反应机理及区域选择性

采用密度泛函理论方法,在B3LYP/6-311++G(d, p)水平,研究了几种锗硅烯与CH₃OH的加成反应的微观机理和势能剖面,分析了锗硅烯中Si=Ge双键的极性对加成反应区域选择性的影响.研究结果表明,锗硅烯可分别与CH₃OH的单聚体或二聚体发生加成反应.所有加成反应均从初始亲核或亲电复合物的形成开始.母体锗硅烯H₂Si=GeH₂与CH₃OH二聚体的加成反应比其与CH₃OH单聚体的相应反应在动力学上更容易些,但在其它锗硅烯与CH₃OH的反应中情况则相反.用Ph或SiMe₃基团取代H₂Si=GeH₂中的H原子在动力学上使反应变得不利且SiMe₃基团的影响更显著.加成反应的区域选择性与锗硅烯中Si=Ge双键的极性以及Si-O(Ge-H)和Ge-O (Si-H)键的相对强弱都有关.     

Bond-Forming Initiation in Spontaneous Addition and Polymerization Reactions of Alkenes

Spontaneous addition and polymerization reactions of alkenes of different electron-densities result in a wide variety of small organic molecules and high polymers. Tetramethylenes are proposed as key intermediates, i.e. resonance hybrids of 1,4-diradical and zwitterionic limiting structures. Their character is determined by the substituents at the terminals: Zwitterionic character is favored by strong donors, such as alkoxy and dialkylamino groups, at the carbenium center and strong acceptor group such as diesters and cyano-esters, at the acceptor end, and aryl and vinyl groups as donors. Zwitterionic tetramethylenes initiate ionic homopolymerization, while diradical tetramethylenes initiate alternating copolymerization, thus providing an extremely sensitive technique for the detection and characterization of these intermediates. The effects of the donor and acceptor substituents can be arranged as an “Organic Chemist's Periodic Table”, wherein the areas of mechanistic change clearly emerge and which provides predictive capability.—This unifying concept of bondforming initiation is extended to spontaneous addition and polymerization reactions of heteroatom acceptor molecules and 7,7,8,8-tetrasubstituted quinodimethanes and of compounds possessing labile σ-bonds, such as halogens and peroxides. Radical-ion pairs, charge-transfer complexes and adventitious impurities are excluded as significant initiators.     

Electronic effect on the regioselectivity in the ring opening of para-substituted phenyloxiranes by acetylides

The electronic effect on the regioselectivity in the alkynylation of phenyloxiranes was investigated using three kinds of metal acetylides. BF₃ mediated lithium acetylide provided either the α- or β-alkynylated products by controlling the effect of the para-substituents of the phenyloxiranes. LiClO₄ mediated lithium acetylide and titanium acetylide, on the other hand, afforded predominantly the β- and α-products, respectively.