The longitudinal structure function F L(x, Q 2) and the gluon distribution G(x, Q 2) at low x

We obtain a relation between the longitudinal structure function F _L(x, Q ²), F ₂(x, Q ²) and G(x, Q ²) at small x, using the formalism recently reported by one of the authors [2]. We also obtain a relation between F _L(x, Q ²), F ₂(x, Q ²) and its slope (dF ₂(x, Q ²))/(dlnQ ²). This provides us with the determination of the longitudinal structure function F _L(x, Q ²) from F ₂(x, Q ²) data and hence extract the gluon distribution G(x, Q ²).     

Electromodulated infrared transmission spectra of blue bronze

The infrared transmission of the quasi-one dimensional charge-density-wave (CDW) conductor blue bronze (K_0.3MoO₃) is affected by polarization of the CDW, and therefore by application of a voltage near or above the threshold for CDW depinning. In this paper, we compare the spectra associated with the relative change in transmission taken for different temperatures and oscillating voltages. We find that the phonon spectrum is affected by CDW polarization; the linewidths or frequencies of most phonons change by cm^-1. However, no new intragap states that can be associated with current injection are observed; i.e. the spectra associated with polarization of the CDW in the crystal bulk is identical to that associated with CDW current injection near the contacts. Our results indicate that, for light polarized perpendicular to the conducting chains, the density (n), cross-section , and bandwidth of intragap states are related by: n (?cm^-1)^-1. For expected values of the cross-section and bandwidth, this implies that the intragap states can be optically excited for a time less than s. Received 21 February 2000     

Measurement of the Magnetic Moment of the First Excited State in 93Sr Using on-line TDPAC technique

The g-factor of the first excited state of ⁹³Sr (E = 213 keV, T _1/2 = 4.6 ns) was measured by an on-line TDPAC technique with use of the strong hyperfine field in Fe metal. The Larmor frequency ω _L = (2.60 ± 0.15) × 10⁸ rad/s was obtained. The g-factor is derived as g = −0.227 ± 0.013 from g = −ℏω _L/B _hf μ _N. If the spin of the first excited state of ⁹³Sr is assumed to be 3/2, the g-factor is predicted by a simple core-excitation model as g = −0.22, which is in good agreement with the present experimental result.     

Determination of Quality Factor for Highly Overcoupled EPR Resonators

We reported determination of the loaded quality factor (Q) of highly overcoupled (dielectric, loop-gap, and cavity) resonators used in time-domain electron paramagnetic resonance. We introduced a microwave absorber into resonators and achieved critical-coupling. Due to the deep “Q-dip” of critical-coupling, we can easily determine the loaded Q as low as 10. The loaded Q of resonators with and without the microwave absorber was examined under various overcoupling conditions. We found that the radiation Q (Q _r) can be calculated from the loaded Q of the resonator that contains the microwave absorber. We proposed a simple model that represents the loaded Q of the overcoupled resonator in terms of two parameters, Q ₀ and Q _r. Q ₀ is the effective unloaded Q of the resonator determined for the critically coupled resonator without the microwave absorber and is independent of a degree of coupling. The model can be applied to overcoupling in which the coupling parameter (Q ₀/Q _r) is in the range of 1 to ca. 20.     

On the perturbative stability of the QCD predictions for the ratio R=FL/FT in heavy-quark leptoproduction

We analyze the perturbative and parametric stability of the QCD predictions for the Callan–Gross ratio, R(x,Q ²)=F _L /F _T , in heavy-quark leptoproduction. We consider the radiative corrections to the dominant photon–gluon fusion mechanism. In various kinematic regions, the following contributions are investigated: exact NLO results at low and moderate Q ²≲m ², asymptotic NLO predictions at high Q ²≫m ², and both NLO and NNLO soft-gluon (or threshold) corrections at large Bjorken variable x. Our analysis shows that large radiative corrections to the structure functions F _T (x,Q ²) and F _L (x,Q ²) cancel each other in their ratio R(x,Q ²) with good accuracy. As a result, the NLO contributions to the Callan–Gross ratio are less than 10% in a wide region of the variables x and Q ². We provide compact LO predictions for R(x,Q ²) in the case of low x ≪1. A simple formula connecting the high-energy behavior of the Callan–Gross ratio and low-x asymptotics of the gluon density is derived. It is shown that the obtained hadron-level predictions for R(x→0,Q ²) are stable under the DGLAP evolution of the gluon distribution function. Our analytic results simplify the extraction of the structure functions F ₂ ^c (x,Q ²) and F ₂ ^b (x,Q ²) from measurements of the corresponding reduced cross sections, in particular at DESY HERA.     

The Leading-Order Charm Quark Contribution to the Next-to-Leading-Order Proton Structure Function Using {\cal A}=3 Mirror Nuclei as Input Valence Quarks

The charm quark contribution to the proton structure function (SF) is investigated in the leading-order (LO) QCD at small x region. A next-to-leading order (NLO) QCD analysis for the proton SF is made within the renormalization scheme of the radiation parton evolution model (DGLAP). The valence quark distribution is obtained from the relativistic quark-exchange calculation for the mirror nuclei, i.e., ³He and ³H, which is based on a realistic model. The inverse Mellin technique is performed to extract the parton distribution in the (x, Q ²)-plane. The calculated F ₂ ^c (x, Q ²) and F ₂ ^p (x, Q ²) as well as the longitudinal SF, F _L ^p (x, Q ²) are compared with the experimental data available at present, namely H1, ZEUS, and HERMES at HERA ring as well as other theoretical models, especially the hard pomeron phenomenological model.     

Diffractive production of two ρ<Superscript>0</Superscript><Subscript>L</Subscript> mesons in e<Superscript>+</Superscript>e<Superscript>-</Superscript> collisions

We present an estimate of the cross-section for the exclusive production of a ρ_L ⁰-meson pair in e⁺e^- scattering, which will be studied in the future high-energy International Linear Collider. For this aim, we complete calculations of the Born order approximation of the amplitudes γ^* _L,T(Q₁ ²)γ^* _L,T(Q₂ ²)→ρ_L ⁰ρ_L ⁰, for arbitrary polarization of virtual photons and longitudinally polarized mesons, in the kinematical region s≫-t,Q₁ ²,Q₂ ². These processes are completely calculable in the hard region Q₁ ²,Q₂ ²≫Λ² _QCD, and we perform most of the calculations in an analytical way. The resulting cross-section turns out to be large enough for this process to be measurable with foreseen luminosity and energy, for Q₁ ² and Q₂ ² in the range of a few GeV².     

Determination of the effective strong coupling constant from CLAS spin structure function data

We present a new extraction of the effective strong coupling constant α_s,g1(Q²). The result agrees with a previous determination and extends the measurement of the low and high Q² behavior of α_s,g1(Q²) that was previously deduced from sum rules. In particular, it experimentally verifies the lack of Q²-dependence of α_s,g1(Q²) in the low Q² limit. This fact is necessary for application of the AdS/CFT correspondence to QCD calculations. We provide a parameterization of α_s,g1(Q²) that can equivalently be used to parameterize the Q²-dependence of the generalized Gerasimov–Drell–Hearn and Bjorken sums.     

A phenomenological analysis of the longitudinal structure function at small <Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis> and low <Emphasis Type="Italic">Q</Emphasis><Superscript>2</Superscript>

The longitudinal structure function in deep-inelastic scattering is one of the observables from which the gluon distribution can be unfolded. Consequently, this observable can be used to constrain the QCD dynamics at small x. In this work we compare the predictions of distinct QCD models with the recent experimental results for F _L(x,Q ²) at small x and low Q ² obtained by the H1 Collaboration. We focus mainly on the color dipole approach, selecting those models which include saturation effects. Such models are suitable at this kinematical region and also resum a wide class of higher-twist contributions to the observables. Therefore, we investigate the influence of these corrections to F _L in the present region of interest.Received: 23 June 2004, Revised: 13 July 2004, Published online: 14 September 2004     

Molecular motions in chloramphenicol studied by35Cl nuclear quadrupole and1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

The³⁵Cl nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) frequency (v_Q), nuclear quadrupole spinlattice relaxation time (T_1Q),¹H nuclear magnetic resonance second moment (M₂) and nuclear magnetic spin-lattice relaxation timeT ₁) were measured for polycrystalline chloramphenicol (drug) as a function of temperature. Hindered rotation of the CHC1₂ group and the phenyl ring was detected, the relevant activation energies were determined. The rotations are discussed in detail.     

Landauer resistance in the case of multichannel scattering

The Landauer resistance ρ _N ^L has been generalized to the case of multichannel scattering of a particle by the system of N nonoverlapping random potentials that are localized at the points x _i (i = 1, 2,..., N) and depend on x − x _i and y. It has been shown that, in this case, a new resistance ρ _N ^L appears, which is an exponential function of N. The recurrence equation for determining the Landauer resistance ρ _N ^L has been derived and its solution in the general case has been obtained.     

Interaction of both charge density waves in NbSe3 from interlayer tunneling experiments

An interlayer tunneling technique has been used for spectroscopy of charge density wave (CDW) energy gaps (Δ_1,2) in NbSe₃ subsequently opened at the Fermi surface on decreasing temperature at T _p1 = 145 K (CDW1) and at T _p2 = 60 K (CDW2). We found that the CDW2 formation is accompanied by an increase of the CDW1 gap below T _p2. The maximum enhancement of Δ₁, δΔ₁ is about 10%. The effect observed has been predicted theoretically as resulting from the joint phase locking of both CDWs with the underlying crystalline lattice below T _p2. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

The NLO Parton Distribution in the (x, Q 2)-Plane: A Relativistic Quark-Exchange Approach to A = 3 Mirror Nuclei

A next-to-leading order QCD analysis of polarized and unpolarized structure functions of the proton in the (x, Q²)-plane is discussed within the scheme of the radiation parton formalism. The valence quark distribution is obtained from the application of the relativistic quark-exchange model to A = 3 mirror nuclei, i.e., ³He and ³H. The sea quark and gluon distributions are calculated using the inverse Mellin technique in the NLO approximation. A comparison is made with the corresponding available experimental data. We find a good fit for F₂^p(x, Q²) to the data. It is shown that our new NLO calculation improves our previous works. We argue that the valence quark scenario at some μ₀² ≪ Q² is a reasonable assumption in the framework of the DGLAP evolution equation. In agreement with the data, it is demonstrated that the asymmetry A₁^p(x, Q²) has no significant Q²-dependence as we go to the small x, even at NLO limit. Finally we argue that for small x ≤ 0.2 it is a good approximation to consider ³He and ³H structure functions as those of neutrons and protons, respectively.     

Degradation of the transconductance of gate-modulated generation current in nMOSFET

The degradation of transconductance (G) of gate-modulated generation current I_GD in LDD nMOSFET is investigated. The G curve shifts rightward under the single electron-injection-stress (EIS). The trapped electrons located in the gate oxide over the LDD region (Q_L) makes the effective drain voltage minish. Accordingly, the G peak in depletion (G_MD) and that in weak inversion (G_MW) decrease. It is found that Δ G_MD and Δ G_MW each have a linear relationship with the n-th power of stress time (tⁿ) in dual-log coordinate: Δ G_MD ∝ tⁿ, Δ G_MD ∝ tⁿ (n=0.25). During the alternate stress, the injected holes neutralize Q_L induced by the previous EIS. This neutralization makes the effective V_D restore to the initial value and then the I_GD peak recovers completely. Yet the threshold voltage recovery is incomplete due to the trapped electron located over the channel (Q_C). As a result, G_MW only recovers to the circa 50% of the initial value after the hole-injection-stress (HIS). Instead, G_MD is almost recovered. The relevant mechanisms are given in detail.     

Effects of L-spin longitudinal quadrupolar relaxation in heteronuclear recoupling and S-spin magic-angle spinning NMR

In experiments on S–L heteronuclear spin systems with evolution of the S-spin magnetization under the influence of a quadrupolar nucleus (L-spin), effects of longitudinal quadrupolar (T_1Q) relaxation of the L-spin coherence on the sub-millisecond time scale have been documented and explored, and methods for minimizing their effect have been demonstrated. The longitudinal relaxation results in heteronuclear dephasing even in the reference signal S₀ of S{L} REDOR, REAPDOR, RIDER, or SPIDER experiments, due to T_1Q-relaxation of the transiently generated S_yL_z coherence, reducing or even eliminating the observable dephasing ΔS. Pulse sequences for measuring an improved reference signal S₀₀ with minimal heteronuclear recoupling but the same number of pulses as for S₀ and S have been demonstrated. From the observed intensity ΔS₀ = S₀₀ − S₀ and the SPIDER signal ΔS/S₀, T_1Q can be estimated. Accelerated decays analogous to the dipolar S₀ curves will occur in T₂ measurements for J-coupled S–L spin pairs. Even in the absence of recoupling pulses, fast T_1Q relaxation of the unobserved nucleus shortens the transverse relaxation time T_2S,MAS of the observed nucleus, in particular at low spinning frequencies, due to unavoidable heteronuclear dipolar evolution during a rotation period. The observed spinning-frequency dependence of T_2S,MAS matches the theoretical prediction and may be used to estimate T_1Q. The effects are demonstrated on several ¹³C{¹⁴N} spin systems, including an arginine derivative, the natural N-acetylated polysaccharide chitin, and a model peptide, (POG)₁₀.     

Unpolarized structure functions and the parton distributions for nucleon in an independent quark model

Considering the nucleon as consisting entirely of its valence quarks confined independently in a scalar-vector harmonic potential; unpolarized structure functions F ₁(x, μ ²) and F ₂(x, μ ²) are derived in the Bjorken limit under certain simplifying assumptions; from which valence quark distribution functions u _v(x, μ ²) and d _v(x, μ ²) are appropriately extracted satisfying the normalization constraints. QCD-evolution of these input distributions from a model scale of μ ²=0.07 GeV² to a higher Q ² scale of Q ₀ ² =15 GeV² yields xu _v(x, Q ₀ ² ) and xd _v(x, Q ₀ ² ) in good agreement with experimental data. The gluon and sea-quark distributions such as G(x, Q ₀ ² ) and q _s(x, Q ₀ ² ) are dynamically generated with a reasonable qualitative agreement with the available data; using the leading order renormalization group equations with appropriate valence-quark distributions as the input.     

Discrete Magnetic Laplacian

We consider a 2-dimensional discrete operator which we call the Discrete Magnetic Laplacian (DML); it is an analogue of the magnetic Schrödinger operator. It follows from well known arguments that DML has the same spectrum (as a subset inR) as the Almost Mathieu operator (AM). They also have the same Integrated Density of States (IDS) which is known to be continuous. We show that DML is an element in a II₁-factor and its IDS can be expressed through the trace in the II₁-factor. It follows that DML never has anyL ²-eigenfunctions (i.e. has no point spectrum). Then we formulate a natural algebraic conjecture which implies that the spectrum of DML (hence the spectrum of AM) is a Cantor set.Supported by NSF grant DMS-9222491     

Modulation instability of dispersive electromagnetic waves in a Josephson junction in a finite-thickness plate

Modulation instability of finite-amplitude dispersive electromagnetic waves is studied in the framework of nonlocal electrodynamics of a Josephson junction in a finite-thickness plate. The dispersion equation is derived for the increment of small amplitude perturbations. For this type of waves, the regions of development of modulation instability and stability of waves are determined. It is shown that modulation instability of waves develops in a finite range of wavevectors Q _B1(k, D, L) < Q < Q _B2(k, A, D, L), while waves are stable in the important long-wave region 0 ≤ Q ≤ Q _B1(k, D, L) and for Q ≥ Q _B2(k, A, D, L). The unique possibility of controlling the modulation instability region by dispersion parameter k, viz., the wave vector (or frequency ω(k)) of the modes in the linear approximation.     

73Ge: a new high resolution PAC probe

Long lens electron spectrometers were used to make electron-gamma and electron-electron PAC measurements for the 5/2⁺ 13.3 keV state of⁷³Ge. Sources of⁷³As were produced in the decay of⁷³Se implanted at the CERN/ISOLDE facility. The magnetic interaction in nickel was determined as _L=74.2(7) Mrad s^–1 and the quadrupolar frequency in antimony asv _Q =19.7(2) MHz. The nuclear moments derived are =–1.08(3) _N and |Q|=0.70(8) b.     

Shapiro steps in the torsion of a quasi-one-dimensional conductor TaS<Subscript>3</Subscript>

Features have been observed in the current dependences of the torsion angle, φ(I), for samples of a quasi-one-dimensional conductor TaS₃ irradiated by a high-frequency (HF) field. The features appear at the same current values as the Shapiro steps on the current-voltage characteristics, i.e., correspond to the synchronization of the motion of a charge-density wave (CDW) by the HF field. The shape of the features in the φ(I) dependences indicates a decrease in the inhomogeneous deformation of the CDW under the synchronization conditions. The investigation of torsion appears to be a highly sensitive method for determining the spatial coherence of the CDW.