阻燃及可瓷化硅橡胶成炭结构的研究进展

简单介绍了硅橡胶的阻燃和瓷化机理。依据阻燃剂、填料及炭层结构的不同,将硅橡胶分为阻燃和可瓷化两大类.综述了阻燃硅橡胶和可瓷化硅橡胶的阻燃性能和成炭结构的研究进展。分析表明:添加物理或化学膨胀型阻燃剂的硅橡胶,燃烧过程中形成的炭层疏松多孔,阻燃隔热性能优异,但炭层强度差;添加非膨胀型阻燃剂的硅橡胶,炭层结构相对密实,但表面不平整,存在孔洞和裂缝,阻燃效果不好;添加可瓷化填料的硅橡胶燃烧形成的陶瓷炭层坚硬而致密,具有优异的耐火持久性,但在隔绝热量方面不如膨胀炭层。炭层的疏松隔热与坚固耐久兼顾是阻燃硅橡胶未来可能的发展方向。     

纳米LDHs在膨胀阻燃体系中的阻燃机理

采用程序升温装置(TPO)研究了纳米LDHs在膨胀阻燃体系中的阻燃机理. 分别考察了复合膨胀阻燃剂中的纳米LDHs在氧气中与氮气中的作用, 得出了纳米LDHs对富碳化合物的催化氧化作用以及对膨胀层炭化、发泡的贡献. 在氧气存在下燃烧时, 纳米LDHs具有促使富碳化合物催化氧化的作用; 在无氧条件下纳米LDHs可使富碳化合物残碳率提高, 提高碳的石墨化程度以及成碳质量, 并在一定程度上具有促进热融的富碳体系膨胀发泡的作用.     

低烟无卤阻燃聚烯烃的研究进展和应用前景

结合近几年来在低烟无卤阻燃聚烯烃研究的系列工作，综述了该领域国内外研究的最新进展，重点论述了聚合物纳米插层化合物、可膨胀石墨体系、硅胶、碳酸钾体系、氢氧化镁和硼酸锌、有机磷系和磷－氮系膨胀型阻燃剂在无卤阻燃聚烯烃中所取得的主要成果，展望了其应用前景。     

无卤阻燃聚丙烯研究进展

综述了目前应用于聚丙烯的铝-镁系阻燃剂、膨胀型阻燃剂、磷系阻燃剂、硅系阻燃剂改善其燃烧性能的研究成果,分析了无卤阻燃剂的加入对聚丙烯阻燃性能、力学性能的影响,总结了无卤阻燃聚丙烯尚待研究的科学技术问题,提出了研究新型无卤阻燃剂和不同阻燃剂复合的协效作用,研制新型表面改性剂和新的表面改性技术,使阻燃剂与聚丙烯有适宜的相容性,构筑适度柔性、结合力强的界面结构,是制备具有优良阻燃性能、力学性能的无卤阻燃聚丙烯努力方向的研究思路.     

石墨及石墨/双马来酰亚胺减摩树脂复合材料的XRD研究

利用X射线衍射对鳞片石墨、可膨胀石墨、膨胀石墨和纳米石墨薄片以及石墨 /双马来酰亚胺、纳米石墨薄片 /双马来酰亚胺减摩复合材料进行了研究,探讨它们之间在结构上的关系以及以复合材料中双马来酰亚胺预聚体对石墨层间距的影响.实验结果表明:可膨胀石墨中插层剂的插入除了增大石墨层间距外,还减小相邻插层剂未插入的石墨层间距;膨胀石墨的结构除了保留强度很弱的石墨特征峰外,还有大量强度极其微弱、层间距大小不一的峰;超声波对膨胀石墨的结构有整合、均匀化作用;双马来酰亚胺预聚体不能插入鳞片石墨层间,而能插入纳米石墨薄片的层间.     

可膨胀石墨的制备

本文研究了一种以天然石墨和混酸为原料，高锰酸钾为氧化剂制备高膨胀容积可膨胀石墨的新方法。其最佳参数为：混酸与石墨的重量比为3∶1；高锰酸钾为石墨重量的8%；反应温度25℃；反应时间0.5 h。制得的可膨胀石墨每克可膨胀体积为375毫升，比传统方法制得的可膨胀石墨高出175 ml/g。     

硅橡胶复合材料阻燃研究进展

将功能填料引进到硅橡胶及其复合材料中可以获得特定功能的硅橡胶复合材料,已经成为近些年研究热点。目前阻燃剂种类繁多,但是性能比较单一,这已经不能满足人们的需要。人们在关注硅橡胶复合材料阻燃性能的同时,也考虑与其它性能兼备以及成本等问题。因此,本文综述了铂化合物、磷系阻燃剂、阻燃涂层、阻燃填料和微胶囊化阻燃剂等阻燃体系下硅橡胶复合材料的阻燃研究现状,总结了不同阻燃剂的阻燃机理,并且给出了其今后的改进方法,最后对硅橡胶复合材料阻燃研究的发展做了展望。     

无机阻燃剂协同阻燃聚合物研究进展

无机阻燃剂协同阻燃体系可降低阻燃剂用量,增强阻燃效果,提高聚合物的耐热性能、加工性能和机械性能,已成为阻燃技术一个重要发展方向。本文综述了无机阻燃剂间的协同阻燃体系在不同聚合物阻燃中的研究进展,对单一阻燃剂和协同阻燃体系的阻燃作用机理、阻燃性能进行了分析总结,着重阐述了铝-镁系和可膨胀石墨等协同阻燃体系,指出各体系的阻燃机理、复配比例、添加量以及协同阻燃效应,并展望了无机阻燃剂协同阻燃体系的发展趋势。     

聚丙烯的膨胀阻燃剂

膨胀阻燃剂是无卤阻燃剂的一类。其受热时能生成膨松、有封闭小室结构的炭层，具有良好的隔热、抑制气体扩散效果。可以替代燃烧时放出烟雾大，并产生有毒和腐蚀性气体的含卤阻燃剂。本文简述了聚丙烯膨胀阻剂的研究进展。     

氧化程度对微细鳞片可膨胀石墨结构及膨胀性的影响

以平均粒径为19.71μm的天然微细鳞片石墨为原料,通过化学氧化法制备了具有不同氧化程度的可膨胀石墨,采用XRD、FTIR、Raman、SEM等对可膨胀石墨的结构与膨胀性进行了表征。结果表明:当氧化程度较低时制得的微细鳞片可膨胀石墨由石墨、石墨层间化合物和氧化石墨三相组成;随着氧化程度的增加,氧化石墨相含量与可膨胀石墨结构无序程度逐渐增高,石墨层间化合物相含量先增加后减少,石墨相含量则逐渐降低;氧化促使HSO4-或SO42-插入石墨层间,插入层间的HSO4-或SO42-量是决定可膨胀石墨膨胀容积的关键因素,制备的微细鳞片膨胀石墨的膨胀容积可达65.9mL·g-1。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

探究“铁的锈蚀条件”实验创新设计

设计了铁的锈蚀实验,说明了铁钉的处理方法,增加了温度、酸、碱的影响条件,实现了铁跟蒸馏水及空气中氧气快速反应而生锈,使实验在5 min左右就能够得到准确的结果。