Simultaneous separation and determination of process-related substances and degradation products of venlafaxine by reversed-phase HPLC

A simple and rapid gradient RP HPLC method for simultaneous separation and determination of venlafaxine and its related substances in bulk drugs and pharmaceutical formulations has been developed. As many as four process impurities and one degradation product of venlafaxine have been separated on a Kromasil KR100-5C18 (4.6 mm x 250 mm; particle size 5 microm) column with gradient elution using 0.3% diethylamine buffer (pH 3.0) and ACN/methanol (90:10 v/v) as a mobile phase. The column was maintained at 40 degrees C and the eluents were monitored with photo diode array detection at 225 nm. The chromatographic behaviour of all the compounds was examined under variable compositions of different solvents, temperatures, buffer concentrations and pH. The method was validated in terms of accuracy, precision and linearity as per ICH guidelines. The inter- and intraday assay precision was < 4.02% (%RSD) and the recoveries were in the range of 96.19-101.14% with %RSD < 1.15%. The correlation coefficients (r2) for calibration curves of venlafaxine as well as impurities were in the range of 0.9942-0.9999. The proposed RP-LC method was successfully applied to the analysis of commercial formulations and the recoveries of venlafaxine were in the range of 99.32-100.67 with %RSD <0.58%. The method could be of use not only for rapid and routine evaluation of the quality of venlafaxine in bulk drug manufacturing units but also for the detection of its impurities in pharmaceutical formulations. Forced degradation of venlafaxine was carried out under thermal, photo, acidic, basic and peroxide conditions and the acid degradation products were characterized by ESI-MS/MS, 1H NMR and FT-IR spectral data.     

Separation and determination of process-related impurities of erlotinib using reverse-phase HPLC with a photo-diode array detector

A simple and rapid reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the simultaneous separation and determination of erlotinib and its process-related impurities in bulk drugs has been developed. Five process-related impurities of erlotinib have been separated on an Inerstsil ODS-3V (C18) column and detected at 254 nm using a photo diode array (PDA). This HPLC method was successfully applied to the analysis of erlotinib bulk drug. The recoveries of erlotinib and process-related impurities were in the range of 92.86-106.23%, and found to be specific, precise and reliable for the determination of unreacted raw materials, intermediates in the reaction mixtures and bulk drugs.     

Substitute technology for reference substances in the analysis of impurities in cefonicid for injection with HPLC using a diode array detector

With HPLC using a diode array detector (DAD), a method of substitution for reference substances in impurity profiling control was developed that combined peak tracking by the correlation of spectra with application of correction factors for determination of each impurity. For qualitative analysis, two-dimensional (2D) standard spectrochromatographic data produced by HPLC-DAD were compared with sample data to develop 2D chromatographic spectral correlative maps so that the three target impurities were recognized without preparation and injection of reference solutions. For quantitative analysis, correction factors among cefonicid and the three impurities were established. The correction factors were 1.06 for 5-mercapto-1,2,3,4-tetrazole 1-methyl sulfonic acid detected at 255 nm, 0.77 for 7-aminocephalosporanic acid detected at 265 nm, and 0.97 for methoxycefonicid detected at 268 nm. The method could be used in analysis of related substances in cefonicid for injection without recourse to chemical reference standards of the three impurities.     

Rapid determination of gemcitabine in plasma and serum using reversed-phase HPLC

Gemcitabine (2'2'-difluorodeoxycytidine) is a pyrimidine analog used in the treatment of a variety of solid tumors. After intravenous (i.v.) administration, it is rapidly inactivated to 2'-deoxy-2',2'-difluorouridine (dFdU). A sensitive analytical method for the quantitation of gemcitabine is required for the assessment of alternative dosage and treatment schemes. A rapid and robust RP-HPLC assay for analysis of gemcitabine in human and animal plasma and serum was developed and validated using 2'-deoxyuridine (dU) and 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (5FdU) as internal standards. It is based on protein precipitation, the use of an Atlantis dC18 column of 100 mm length (inner diameter, 4.6 mm; particle size, 3 microm) and isocratic elution using a 10 mM phosphate buffer, pH 3.0, followed by isocratic elution with the same buffer containing 3% of ACN. For gemcitabine, RSD values for intraday and interday precision were < 4.4 and 5.3%, respectively, the LOQ was 20 ng/mL, and the assay was linear in the range of 0.020-20 microg/mL with an accuracy of > or =89%. The recovery for gemcitabine, dU and 5FdU was 86-98%. The assay was applied to determine gemcitabine levels in plasma samples of patients collected during and shortly after conventional infusion of 25-30 mg/kg body mass (levels: 2.0-18.9 microg/mL) and rats that received lower doses (1.5 mg/kg) via i.v., subcutaneous and oral drug administration (levels: 0.20-2.60 microg/mL). It could also be applied to estimate dFdU levels in human plasma.     

Noise normalisation in capillary electrophoresis using a diode array detector

When using capillary electrophoresis with a diode array detector, the wavelength at maximum absorbance is often chosen to quantify a given analyte. However, the background noise for every wavelength should be taken into account as it is by maximising the signal to noise ratio that the lowest limit of detection will be obtained. Here, we proposed an algorithm allowing to correct an electropherogram from its background absorption and to estimate the background noise. Applying it to all the electropherograms obtained in each wavelength channel allows obtaining the background noise as a function of the wavelength, which can be used to calculate the signal to noise ratio. This not only allows selecting the best wavelength to maximise the limit of detection of a given analyte, but also to generate a noise normalised base peak electropherogram (nn-BPE). It is shown that the noise normalised base peak electropherograms substantially improve the peaks visualisation. The algorithm is part of a graphic user interface that runs under MatLab environment; it does not require any programming knowledge and is freely available.     

Rapid reversed-phase chromatographic separation and determination of selenum and tellurium

Summary The chromatographic behaviour of selenium and tellurium has been investigated with two different reversed-phase chromatographic methods, using P-350 (methyl-bi-isooctyl phosphate) and TBP (tributyl phosphate) as the stationary phases. HCl, HBr, NaCl and NaBr were employed as mobile phase components in both methods. The results suggested that the separation mechanism corresponds to the formation of TeCl (or TeBr) and P-350H (or TBPH) ion associate. A coulometric flow-through detector was applied to determine Se(IV) and Te(IV). Complete separation and quantitative determination of Se and Te could be achieved in 10 minutes.     

Liquid-chromatographic separation and determination of process-related impurities, including a regio-specific isomer of celecoxib on reversed-phase C18 column dynamically coated with hexamethyldisilazane.

A simple and rapid reversed-phase high-performance liquid-chromatographic method for the separation and determination of process-related impurities of celecoxib (CXB) in bulk drugs and pharmaceuticals was developed. The separation of impurities viz., 4-methylacetophenone (I), 1-(4-methylphenyl)-4,4,4-trifluorobutane-1,3-dione (II), 4-hydrazinobenzene sulfonamide (III) and a regio-specific isomer [3-(4-methylphenyl)-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-pyrazole-1-yl]-benzenesulfonamide (IV), was accomplished on an Inertsil ODS-3 column dynamically coated with 0.1% hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) in acetonitrile:water (55:45 v/v) as a mobile phase and detection at 242 nm using PDA at ambient temperature. The chromatographic conditions were optimized by studying the effects of HMDS, an organic modifier, time of silanization and column temperature. The method was validated and found to be suitable not only for monitoring the synthetic reactions, but also to evaluate the quality of CXB.     

HPLC determination of carminic acid in foodstuffs and beverages using diode array and fluorescence detection

Summary Carmine extracted from cochineal insects is one of the most used natural colorings for beverages and other foods. Its active ingredient is carminic acid (7-β-D-glucopyranosyl-9,10-dihydro-3,5,6,8-tetrahydroxy-1-methyl-9,10-dioxo-2-anthracenecarboxylic acid). This work describes a rapid HPLC determination of carminic acid and compares diode array and fluorescence detections for quantification. Samples with higher protein levels, such as milk and yogurt, are first treated with 1 mL of 8 M NH₄OH (5 min), the pH is reduced to 2 with 6 M HCl before centrifugation, the supernatant is then filtered and injected into the chromatograph. Low protein samples are simply filtered before injection. The separations were performed with a LiChroCART RP18 column using a mixture of acetonitrile and formic acid as mobile phase. The optimized conditions permit baseline quantification of the carminic acid even in the presence of other coloring agents. The sampling and analytical procedures are considerably faster than those of the literature and present excellent recuperation, selectivity, accuracy and precision. The method was applied to analysis of several yogurts and beverages. Presented at the 21^st ISC held in Stuttgart, Germany, 15^th–20^th September, 1996     

Analysis of xanthene dyes by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography on a polymeric column followed by characterization with a diode array detector

A high-performance liquid chromatographic method on a polymeric column was developed for the analysis of xanthene dyes. The rigid polystyrene-divinylbenzene column was connected to a photodiode array detector to verify the identity and the purity of the dyes. For eosin Y a within-day precision of 1-2% was obtained, and on a day-to-day basis the coefficient of variation was 4.2%. The purity of commercial xanthene dyes was investigated, and the results show the divergence between the actual dye contents and the dye contents indicated on the label.     

Identification of ionic liquid components by RP‐HPLC with diode array detector using chaotropic effect and perturbation technique

Sodium hexafluorophosphate, perchlorate and tetrafluoroborate were applied as the ion‐pair reagents in reversed‐phase chromatography of several imidazolium‐based ionic liquids. The optimization of the retention was performed by changing the kind of organic modifier (methanol, acetonitrile), concentration and the kind of the ion‐pair reagents in the mobile phase and the column kind (Zorbax SB‐C18, Zorbax SB‐Phenyl, Zorbax SB‐CN, Zorbax SB‐NH₂ and Supelcosil LC‐F). The selectivity of the proposed chromatographic systems according to the cation kind was compared on the basis of the resolution of ionic liquid mixture. The perturbation method was applied to identify the anion kind. The formation of ion‐associated complexes between promethazine as counter‐cation and chaotropic anions controlling their retention was confirmed.     

超高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测法同时测定化妆品中22种防晒剂

建立了一种超高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测法同时测定不同种类化妆品中22种防晒剂的方法.样品首先加入少量四氢呋喃,涡旋、分散、混匀(蜡质化妆品可于50℃超声,以便分散完全),然后加入0.1％(v/v)甲酸乙醇溶液振摇、超声提取,稀释、过滤后经Poroshell 120 EC-C18(100 mm×4.6 mm,2.7μm...     

Rapid separation and simultaneous quantitative determination of 13 constituents in Psoraleae Fructus by a single marker using high‐performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection

Psoraleae Fructus is one of the most popular traditional Chinese medicines. Coumarins, flavonoids, and meroterpenes are the main contributors to the biological activity of Psoraleae Fructus. In this study, a new method for the quality control of Psoraleae Fructus was developed, through the quantitative analysis of multicomponents by single marker with diode array detector. Thirteen components, including psoralenoside, isopsoralenoside, psoralen, isopsoralen, psoralidin, neobavaisoflavone, bavachin, corylin, isobavachalcone, corylifol A, bavachinin, bavachalcone, and bakuchiol were rapidly separated and identified within 12 min by the newly developed method. The feasibility and reliability of this method were corroborated. The method was also compared to the external standard method and detection by corona charged aerosol detector. The results of percent difference (%) and cos (θ) have shown that there were no significant differences observed between the quantitative analysis of multicomponents by single marker and external standard method analyses; psoralen and isopsoralen were undetectable with the corona charged aerosol detector due to their but the sensitivity for all the compounds except bakuchiol detected by corona charged aerosol detector are higher than those obtained by diode array detector. In addition, the newly method developed was applied to the quality evaluation of Chinese patent medicines containing Psoraleae Fructus.     

Simultaneous determination of bioactive constituents in Danggui Buxue Tang for quality control by HPLC coupled with a diode array detector,an evaporative light scattering detector and mass spectrometry

Danggui Buxue Tang (DBT), a classical traditional Chinese formula comprising Radix Angelicae Sinensis (RAS) and Radix Astragali (RA), has been widely used to treat menopausal irregularity in Chinese women for nearly 800 years. In this study, a comprehensive analytical method of simultaneously determining the main types of bioactive constituents, eighteen in all from the formula, involving flavonoids, saponins, organic acid and some volatile compounds, was developed. This method was based on HPLC coupled to a diode array and evaporative light scattering detectors (HPLC-DAD-ELSD) on a common reverse-phase C(18) column. Liquid chromatography coupled with on-line electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) was also used to further validate and analyze the constituents. It was found that 0.3% aqueous formic acid and acetonitrile was the optimum mobile phase for gradient elution. This method, which showed good precision and accuracy, was successfully used to quantify the bioactive constituents in six products. As a result, the validated HPLC method, together with the LC-ESI-MS analysis, provided a new basis for assessing the quality of traditional Chinese medicinal compound preparations (TCMCPs) consisting of many bioactive components.     

Simultaneous determination of eight short‐chain aliphatic amines in drug substances by HPLC with diode array detection after derivatization with halonitrobenzenes

Short‐chain aliphatic amines are a class of hazardous impurities in drug substances. A simple method, involving derivatization followed by high‐performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection, has been developed for residue determination of eight aliphatic amines simultaneously in drug substances. Different halonitrobenzenes derivatization reagents were systematically compared. As a result, 1‐fluoro‐2‐nitro‐4‐(trifluoromethyl)benzene was selected since the derivatization effectively shifted the absorption wavelength to the visible region (400–450 nm), where most drug substances, impurities and even the derivatization reagent absorb very weakly. Due to the redshift effect, interference was minimized and adequately low limits of quantitation were reached (0.24–0.80 nmol/mL). Moreover, the derivatization reaction was readily carried out in dimethyl sulfoxide at room temperature for 1 h using N ,N‐diisopropylethylamine as catalyst to achieve the highest yield. Without any pre‐treatment, the derivatives were analyzed by high‐performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection. The high stability of the derivatives within 24 h at room temperature (RSD<1.04%) further facilitated the simultaneous preparation and consecutive analysis of quantities of samples. Finally, the proposed method was successfully applied for residue determination of eight aliphatic amines simultaneously in eight drug substance samples. This study could be helpful for the routine analysis and residue control of aliphatic amines in drug substances.     

Enantioseparation and determination of asenapine in biological fluid micromatrices by HPLC with diode array detection

Asenapine is a recent drug approved in the European Union for the treatment of bipolar disorder. An original approach has been developed for asenapine analysis in patients treated with the drug, including miniaturized microsampling procedures, separation and quantitation of drug enantiomers. An original enantioselective method based on high‐performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection was developed and applied to the determination of asenapine enantiomer levels in innovative haematic samples: four micromatrices have been tested, two based on dried matrix spots (dried blood spots and dried plasma spots) and two based on volumetric absorptive microsampling (from blood and plasma). Chiral separation was achieved on a cellulose‐tris(3,5 dimethylphenylcarbamate) column, with a mobile phase containing bicarbonate buffer and acetonitrile. The method was validated with satisfactory results of linearity and precision on all matrices that showed also a significant performance in terms of stability, feasibility and reliability, when compared to fluid plasma sampling, handling and processing. Among micromatrices, both volumetric absorptive microsampling types were superior to dried matrix spots in terms of data reproducibility and correspondence with plasma levels. The bioanalytical approach proposed herein provides for the first time a chiral high‐performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of asenapine enantiomers, coupled to a very effective microsampling strategy.     

Improvement in determination of isothiocyanates using high-temperature reversed-phase HPLC

The largely adopted reversed-phase HPLC analysis of the molecular species of isothiocyanates (ITCs) was performed and showed losses during the chromatographic run with eight ITCs. These losses, which obviously impact the accuracy of quantitative determinations, were due to precipitation in the chromatographic system. At 22°C, they ranged from 5.4% for sulforaphane (SFN) to 11.0% for benzyl-ITC when ITCs were injected at 80 μg mL(-1) , but they were up to three times higher at 1 mg mL(-1) reaching 31.9% for benzyl-ITC. The water solubility of the ITCs was a key determinant of the extent of the measured loss. When the column was heated at 60°C, losses in injected ITCs were reduced, in comparison with 22, 40, and 50°C, by two to ten times depending on the ITCconsidered. A reversed-phase HPLC method based on column heating was suggested and its quantitative performance was determined. It was then applied to the separation of methylene chloride extracts of various cruciferous vegetables. Ally-ITC, SFN, and iberin in cabbage; SFN and iberin in cauliflower; and allyl-ITC and phenylethyl-ITC in horseradish could be identified and quantified. The obtained results cast doubt on quantitative determinations of ITCs that are carried out at room temperature using reversed-phase HPLC.     

Aromatic and nitrogen-containing acid separation by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography and identification by photodiode array detector

A new method of separation and identification of aromatic and nitrogen-containing acids is presented. Fifty-seven different acid standards were separated by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Detection and identification of the acids by ultraviolet (UV) spectra using a photodiode array detector (DAD) is demonstrated. Peak height ratios are reported and complete UV spectra of these acids are displayed. Possible applications of this technique are demonstrated using patients' urines.